Complete Test Bank Sampling People, Places, Things Ch.4 - Social Research Methods 1e | Test Bank Bryman by Alan Bryman. DOCX document preview.
Chapter 4: How Do Researchers Select the People, Places, and Things to Study? Sampling
Test Bank
Type: multiple choice question
Title: Chapter 4 Question 1
1) All the cases or people covered by a theory of explanation is known as
Page reference: Introduction
a. Concepts
b. Sample
c. Population
d. Elements
Type: multiple choice question
Title: Chapter 4 Question 2
2) The process that a researcher uses to select a subset of a population is called
Page reference: Introduction
a. Population
b. Sampling
c. Conceptualization
d. Selection
Type: multiple choice question
Title: Chapter 4 Question 3
3) A(n) _______ is a single case in a population.
Page reference: Sampling in the research
a. Sample
b. Element
c. Variable
d. Individual
Type: multiple choice question
Title: Chapter 4 Question 4
4) Which of the following is an example of an element?
Page reference: Sampling in the research process
a. Nations
b. All of these
c. Individual people
d. Media sources
Type: multiple choice question
Title: Chapter 4 Question 5
5) Which of the following would be the best sampling approach if you were surveying your fellow students about how they felt about campus housing for undergraduate students?
Page reference: Sampling in the research process
a. Send surveys to students in your classes this semester.
b. Choose every 10th person on a list of all students living in undergraduate campus housing.
c. Give surveys to students as they come out of the cafeteria a lunchtime
d. Send the survey to all students in the student directory
Type: multiple choice question
Title: Chapter 4 Question 6
6) _________ is the ability to make inferences about a population using sample data.
Page reference: Generalizability and Representativeness
a. Generalizability
b. Representativeness
c. Sampling
d. Population
Type: multiple choice question
Title: Chapter 4 Question 7
7) If a researcher wants to make generalizations about the larger population from their sample data, their sample must be ___________.
Page reference: Generalizability and Representativeness
a. Representative
b. Large
c. Systematic
d. Random
Type: multiple choice question
Title: Chapter 4 Question 8
8) When researchers attempt to collect data from all members of a population, this is known as a __________.
Page reference: Box 4.1
a. Sample
b. Census
c. Population
d. All of these
Type: multiple choice question
Title: Chapter 4 Question 9
9) The U.S. Census began in which year?
Page reference: Box 4.1
a. 1776
b. 1800
c. 1790
d. 1819
Type: multiple choice question
Title: Chapter 4 Question 10
10) Which of the following is not a way that Census measures are limited?
Page reference: Box 4.1
a. The Census only collects data every 10 years.
b. LGTBQIA2S+ questions were excluded from the 2020 Census.
c. Racial categories may not accurately reflect how people self-identify.
d. Multiracial people have been about to select more than one racial category only starting in 2000.
Type: multiple choice question
Title: Chapter 4 Question 11
11) A ___________ sample is one where each unit in the population has a known and equal probability of being selected.
Page reference: Probability sampling
a. Representative
b. Random
c. Systematic
d. Probability
Type: multiple choice question
Title: Chapter 4 Question 12
12) Which of the following is not an example of a sampling frame?
Page reference: Probability sampling
a. Faculty and staff directory listing all employees at a company
b. A list of all schools in a district
c. Yelp reviews of local bars
d. A list of all restaurants in a county
Type: multiple choice question
Title: Chapter 4 Question 13
13) Henry wants to do a study the ethnic representation of video game characters on his favorite gaming platform. He makes a list of all of the games that are available for the gaming system. This list of game is the ___________ that he will use to draw his sample.
Page reference: Probability sampling
a. Sampling frame
b. Population
c. Sample
d. Sampling distribution
Type: multiple choice question
Title: Chapter 4 Question 14
14) Differences between the characteristics of a random sample and the population from which it is drawn is called ___________.
Page reference: Probability sampling
a. Sampling frame
b. Random sampling
c. Sampling error
d. Representativeness
Type: multiple choice question
Title: Chapter 4 Question 15
15) The most basic form of probability sampling is called ____________.`
Page reference: Types of probability sampling
a. Simple random sampling
b. Random sampling
c. Systematic sampling
d. Census
Type: multiple choice question
Title: Chapter 4 Question 16
16) When a sampling method is entirely random, this eliminates the opportunity for ___________.
