Chapter 7: Parenting Infants and Toddlers

Test Bank

Multiple Choice

1. In 1998, British physician Andrew Wakefield and his colleagues published a paper reporting that within 1 month of receiving the measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) vaccine, 12 children began to show signs of autism or other problems. Since that time, 20 epidemiologic studies have ______.

A. corroborated these claims of a vaccine-autism connection

B. found no evidence in support of Wakefield’s claims

C. determined that Thimerosal was responsible for autism

D. found only a few cases where vaccination led to autism

Learning Objective: To describe the process of infant development

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Parenting Infants | Box 7.1: The Vaccine-Autism Controversy

Difficulty Level: Easy

2. Newborns spend more time sleeping than any other single activity. The average amount of time that newborns sleep is ______ hr.

A. 10–15

B. 13–18

C. 16–20

D. 19–25

Learning Objective: To describe the process of early child development

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Daily Routines and Infant Crying

Difficulty Level: Medium

3. Infant crying spells peak at 6 weeks of age and decrease over time. Forty percent of the fussing and crying occurs during the ______.

A. morning

B. afternoon

C. evening

D. nighttime

Learning Objective: 7-1: To describe the major challenges involved in parenting an infant and toddler.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Daily Routines and Infant Crying

Difficulty Level: Easy

4. Sebastian was a healthy baby. When he was about a month old, he started crying for 2–3 hr most evenings for no apparent reason. After a week of these crying spells, Sebastian’s mother contacted his pediatrician. The pediatrician told the worried mom that Sebastian ______.

A. should be fed with cow’s milk to alleviate the symptoms

B. was acutely stimulated and needed more quiet time

C. was “colicky” and that symptoms would subside in a few months

D. had abdominal distress brought on by food allergies

Learning Objective: 7-1: To describe the major challenges involved in parenting an infant and toddler.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Daily Routines and Infant Crying

Difficulty Level: Medium

5. About 100 billion neurons are created during prenatal development. This rapid process is referred to as ______.

A. myelination

B. synaptogenesis

C. neurogenesis

D. dendritic growth

Learning Objective: To describe the process of early child development

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge | Comprehension

Answer Location: Brain Development

Difficulty Level: Medium

6. One thousand trillion (i.e., 1,000,000,000,000,000) connections between neurons are formed during ______, a process that occurs mostly after birth.

A. myelination

B. synaptogenesis

C. neurogenesis

D. dendritic growth

Learning Objective: To describe the process of early child development

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge | Comprehension

Answer Location: Brain Development

Difficulty Level: Medium

7. During the process of ______, the axon is sheathed by a fatty insulating substance which speeds the transmission of electric impulses.

A. myelination

B. synaptogenesis

C. neurogenesis

D. dendritic growth

Learning Objective: To describe the process of early child development

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge | Comprehension

Answer Location: Brain Development

Difficulty Level: Medium

8. In response to early experiences, unused synapses die off. This process, called ______, results in more efficient brain processing because the neural signals have relatively fewer branches through which to navigate.

A. myelination

B. synaptic pruning

C. neurogenesis

D. dendritic death

Learning Objective: To describe the process of early child development

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge | Comprehension

Answer Location: Brain Development

Difficulty Level: Easy

9. The neurological immaturity of the ______ in infancy provides a biological explanation for why we do not remember events that occurred during this period.

A. frontal cortex

B. cerebellum

C. temporal lobe

D. limbic system

Learning Objective: To describe the process of early child development

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge | Comprehension

Answer Location: Brain Development

Difficulty Level: Medium

10. When Matthew was an infant, each day his mother introduced a variety of experiences to him. She also fed him breast milk and avoided situations in which he got over stimulated. According to current research, Matthew’s mother made choices that were likely to ______.

