Chapter.9 – Full Test Bank – Stereotypes, Prejudice, And

CHAPTER 9 TEST BANK

Multiple Choice

1. Making a quick decision about an athlete based on generalizations and incomplete knowledge results in:
2. stereotyping
3. discrimination
4. prejudice
5. disparaging

240

1. Prejudice involves harmful or negative _____ toward individuals of a particular group.
2. thoughts
3. behavior
4. policies
5. actions

240

1. Discrimination involves harmful or negative _____ toward individuals of a particular group.
2. behavior
3. thoughts
4. beliefs
5. attitudes

240

1. Stereotypes about athletes may involve the athlete's
2. all of the above
3. gender
4. nationality
5. sexual orientation

240

1. One group of researchers reported that sports with more _____ athletes than _____ athletes were viewed as more masculine.
2. Black; Asian
3. White; Black
4. Black; White
5. White; Asian

242

1. Compared with ______ athletes, ______ athletes have reported being more comfortable disclosing their sexual identity.
2. Male; Female
3. White; Black
4. Black; White
5. Female; Male

242

1. In one study of 3500 soccer fans, _____ of fans reported opposition to homophobia.
2. 93%
3. 73%
4. 53%
5. 33%

p. 243

8. Over the last ten years, support for homosexual athletes has _____, based on surveys of athletes.

1. Increased
2. Decreased
3. Stayed the same
4. fluctuated continually

243

1. Which theory posits that individuals learn stereotypes through a conditioning process, via both experience and observation
2. Social learning theory
3. Social identity theory
4. Cognitive bias theory
5. Confirmation bias theory

Page 243

1. You go to a volleyball game and repeat the insulting cheers about the other team that you hear you friends make. You eventually generalize these feelings to members of the other team and fans of the other team. This process is captured by:
2. Social learning theory
3. Cognitive bias theory
4. Confirmation bias theory
5. Out-group preference

Page 244

1. In a study of words used to describe snowboarders, researchers found that words like "glamorous," and "soft-spoken" were more often applied to _____ athletes than _____ athletes
2. Female; Male
3. Black; White
4. Asian; African
5. White; Black

Page 245

1. Wearing the jersey of your favorite sports team only after a victory is most consistent with ______.
2. Social identity theory
3. Social learning theory
4. In-group resilience
5. Confirmation bias theory

Page 247

1. Which behavior is most consistent with the idea of basking in reflected glory?
2. Using "we" to refer to your favorite sports team
3. An athlete refusing to sign autographs
4. A female athlete mentoring young athletes
5. Coaches working together instead of competing

Page 247

1. A salesperson acts nicer and offers a better deal to an individual that graduated from the same college. This behavior is best described as:
2. In-group favoritism
3. Out-group discrimination
4. Confirmation bias theory
5. Cognitive Bias

Page 248

1. Social identity theory predicts that discriminating against people in an "out-group" increases:
2. Feelings of self-worth
3. Feelings of failure
4. Feelings of competitiveness
5. All of the above

Page 248

1. A study of college football coaches reported that after viewing identical game film and resumes, college coaches rated _____ high school athletes more highly than _____ athletes.
2. Black; White
3. White; Black
4. Black; Asian
5. Female; Male

Page 248

1. Compared to male soccer players, researchers reported that female players were more likely to be punished for aggressive behaviors, possible due to:
2. Contrast Effect
3. Confirmation bias
4. Out-group bias
5. Social identity theory

Pages 248-249

1. Which of the following behaviors may be less celebrated because of perceptual confirmation?
2. A Black NBA player named the most valuable player of the year
3. An Asian NBA player leading the league in scoring
4. A Black swimmer winning a medal in the Olympics
5. A female runner placing first overall in the Boston Marathon

Page 248

1. Contrast effect is a good description for which of the following behaviors?
2. A professor being more impressed that a student athlete received a "B" grade than a student musician
3. A professor treating student athletes more harshly than non-athletes
4. Student athletes decide it isn't worth trying in class because the professors won't give them chance
5. All of the above