Page reference: Types of probability sampling
a. Bias
b. Error
c. Selection
d. Generalization
Type: multiple choice question
Title: Chapter 4 Question 17
17) Systematic sampling is a method where________________________.
Page reference: Types of probability sampling
a. Each unit is selected from the population and has an equal probability of being included.
b. Units are randomly sampling from a population that has been previously divided into subgroups.
c. Units are selected from a sampling frame at fixed intervals.
d. Units are selected because of their available to the researcher.
Type: multiple choice question
Title: Chapter 4 Question 18
18) Which of the following is the formula for calculating the probability that an individual unit will be chosen for the sample?
Page reference: Systematic sampling
a. Sample size/Population size
b. Population size/Sample size
c. Ratio/Interval
d. N/n
Type: multiple choice question
Title: Chapter 4 Question 19
19) Dr. Watkins has a population of 500 and wants to have a sample of 75. She should select every ________ person on the sampling frame.
Page reference: Systematic sampling
a. 5th
b. 8th
c. 10th
d. 15th
Type: multiple choice question
Title: Chapter 4 Question 20
20) If a sampling frame has an inherent ordering or pattern, there is an issue of _______.
Page reference: Systematic sampling
a. Bias
b. Periodicity
c. Interval
d. Randomness
Type: multiple choice question
Title: Chapter 4 Question 21
21) Bedera and Nordmeyer had a sampling frame of 907 college websites and selected every 22nd school on the list. How big was their final sample?
Page reference: Systematic sampling
a. 25
b. 50
c. 40
d. 75
Type: multiple choice question
Title: Chapter 4 Question 22
22) Bedera and Nordmeyer found in their content analysis that _________.
Page reference: Systematic sampling
a. Most school websites conveyed that it’s the women’s ultimate responsibility to increase their safety to avoid sexual assault.
b. A majority of the schools had no rape prevention tips or discussion of sexual assault on their websites.
c. Nearly all of the websites had information about consent and sexual assault prevention.
d. Most websites put the onus on men to be responsible in their behavior towards women.
Type: multiple choice question
Title: Chapter 4 Question 23
23) A sampling method where units are randomly sampled from a population that has been previously divided into subgroups is called _________.
Page reference: Stratified random sampling
a. Systematic sampling
b. Random sampling
c. Cluster sampling
d. Stratified random sampling
Type: multiple choice question
Title: Chapter 4 Question 24
24) A stratified sample where units are randomly sampled from strata in numbers equal to their representation in the overall population is called
Page reference: Stratified random sampling
a. Disproportionate stratified random sampling
b. Proportionate stratified random sampling
c. Stratified random sampling
d. None of these
Type: multiple choice question
Title: Chapter 4 Question 25
25) Benz and her team used which type of sampling method in their study examining people’s awareness about racialized health disparities.
Page reference: Stratified random sampling
a. Disproportionate stratified random sampling
b. Proportionate stratified random sampling
c. Systematic stratified random sampling
d. None of these
Type: multiple choice question
Title: Chapter 4 Question 26
26) Disproportionate stratified random sampling features ___________.
Page reference: Stratified random sampling
a. Strata that are proportionate to the representation in the overall population.
b. A random start
c. Units chosen for selection at a fixed interval
d. Strata that have equal numbers of units in each strata
Type: multiple choice question
Title: Chapter 4 Question 27
27) Which group did Benz et al. oversample in their research study?
Page reference: Stratified random sampling
a. African Americans
b. Whites
c. Latinx
d. American/Pacific Islanders
Type: multiple choice question
Title: Chapter 4 Question 28
28) In order to use a stratified sampling method, what is required?
Page reference: Stratified random sampling
a. A sampling frame
b. Relevant criteria about the population must be known in advance
c. Two strata
d. Random selection
Type: multiple choice question
Title: Chapter 4 Question 29
29) Which of the following is not an advantage of using a stratified sample?
Page reference: Stratified random sampling
a. Ensures that the sample is distributed in the same way as the population based on some criteria
b. Can ensure that groups that are a small proportion of the larger population are included in the sample
c. Researchers can determine criteria relevant to their research study.
d. Several criteria for stratifying can be used at the same time
Type: multiple choice question
Title: Chapter 4 Question 30
30) ____________ refers to a sampling method where the researcher first samples sets of cases and then samples within them.