A. increase the potential for unhealthy levels of maternal attachment

B. increase his intelligence through optimum nutrition and stimulation levels

C. limit his long-term coping skills by reducing early opportunities for practice

D. benefit him through good nutrition, but limit his intelligence due to reduced stimulation

Learning Objective: 7-3: To list some of the ways that parents can promote their children’s early development.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Promoting Healthy Brain and Cognitive Development

Difficulty Level: Easy

11. The “Mozart effect” is the idea that young children who ______ Mozart’s music ______.

A. listen to; will increase their IQ

B. learn to play; will become musical prodigies

C. listen to; will become better pianists

D. learn to play; will increase their IQ

Learning Objective: 7-3: To list some of the ways that parents can promote their children’s early development.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Promoting Healthy Brain and Cognitive Development | Box 7.2: Do Infants Learn From Baby Videos?

Difficulty Level: Easy

12. Carola excitedly told her friend she had purchased a CD of Mozart’s music to improve her toddler’s IQ. Her friend, a developmental psychologist, ______.

A. congratulated Carola for her wise parental decision to purchase

B. suggested that she concentrate more on her daughter’s social skills

C. warned that the study showing this effect had not been replicated

D. reminded her that the IQ improvements would not appear for 2–3 years

Learning Objective: 7-1: To describe the major challenges involved in parenting an infant and toddler.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Promoting Healthy Brain and Cognitive Development | Box 7.2: Do Infants Learn From Baby Videos?

Difficulty Level: Easy

13. The structure of parent–infant interactions teaches infants how to be social. When the caregiver and the infant are responsive to each other, attend to the same thing, or share emotions, they are displaying ______.

A. turn-taking

B. synchrony

C. reciprocity

D. complementarity

Learning Objective: 7-3: To list some of the ways that parents can promote their children’s early development.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Forming Attachments

Difficulty Level: Medium

14. When Daniel was distressed, his father responded by rocking and patting him. This father’s response to his infant’s distress is an example of ______.

A. turn-taking

B. sensitivity

C. reciprocity

D. complementarity

Learning Objective: 7-3: To list some of the ways that parents can promote their children’s early development.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Forming Attachments

Difficulty Level: Medium

15. According to Laible and Thompson, parental warmth, or love, is a variable that ______.

A. represents an innate influence that resides only in the parent

B. sometimes reduces the motivation for child discipline

C. reflects the quality of the relationship between parent and child

D. is solely dependent on the characteristics of the child

Learning Objective: 7-3: To list some of the ways that parents can promote their children’s early development.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Forming Attachments

Difficulty Level: Easy

16. Parental separation anxiety encompasses a parent’s unpleasant emotional state of concern and apprehension about leaving a child and may include guilt, worry, and sadness. In a study of first-time mothers who experienced separation anxiety, researchers found that mothers who suffered ______.

A. were “worriers” who felt anxious in many situations

B. had a child whose temperament was described as easy

C. were generally unhappy with their level of social support

D. described themselves as unsatisfied with their partners

Learning Objective: 7-1: To describe the major challenges involved in parenting an infant and toddler.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Forming Attachments

Difficulty Level: Medium

17. Ethologist Konrad Lorenz stated that simply looking at the features of a baby ______.

A. subconsciously prompts nurturant reactions from the onlooker

B. has no beneficial effect unless the onlooker was parented in a positive manner

C. provides cues regarding the infant’s intelligence and potential for survival

D. consciously induces decision from parents to provide sensitive care

Learning Objective: 7-3: To list some of the ways that parents can promote their children’s early development.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Infant Temperament and Infant Effects

Difficulty Level: Easy

18. Shortly after birth infants show behavioral differences. For example, some neonates are fussy and irritable and others are mostly happy. Some infants whimper when they need attention and others wail! These types of differences between newborns illustrate the concept of ______.

A. nurture

B. temperament

C. personality

D. nature

Learning Objective: To describe the process of early child development

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Infant Temperament and Infant Effects

Difficulty Level: Easy

19. Recent research into the characteristics of temperament focuses on three broad, physiologically based factors. Which of the following was included?

A. surgency

B. synchronicity

C. activity level and reactivity

D. personality

Learning Objective: To describe the process of early child development

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Infant Temperament and Infant Effects

Difficulty Level: Medium

20. Young infants show differential susceptibility to the effects of parenting behaviors. Those infants who rate higher on ______ are more likely to be influenced by parenting practices.

