Landscape Ecology Exam Prep Chapter 20

Chapter 20 Landscape Ecology

Multiple Choice

1. Landscape ecology addresses
2. the effects of the size and shape of habitats.
3. interactions within homogeneous regions.
4. the biological components of the community.
5. interactions at the level of the biosphere.
6. none of the above
7. The recovery of the black footed ferret
8. focused on multiple spatial scales.
9. required recovery of umbrella species.
10. includes dispersal corridors among all populations.
11. has now extended beyond the original range of the species.
12. none of the above
13. Which of the following is an example of phase differences?
14. local patterns of precipitation
15. net immigration or emigration
16. unique local predators
17. heterogeneity in the disturbance pattern
18. none of the above
19. Which of the following is not affected by landform?
20. soils
21. phase differences
22. the flow of water
23. the local vegetation
24. none of the above
25. The assignment test
26. allows us to assign vegetation to a specific landscape.
27. allows us to identify dispersers across the landscape.
28. allows us to measure genetic drift.
29. requires DNA sequence information.
30. none of the above
31. Satellites measure the patterns of vegetation
32. with the assignment test.
33. by high resolution photography.
34. by measuring which wavelengths are reflected.
35. at large spatial scales.
36. none of the above
37. In landscape ecology, a cell is
38. the same as a patch.
39. a set of contiguous patches.
40. a surface area that differs from its surroundings.
41. composed of local variables can be quantified.
42. none of the above
43. The proximity index
44. is the opposite of connectivity.
45. measures the isolation of patches.
46. is based on the variable S_k, the isolation of a patch.
47. includes the variable n_k, the area of patch k.
48. none of the above
49. A habitat with a complex shape has
50. a large fractal dimension.
51. a small fractal dimension.
52. a fractal dimension that is an integer.
53. the same perimeter if measured with a large or a small scale.
54. none of the above
55. The central data of landscape ecology is the
56. cell.
57. patch.
58. fractal dimension.
59. connectivity.
60. none of the above
61. The scale of a landscape is
62. its total size.
63. measured by the grain size of a cell.
64. the spatial dimension of an ecological process.
65. determined by the fractal dimension.
66. none of the above
67. The normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI)
68. is independent of the leaf area index.
69. includes data on absorption of rainfall.
70. measures red and near-red reflectance patterns.
71. normalizes the differences among vegetation in different patches.
72. none of the above
73. Competition is detected at the landscape scale
74. by the effect of covariance on patches.
75. by a positive covariance among species.
76. by a negative covariance among species.
77. is independent of the scale employed.
78. none of the above
79. Landscape studies of ponderosa pine forests in the Pacific Northwest
80. show that mature trees are most susceptible to fire.
81. are the result of recurring low intensity fires.
82. are the result of large stand-destroying fires.
83. are the result of moderate fire intensity.
84. none of the above
85. The tallgrass prairies of Illinois and Iowa
86. occur where rivers form natural fire breaks.
87. occur where fires can move parallel to the rivers
88. occur where there is not enough moisture for trees.
89. are separated from the western grasslands by rivers.
90. none of the above
91. In soundscape ecology,
92. biophony is the collection of sounds produced by organisms.
93. geophony drowns out biophony.
94. anthrophony represents sounds from physical factors.
95. biodiversity and biophony are unrelated.
96. none of the above
97. The ecological disturbance index (EDI)
98. is a measure of biophony.
99. explains variation in tropical forest regeneration.
100. is positively correlated with measures of regeneration.
101. is expensive and time-demanding to measure.
102. none of the above

True/False

1. Landscapes are characterized by patches, cover type, and cell size.
2. Primary production is scale dependent.
3. Disturbance increases landscape heterogeneity.
4. Chance is important in the scaling of disturbance in the landscape.
5. The absorption of green light is correlated with photosynthesis.
6. Remote sensing can now measure the flow of nutrients in ecosystems.
7. The ecological community is scale-dependent.
8. Relative richness is a measure of the variation in cover types.
9. Single sequence repeats (SSRs) are useful measures of genetic variation in landscapes because they are subject to natural selection.
10. The shape of a landscape with fractal dimension D = 2.3 is less complex than one in which D = 3.1.

Short Answer/Fill in the Blank

1. __________ refers to the finest spatial scale of a data set; __________ refers to the total size of the study area.
2. What kinds of analysis are possible with GIS systems?
3. What data characterize a landscape?
4. How is chance important in landscape heterogeneity?
5. Describe two important spatial scales in monarch butterfly ecology.
6. What types of sounds contribute to the soundscape?