Page reference: Multi-stage cluster sampling
a. Multi-stage cluster sampling
b. Stratified random sampling
c. Proportionate stratified random sampling
d. None of these
Type: multiple choice question
Title: Chapter 4 Question 31
31) Dr. Astley wants to study how wait staff adapted to the COVID-19 pandemic nation wide. There is no sampling frame for all wait staff nationally. What type of sampling should he use?
Page reference: Multi-stage cluster sampling
a. Disproportionate random sampling
b. Multi-stage cluster sampling
c. Purposive sampling
d. Systematic random sampling
Type: multiple choice question
Title: Chapter 4 Question 32
32) How many stages were involved in Cruz, Queirolog, and Boidi’s research?
Page reference: Multi-stage cluster sampling
a. Three
b. One
c. Two
d. Four
Type: multiple choice question
Title: Chapter 4 Question 33
33) The process of using a non-random, but still systematic, sampling method is called ___________.
Page reference: Non-probability sampling
a. Non-probability sampling
b. Multi-stage cluster sampling
c. Convenience sampling
d. Systematic sampling
Type: multiple choice question
Title: Chapter 4 Question 34
34) Which of the following is not a reason for choosing non-probability sampling methods?
Page reference: Non-probability sampling
a. Lack of a sampling frame for the population
b. Desire to exclude extreme cases
c. Random sampling may exclude valuable informants
d. Marginalized populations may be excluded in a random sample
Type: multiple choice question
Title: Chapter 4 Question 35
35) Raj selects a sample for his study on campus parking by asking students to participate in his survey as they are coming out of the cafeteria after lunch and dinner. This is an example of what type of sampling?
Page reference: Convenience sampling
a. Cluster
b. Quota
c. Convenience
d. Snowball
Type: multiple choice question
Title: Chapter 4 Question 36
36) Which of the following is not an advantage of convenience sampling?
Page reference: Convenience sampling
a. Elements are readily available.
b. People are willing to participate.
c. Researchers can quickly access people inexpensively.
d. It is possible to generalize findings to the larger population.
Type: multiple choice question
Title: Chapter 4 Question 37
37) Francisco-Menchavez used a purposive sample of Filipina migrants for her research because
Page reference: Purposive sampling
a. They were a convenient population to access.
b. The women were willing to participate in the study.
c. Kabalikat Domestic Workers Support Network required the migrant women participate.
d. The participants’ experiences best fit the focus of the study.
Type: multiple choice question
Title: Chapter 4 Question 38
38) Which types of sampling methods did Chodur et al. use for their study of health disparities among American Indians?
Page reference: Mixed Methods in Action
a. Convenience and purposive
b. Purposive and quota sampling
c. Purposive and snowball sampling
d. Convenience and Quota
Type: multiple choice question
Title: Chapter 4 Question 39
39) A non-probability sampling method where the researchers makes an initial contact with a small group of people connected to the topic and then uses them to establish other contacts is known as _____________.
Page reference: Snowball sampling
a. Cluster sampling
b. Convenience sampling
c. Snowball sampling
d. Quota sampling
Type: multiple choice question
Title: Chapter 4 Question 40
40) Which of the following is not a reason that Becker used snowball sampling in his study of marijuana users?
Page reference: Box 4.3
a. Marijuana use was stigmatized at the time of the study.
b. People were more likely to participate it they were referred by people they knew.
c. There was no sampling frame for this population.
d. He was part of the population.
Type: multiple choice question
Title: Chapter 4 Question 41
41) Quota sampling is most similar to what other type of sampling method?
Page reference: Quota sampling
a. Cluster sampling
b. Snowball sampling
c. Convenience sampling
d. Purposive sampling
Type: multiple choice question
Title: Chapter 4 Question 42
42) Dr. Eller is simultaneously collecting and analyzing data in his study. What type of sampling is he using?
Page reference: Box 4.4
a. Cluster sampling
b. Quota sampling
c. Convenience sampling
d. Theoretical sampling
Type: multiple choice question
Title: Chapter 4 Question 43
43) Which of the following is not true about sampling error?
Page reference: Sampling Error
a. As sampling error increases, conclusions about the population based on the sample will be less accurate.
b. Overrepresentation in a strata results in sampling error.
c. A representative sample has low sampling error.
d. With a well-crafted probability sample, sampling error can be eliminated.
Type: multiple choice question
Title: Chapter 4 Question 44
44) Which of the following represents Schieman and Narisada’s concern about non-response bias in their study of Canadian workers?