A. positive emotionality

B. surgency

C. effortful control

D. negative emotionality

Learning Objective: 7-3: To list some of the ways that parents can promote their children’s early development.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Infant Temperament and Infant Effects

Difficulty Level: Medium

21. Gabrielle is a sociable youngster who loves attention and enjoys meeting new people. Her brother, Elijah, is shy and sometimes feels anxious with people he does not know. According to the “goodness of fit” construct, Gabrielle’s and Elijah’s mother should ______.

A. praise Gabrielle for her outgoing behavior and suggest that Elijah act the same

B. adjust her expectations and parenting behaviors so that each child thrives

C. expect Elijah to get over his shyness, and be more like Gabrielle

D. try to restrain Gabrielle, so that she will fit into society’s expectations for girls

Learning Objective: 7-3: To list some of the ways that parents can promote their children’s early development.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Infant Temperament and Infant Effects

Difficulty Level: Easy

22. In a diary study conducted on dual-wage earner, middle-class U.S. families, Kotila and colleagues found that over ______ of fathers of young children eat meals with their children, play with them, and bathe or change diapers on a daily basis.

A. 15%

B. 50%

C. 75%

D. 90%

Learning Objective: 7-3: To list some of the ways that parents can promote their children’s early development.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge | Comprehension

Answer Location: Role Sharing and Working Parents

Difficulty Level: Easy

23. The American custom of enrolling infants in high-quality childcare centers ______.

A. is relatively inexpensive

B. reduces the infant’s ability to value other people

C. can provide a socially and cognitively stimulating environment

D. is not socially acceptable

Learning Objective: 7-3: To list some of the ways that parents can promote their children’s early development.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Infant Care

Difficulty Level: Medium

24. Cultural differences in child-rearing goals can be seen in the way parents manage young children. In Japan, for example, one of the child-rearing goals is teaching children to value the group--being interdependent. As a result, Japanese infants and toddlers ______.

A. are almost always in physical contact with their mothers

B. consistently attend large play groups with same-age peers

C. are often cared for by family members and other adults

D. are rarely in physical or visual contact with their mothers

Learning Objective: 7-3: To list some of the ways that parents can promote their children’s early development.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Intentional Socialization

Difficulty Level: Medium

25. Discipline is defined as ______.

A. stopping a child from repeating an undesired behavior

B. training in order to act in accordance with rules

C. instruction to provide general guidelines for behavior

D. corporal punishment (spanking, whipping, smacking)

Learning Objective: 7-2: To summarize how child rearing changes when infants become toddlers.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Discipline

Difficulty Level: Easy

26. Sherry’s daughter, Melissa, is 4 years old. According to parenting experts, if Sherry uses “time-out” to discipline Melissa, the appropriate amount of time to use is ______ min.

A. 1

B. 4

C. 15

D. 30

Learning Objective: 7-2: To summarize how child rearing changes when infants become toddlers.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Discipline

Difficulty Level: Easy

27. Parental efforts to constrain, invalidate, and manipulate a child’s thoughts, emotions, and expressions are referred to as ______.

A. mind management

B. attribution training

C. mental authority

D. psychological control

Learning Objective: 7-1: To describe the major challenges involved in parenting an infant and toddler.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge | Comprehension

Answer Location: Discipline

Difficulty Level: Easy

28. Researchers agree that competent parents ______ arbitrary demands and unnecessary restrictions.

A. avoid unnecessary or extreme uses of power assertion as well as

B. choose only time-out or withdrawal of privileges discipline and never issue

C. avoid letting children get the “upper hand” by issuing

D. choose mostly power assertion discipline methods and sometimes issue

Learning Objective: 7-2: To summarize how child rearing changes when infants become toddlers.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Discipline

Difficulty Level: Medium

29. According to the text, mothers reported using ______ more than yelling as a form of disciple at around ______ months.

A. negotiation; 24

B. negotiation; 36

C. withdrawal of privileges; 24

D. withdrawal of privileges; 36

Learning Objective: 7-2: To summarize how child rearing changes when infants become toddlers.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Discipline | Figure 7.4: How Discipline Changes During the First Four Years

Difficulty Level: Hard

30. The degree to which parents provide a predictable and organized environment for a child is referred to as ______. This process gives children a sense of predictability and security.