Pages 248-249

1. Viewing female athletes in _____ led high school and college women to feel jealous and to lower self-evaluations of their own bodies.
2. sexualized photos
3. performance photos
4. live performances
5. recorded performances

Page 250

1. A student only talks about sports when around her friends on the football team, reinforcing her belief that her athlete friends always talk about sports. This cycle is part of a:
2. Self-fulfilling prophecy
3. Contrast effect
4. In-group bias
5. Social identity

Page 251

1. In a golf putting task, when athletes were told the task assessed "natural athletic ability," _____ athletes performed worse than _____ athletes.
2. White; Black
3. Black; White
4. Male; Female
5. Female; Male

Page 252

1. In a golf putting task, when athletes were told the task assessed "sports intelligence," _____ athletes performed worse than _____ athletes.
2. Black; White
3. White; Black
4. Male; Female
5. Female; Male

Page 252

1. Framing a task as reflecting _____ may be particularly likely to elicit a stereotype threat.
2. innate ability
3. general performance
4. amount of effort
5. learned skills

Page 254

1. When people create impediments to their own success, this is called:
2. Self-handicapping
3. self-fulfilling prophecy
4. Confirmation bias
5. In-group bias

Page 254

1. Using fMRI and VBM, researchers found higher gray matter volume in the _____ for some endurance athlete groups compared to typical population.
2. hippocampus
3. prefrontal cortex
4. cerebellum
5. visual cortex

Page 255

1. How might a coach best decrease prejudices that have developed between two groups of players?
2. Encourage them to work together to solve a common task
3. Let them compete against each other
4. Don't allow the groups to spend time together
5. Appoint a member of one group as the team captain

Page 256

1. Stereotypes can be reduced through:
2. All of the above
3. Equal status contact
4. pursuit of common goals
5. sanction by authority

Pages 256-257

1. Equal status contact, where individuals from different groups work together toward a common goal, has been suggested to reduce _____
2. prejudice
3. competitiveness
4. self-handicapping
5. perceptual bias

Page 256

1. Increasing the visibility of athletes from non-traditional backgrounds provides ______ for young children and can decrease stereotype use by adults.
2. Role models
3. contrast effect
4. perceptual bias
5. self-handicapping

255

True/False

1. Stereotypes allow people to make rapid judgments about people and situations.
2. People are always aware when they engage their prejudices or stereotypes.
3. Stereotypes are always negative judgments of a group or individual
4. Sports psychologists have a good track record of conducting research on a diverse population of athletes
5. Researchers have found that female college athletes score lower on feminine traits than non-athlete college females.
6. Research suggests that openly gay athletes face less criticism and receive more support now than they have in the past
7. According to social learning theory, children's views about athletes will tend to be similar to their parents.
8. Media depictions of athletes can affect how non-athletes view themselves.
9. Stereotype threats impact cognition and beliefs, but do not lead to measurable differences in performance.
10. Fear of living up to a stereotype can lead to lowered performance in academic environments.
11. Researchers have consistently found that playing sports decreases the overall size of the cortex.
12. The presence of stereotype defying athletes can help reduce stereotypes by correcting common misperceptions about a group.
13. Strong leadership from coaches can help reduce discrimination on a sports team.
14. Having coaches that vocally support their athletes can reduce the negative effects of stereotypes on academic work.
15. Research suggests that when women are given a racial prime, they perform worse on a golf task.

Critical Thinking Questions

1. What is the difference between prejudice and discrimination? How do stereotypes contribute to both?
2. What are some common stereotypes about athletes from particular countries? How did these beliefs develop and how might they be challenged by existing data or new research?
3. How can a stereotype that a particular group is "more athletic" than another group still lead to negative outcomes?
4. How does perceptual confirmation, contrast effect, and self-fulfilling prophecies interact when non-athletes interact with athletes?
5. Describe 2 ways coaches can help their teams eliminate prejudice and discrimination.