Page reference: Response Bias and Sampling Error
a. People who experienced conflicts between family and work might not be in the workforce.
b. Role conflict is often gendered.
c. They were concerned about periodicity in their sampling frame.
d. None of these
Type: multiple choice question
Title: Chapter 4 Question 45
45) When sample participants differ from non-participants in meaningful ways, this can cause ____________.
Page reference: Response Bias and Sampling Error
a. Low response rate
b. Non-response bias
c. Validity
d. Periodicity
Type: multiple choice question
Title: Chapter 4 Question 46
46) Which of the following is not a way to reduce response bias?
Page reference: Reducing Response Bias and Sampling Error
a. Use random sample selection
b. Increase participation in the study
c. Communicate clearly about the research study
d. Follow-up with potential participants after first contact
Type: multiple choice question
Title: Chapter 4 Question 47
47) What decreases when sample size increases?
Page reference: Sample size and sampling error
a. Heterogeneity
b. Bias
c. Sampling interval
d. Sampling error
Type: multiple choice question
Title: Chapter 4 Question 48
48) If a population has a great deal of heterogeneity, ____________.
Page reference: Sample size and sampling error
a. There is no impact on sample size.
b. The sample size should be at least 100 units.
c. The larger the sample size should be.
d. There will be a large amount of error.
Type: multiple choice question
Title: Chapter 4 Question 49
49) Dr. Kelly selected a representative sample of Black Lives Matter protesters in Minneapolis for his study about racial activism. Can his findings be generalized to other BLM protesters in other cities?
Page reference: Considerations during the Sampling Process
a. Yes, because there is a common mission of the Black Lives Matter movement.
b. Yes, if his sample was selected randomly.
c. Only if his sampling frame lacked periodicity
d. No, even though his sample was representative for Minneapolis, that doesn’t mean it can be applied to other contexts.
Type: multiple choice question
Title: Chapter 4 Question 50
50) Which of the following is not a factor for researchers to keep in mind when developing a sampling strategy?
Page reference: Considerations during the Sampling Process
a. Ensuring there are no sampling errors
b. Consider the ultimate goals
c. Ensuring the sample represents the population
d. Considering challenges
Type: true-false
Title: Chapter 4 Question 1
1) Because researchers can’t study all the cases in a sample, they study the cases in a population instead.
a. True
b. False
Type: true-false
Title: Chapter 4 Question 2
2) Sampling impacts all aspects of the research process.
a. True
b. False
Type: true-false
Title: Chapter 4 Question 3
3) Elements could include individuals, nations, cities, media sources, or schools.
a. True
b. False
Type: true-false
Title: Chapter 4 Question 4
4) If you wanted to study a sample of students at your university about their feelings about parking, distributing surveys in your classes would be an effective sampling strategy.
a. True
b. False
Type: true-false
Title: Chapter 4 Question 5
5) Though the U.S. Census is an attempt to collect data from each household, there are issues with how data is collected from some groups.
a. True
b. False
Type: true-false
Title: Chapter 4 Question 6
6) When each unit in the population has a known and equal probability of being selected into a sample, this is called sampling.
a. True
b. False
Type: true-false
Title: Chapter 4 Question 7
7) A sampling frame reduces the likelihood of sampling error.
a. True
b. False
Type: true-false
Title: Chapter 4 Question 8
8) The difference between the characteristics of a random sample and the population it comes from is called sampling error.
a. True
b. False
Type: true-false
Title: Chapter 4 Question 9
9) Choosing who will be in your sample by flipping a coin for each element (head’s they are in, tails they aren’t) is an example of a simple random sample.
a. True
b. False
Type: true-false
Title: Chapter 4 Question 10
10) When determining the sampling interval in systematic random sample (or the nth value), researchers divide the population size by the desired sample size.
a. True
b. False
Type: true-false
Title: Chapter 4 Question 11
11) Periodicity is mostly an issue in non-probability sampling
a. True
b. False
Type: true-false
Title: Chapter 4 Question 12
12) Stratified random sampling involves dividing the population by gender and then selecting a random sample in the two stratas.
a. True
b. False
Type: true-false
13) When using stratified random sampling, you should make sure you select the same number of elements from each strata.
a. True
b. False
Type: true-false
Title: Chapter 4 Question 14
14) Benz et al (2011) used a disproportionate stratified random sampling method in their study people’s awareness of racialized health disparities to ensure that Asian American/Pacific Islanders were included.