A. configuration

B. structuring

C. scaffolding

D. regulation

Learning Objective: 7-2: To summarize how child rearing changes when infants become toddlers.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge | Comprehension

Answer Location: Providing Structure

Difficulty Level: Easy

31. When her children were young, Elizabeth established a dinnertime routine. Each evening the family sat together and, for the most part, ate healthy meals. Before they dined, each family member mentioned a good thing that had happened that day. This example of ______ likely added to the children’s sense of security and reduced their chances for childhood obesity.

A. regulating

B. configuring

C. structuring

D. scaffolding

Learning Objective: 7-3: To list some of the ways that parents can promote their children’s early development.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Providing Structure

Difficulty Level: Easy

32. An example of parental structuring concerns children’s sleeping practices. In a study of 3,000 American families, researchers found that decisions about where children slept and other bedtime routines were linked to ______.

A. child’s gender

B. race/ethnicity

C. parental age

D. family structure

Learning Objective: 7-3: To list some of the ways that parents can promote their children’s early development.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Providing Structure

Difficulty Level: Easy

33. When toddlers play, they hit peers about once every 13 min! In an illustration of Vygotsky’s zone of proximal development, mothers who structure their toddler’s social interactions using close supervision and coaching ______.

A. help their toddlers engage in more mature interactions

B. too often intrude into the “little worlds” of these toddlers

C. underestimate the value of uninterrupted peer interactions

D. reduce the chance that toddlers will internalize prosocial values

Learning Objective: 7-3: To list some of the ways that parents can promote their children’s early development.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Providing Structure

Difficulty Level: Easy

34. In an observational study of mothers with their 2-year-old at the supermarket, effective mothers anticipated their children’s behavior and directed them to positive activities before they misbehaved. Mothers who frequently used such proactive techniques ______.

A. reported no change in their toddler’s behaviors, but were hopeful for the future

B. got their shopping done sooner even though the toddlers were bored

C. were rewarded with children who exhibited lower rates of misbehavior

D. were naturally more communicative than mothers who were more reactive

Learning Objective: 7-3: To list some of the ways that parents can promote their children’s early development.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Providing Structure

Difficulty Level: Easy

35. For children under the age of 6, the majority of injuries occur ______.

A. in a motor vehicle

B. in the home

C. on the playground

D. at a day care center

Learning Objective: 7-1: To describe the major challenges involved in parenting an infant and toddler.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Providing Structure

Difficulty Level: Medium

36. Two-year-old Juan was playing with a new toy when it unexpectedly made a loud noise. Juan dropped the toy and hid behind the couch. By hiding behind the couch, Juan ______.

A. regulated his negative emotion

B. moved on to the next game

C. forgot about the scary toy

D. signaled that he needed attention

Learning Objective: To describe the process of early child development

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Emotional Regulation

Difficulty Level: Easy

37. Helping toddlers learn to regulate and express their emotions appropriately is an important task for parents. Which of the following statements best represents the ability of toddlers to manage their emotions?

A. Toddlers have no way to regulate or manage their emotions.

B. Toddler’s emotional expression is based only on a neurophysiological response to stimuli.

C. Self-comforting behaviors like thumb sucking act to regulate toddler’s emotions.

D. Parenting practices do not influence toddler’s emotional expression.

Learning Objective: 7-3: To list some of the ways that parents can promote their children’s early development.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Emotional Regulation

Difficulty Level: Medium

38. Felicia wants to encourage her toddler’s cognitive development. One of the most important things she can do to reach her goal is ______.

A. make sure to buy him as many toys as possible

B. limit his screen time (video games, etc.)

C. talk with him regularly using a rich vocabulary

D. focus on socialization first and cognition later

Learning Objective: 7-3: To list some of the ways that parents can promote their children’s early development.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Promoting Cognitive Development

Difficulty Level: Easy

39. When infants are awake, they spend times in different states of alertness. Some of the time, they are in ______ alert and spend their time gazing at the environment. Other times, they are in ______ alert and engage in more movement and are more responsive.