a. True
b. False
Type: true-false
Title: Chapter 4 Question 15
15) In order to use stratified sampling methods, you need to have prior knowledge about the larger population.
a. True
b. False
Type: true-false
Title: Chapter 4 Question 16
16) Cluster sampling is a useful strategy for populations where there is not a sampling frame.
a. True
b. False
Type: true-false
Title: Chapter 4 Question 17
17) Dr. Lee is studying how drug dealers communicate about their product. Cluster sampling is the most effective technique for this research.
a. True
b. False
Type: true-false
Title: Chapter 4 Question 18
18) Non-probability sampling is non-random and non-systematic.
a. True
b. False
Type: true-false
Title: Chapter 4 Question 19
19) Abrams (2010) argues that non-random sampling is well-suited for qualitative research because its focus is often on extreme or unique cases.
a. True
b. False
Type: true-false
Title: Chapter 4 Question 20
20) Asking every third customer in line for ice cream what their favourite ice cream flavour is would be an example of a convenience sample.
a. True
b. False
Type: true-false
Title: Chapter 4 Question 21
21) Francisco-Menchavez (2018) used a convenience sample of Filipina migrants for her study because they were readily available to her.
a. True
b. False
Type: true-false
Title: Chapter 4 Question 22
22) In their mixed method study of food access and health disparities, Chodur et al used a variety of sampling techniques.
a. True
b. False
Type: true-false
Title: Chapter 4 Question 23
23) Snowball sampling is a sampling method where researchers make an initial contact with a small group of people who can connect them to other potential participants.
a. True
b. False
Type: true-false
Title: Chapter 4 Question 24
24) An advantage of snowball sampling is the ability to generalize the results to a larger population.
a. True
b. False
Type: true-false
Title: Chapter 4 Question 25
25) With well crafted planning, it is possible to eliminate sampling error.
a. True
b. False
Type: essay/short answer question
Title: Chapter 4 Question 1
1) Explain in your own words the relationship between population, sample, generalizability and sampling error.
Feedback: You draw the sample from the population. Any difference between the sample and the wider population is sampling error.
Section reference: Introduction/Overview
Type: essay/short answer question
Title: Chapter 4 Question 2
2) What are the goals of sampling and why is it important to the research process?
Feedback: Goals include having a realistic plan for how to gather data and to avoid bias. It impacts what information will be acquired, who you’ll get it from, and how you interpret the results.
Section reference: Intro/Sampling in the Research Process
Type: essay/short answer question
Title: Chapter 4 Question 3
3) Explain the steps involved in determining a sampling plan by working through an example of your own.
Feedback: Determining the elements, determining the goal of the study, determining if you need/want the results to be generalizable.
Section reference: Sampling in the Research Process/Generalizability
Type: essay/short answer question
Title: Chapter 4 Question 4
4) What is the goal of a census? What are some of the limitations in how the U.S. Census measures the population?
Feedback: A census is an attempt to study all the members of a population. The way that race and sexual orientation is measured in the U.S. census impacts what we can learn about the larger population. There are also people who are left out of the count.
Section reference: Box 4.1
Type: essay/short answer question
Title: Chapter 4 Question 5
5) What is probability sampling and why would a researcher choose this method?
Feedback: Process of using a randomly selected with a known likelihood of being selected. It allows for generalizability of results.
Section reference: Probability sampling
Type: essay/short answer question
Title: Chapter 4 Question 6
6) What is sampling error and how is this related to the sampling frame?
Feedback: Have to have a sampling frame for probability sampling and if there are inaccuracies in the sampling frame, that increases the potential for sampling error. Sampling error is any difference between the sample and the population.
Section reference: Probability sampling
Type: essay/short answer question
Title: Chapter 4 Question 7
7) Explain the various types of probability sampling techniques. What impacts a researcher’s decision to choose a particular approach?
Feedback: Simple random, systematic random, stratified random (proportionate and disproportionate), multi-stage cluster sampling
Section reference: Types of probability sampling
Type: essay/short answer question
Title: Chapter 4 Question 8
8) You are interested in studying how servers/wait staff adapted to working during the COVID-19 pandemic. Design a multi-stage cluster sampling technique and describe the steps you’d take to get your final sample.
Feedback: Answers vary but should include a few steps, for example, selecting states, then cities, then restaurants, then a list of employees.
Section reference: Multistage cluster sampling
Type: essay/short answer question
Title: Chapter 4 Question 9
9) What is non-probability sampling and why would a research use this form of sampling instead of probability sampling?