A. quiet; active

B. quiet; loud

C. passive; loud

D. passive; active

Learning Objective: To describe the process of early child development

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Daily Routines and Infant Crying

Difficulty Level: Medium

40. An infant in day care expresses a clear preference for their own mother at pickup time, despite multiple women entering the room at the same time. Based on this observation, the infant is in which of the following phases of attachment?

A. the first 10 weeks

B. from 10 weeks to 4 months

C. from 6 to 30 months

D. the final phase

Learning Objective: To describe the process of early child development

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension | Application

Answer Location: Forming Attachments

Difficulty Level: Hard

41. All of the following problems were associated with Thomas and Chess’ first systematic view of temperament EXCEPT ______.

A. the interviews were brief and ill-performed

B. labeling a child as difficult can become a self-fulfilling prophecy

C. there was overlap among the nine characteristics

D. labeling a child as difficult is dependent on age and situation

Learning Objective: To describe the process of early child development

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Infant Temperament and Infant Effects

Difficulty Level: Medium

42. In the U.S. diary study, the 3-month-old data revealed that ______.

A. fathers spent more time interacting with the infants than the mothers

B. mothers spent more time interacting with the infants than the fathers

C. fathers were spending more time than at birth, and mothers were spending slightly less

D. mothers and fathers were spending roughly the same amount of time with the infant

Learning Objective: 7-3: To list some of the ways that parents can promote their children’s early development.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Role Sharing and Working Parents

Difficulty Level: Easy

43. All of the following countries are members of the Organization of Economic Cooperation and Development, which offers statutory entitlement to paid maternity of parental leave on a national basis EXCEPT ______.

A. United States

B. Australia

C. Spain

D. United Kingdom

Learning Objective: 7-1: To describe the major challenges involved in parenting an infant and toddler.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Maternal Employment and Infant Wellbeing

Difficulty Level: Easy

44. What percentage of women in the United States return to work within just two weeks of giving birth?

A. 8%

B. 15%

C. 23%

D. 33%

Learning Objective: 7-1: To describe the major challenges involved in parenting an infant and toddler.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge | Comprehension

Answer Location: Maternal Employment and Infant Wellbeing

Difficulty Level: Hard

45. Alternative center-based childcare provides a viable option for families in which both parents are working or the family has only one parent. A proven drawback to putting one’s child in such a center is that children in childcare centers ______.

A. have higher stress levels than children in at home care

B. are more likely to get sick than children who stay at home

C. have a higher cost of childcare

D. all of these

Learning Objective: 7-1: To describe the major challenges involved in parenting an infant and toddler.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Infant Care

Difficulty Level: Easy

46. Jameel and Nina regularly read to their 2-year-old child, minimize screen time, and encourage outdoor exploration. These actions are examples of which of the following parenting tasks during the toddlerhood years?

A. ensuring safety and sustenance

B. stimulating and instructing

C. giving socioemotional support

D. monitoring and surveillance

Learning Objective: 7-2: To summarize how child rearing changes when infants become toddlers.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension | Application

Answer Location: Parenting Toddlers

Difficulty Level: Easy

47. Kevin sometimes lets his 16-month-old son, Gabriel, watch entertaining videos on his iPad as a way to keep him busy while he gets household chores done. According to the American Academy of Pediatrics, Gabriel’s screen use ______.

A. is a permissible means of allowing the parent to attend to his responsibilities

B. allows Gabriel to foster independence, but compromises the relationship with Kevin

C. is a stimulating and effective use of entertainment

D. is not recommended, and he should not be exposed to any visual technology product

Learning Objective: 7-1: To describe the major challenges involved in parenting an infant and toddler.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Providing Structure

Difficulty Level: Medium

48. All of the following are ways parents can help their toddlers learn to regulate their emotions EXCEPT ______.

A. model how to deal with emotions

B. let toddlers learn for themselves

C. teach strategies to manage distress

D. manage the emotional climate of the family

Learning Objective: 7-2: To summarize how child rearing changes when infants become toddlers.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Emotional Regulation

Difficulty Level: Easy

49. Suki makes it a priority in her busy day to spend time with her son Manji as they walk or sometimes bike around the neighborhood. By engaging in this active play, Suki is helping to develop her son’s ______ skills.