Feedback: Non-random, systematic sampling method. Used when there is no sampling frame or when it is important to the research to have a specific sample for your research question. Qualitative work.
Section reference: Non-probability Sampling
Type: essay/short answer question
Title: Chapter 4 Question 10
10) What is the difference between a stratified proportionate sampling technique versus a stratified disproportionate sampling method? Why would a researcher intentionally use a disproportionate approach? Provide an example.
Feedback: May want to oversample some groups if they are a small proportion of the larger population. Can ensure that enough from a small group are included.
Section reference: Stratified Random Sampling
Type: essay/short answer question
Title: Chapter 4 Question 11
11) The President of your college/university wants to gather input from the student body about how the COVID-19 pandemic impacted their college experience. It is important the sample represents the entirety of the student body, but it is not possible to survey all students, so it will be important to use a probability sampling method. Thinking about the make-up of the study body at your institution, would you recommend for a sampling strategy for this project? Why this approach? What criterion about the student body do you think will be important to be represented in the sample and why? What are the advantages and limitations to this approach based on what you’ve learned about sampling?
Feedback: Answers vary
Section reference: Types of Probability Sampling
Type: essay/short answer question
Title: Chapter 4 Question 12
12) Why are qualitative researchers more likely to use non-probability sampling methods?
Feedback: Qualitative work often focuses on unique cases or outliers which would likely be missed with probability sampling. The goal of the research is different and generalizability is not always the focus. Could also refer to Abrams and Becker in their response.
Section reference: Non-probability Sampling
Type: essay/short answer question
Title: Chapter 4 Question 13
13) How do the political climate or dynamics of inequality impact the existence of a sampling frame for some marginalized populations?
Feedback: Examples in the book involve the inequity of COVID-19 testing, college students eligible for DACA, and could also include the discussion of race and the U.S. Census.
Section reference: Box 4.2
Type: essay/short answer question
Title: Chapter 4 Question 14
14) Describe the various types of non-probability sampling methods and when they would be the best type of approach.
Feedback: Convenience, purposive, snowball, quota
Section reference: Types of non-probability sampling
Type: essay/short answer question
Title: Chapter 4 Question 15
15) How is convenience sampling different from purposive or quota sampling? What are the advantages and disadvantages of these approaches?
Feedback: Convenience is an available group you can systemically sample. Purposive samples are chosen because they are connected to the research question directly. Quota sample is like a convenience sample but there is some criterion used when sampling, like including the same number of men and women (or making sure it is representative based on something known about the population.)
Section reference: Types of non-probability sampling
Type: essay/short answer question
Title: Chapter 4 Question 16
16
Describe the sampling technique used in Chodur et al’s study of Indigenous people. Why did they take a mixed-method approach to this work and how did that impact their sampling? What was the major finding from this work?
Feedback: Methods included: using a dataset to identify food establishments within a purposive sample of Census tracts in CA and interviews of 24 tribal members, also using purposive sampling. Used quota sampling (stratified purposive sampling) including strata related to tribal characteristics. Tribal areas have much fewer healthy food vendors than non-tribal areas, but having a healthy vendor nearby didn’t mean that it felt accessible.
Section reference: Mixed Methods in Action
Type: essay/short answer question
Title: Chapter 4 Question 17
17) Why did Becker use snowball sampling in his study of marijuana users?
Feedback: Marijuana use was stigmatized at the time making this a harder to reach population.
Section reference: Box 4.3
Type: essay/short answer question
Title: Chapter 4 Question 18
18) What is theoretical sampling and why might a researcher choose this approach?
Feedback: In theoretical sampling researchers collect and analyse the data at the same time, decided what data to collect next and where to get it, and develops theory in the process of this. Important for theory development.
Section reference: Box 4.4
Type: essay/short answer question
Title: Chapter 4 Question 19
19) What is sampling error and how does it affect the representativeness of a sample?
Feedback: Sampling error is the difference between the sample and larger population from which it is drawn. More error means less representiveness which means less generalizability.
Section reference: Sampling Error/Figures 4.1-4.3
Type: essay/short answer question
Title: Chapter 4 Question 20
20) In your own words, explain the sources of possible sampling error and bias in sampling and how researchers can reduce them. Include examples from the chapter to support your answer.
Feedback: Low response rate, non-response bias, sample size,
Section reference: Reducing Response Bias and Sampling Error/Sample Size and Sampling Error