A. social

B. sensorimotor

C. interpersonal

D. physical

Learning Objective: 7-3: To list some of the ways that parents can promote their children’s early development.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Promoting Cognitive Development

Difficulty Level: Easy

50. In a landmark study on socioeconomic differences in infants, researchers found that children of parents on welfare heard about 600 words per hour, while children from affluent families heard ______ words. Toddlers that hear more words have larger expressive vocabularies and therefore reap a cognitive benefit.

A. 900

B. 1,300

C. 2,100

D. 5,800

Learning Objective: 7-3: To list some of the ways that parents can promote their children’s early development.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Promoting Cognitive Development

Difficulty Level: Hard

True/False

1. The Period of Purple Crying is a concept created to educate parents about excessive crying. The U in PURPLE stands for unsettled.

Learning Objective: To describe the process of early child development

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Daily Routines and Infant Crying

Difficulty Level: Medium

2. The hippocampus, which is involved in the formation of new memories as well as learning and emotion, has been shown to have larger volumes in children with mothers who were more nurturing when the children were young.

Learning Objective: 7-3: To list some of the ways that parents can promote their children’s early development.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Brain Development

Difficulty Level: Medium

3. Morgan is just starting to introduce her toddler to variety in daily experiences and stimulation of all five senses, such as walking into a candle store. Since her child is no longer in their infancy, Morgan can introduce situations that are overstimulating in order to assure her child can cope in the future.

Learning Objective: 7-3: To list some of the ways that parents can promote their children’s early development.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension | Application

Answer Location: Promoting Healthy Brain and Cognitive Development

Difficulty Level: Easy

4. Kameel’s mother has noticed that her 12-month-old infant doesn’t seem to smile much and has trouble responding to his name. It is likely that Kameel might have Autism Spectrum Disorder, compromising his level of secure attachment.

Learning Objective: 7-1: To describe the major challenges involved in parenting an infant and toddler.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Forming Attachments | Box 7.3: Attachment in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder

Difficulty Level: Easy

5. The interaction of temperament and parenting in areas such as frustration, fear, and impulsivity exhibit the bidirectional effects of the parent–child relationship.

Learning Objective: 7-1: To describe the major challenges involved in parenting an infant and toddler.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Infant Temperament and Infant Effects

Difficulty Level: Medium

6. In a study on 6- to 12-month-old infants, fMRI machines have been used to study the effect of different tones, such as very angry, neutral, and mild, by an adult male on child brain functioning. The data did not reveal any marked difference in the neurological reactions of the infants.

Learning Objective: To describe the process of early child development

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Role Sharing and Working Parents

Difficulty Level: Easy

7. Julie is a mother to an infant. In a meetup with one of her friends Laurie, who is also a mother of an infant, they discuss how much time they spend with their children on the weekends. They find that Julie spends about a half hour more time in social interaction with her infant than Laurie does. We can conclude that Julie is most likely unemployed and therefore can afford that extra time.

Learning Objective: 7-1: To describe the major challenges involved in parenting an infant and toddler.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Maternal Employment and Infant Wellbeing

Difficulty Level: Medium

8. A cashier in a supermarket observes a father avoiding the candy aisle, with the foresight that it might be a problematic aisle. This strategic child-rearing practice is referred to as “proactive parenting.”

Learning Objective: 7-3: To list some of the ways that parents can promote their children’s early development.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Discipline

Difficulty Level: Easy

9. Andy would be considered a child who is high in sensation-seeking temperaments and likes to show off on the monkey bars at the playground. According to the text, Andy is more likely to get injured when closely supervised by parents.

Learning Objective: 7-1: To describe the major challenges involved in parenting an infant and toddler.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Providing Structure

Difficulty Level: Medium

10. Parents who are overprotective and controlling are intentionally promoting social withdrawal in their toddler.

Learning Objective: 7-1: To describe the major challenges involved in parenting an infant and toddler.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Emotional Regulation

Difficulty Level: Easy

Essay

1. Identify four recommended actions for rearing smarter children during toddlerhood.

Learning Objective: 7-3: To list some of the ways that parents can promote their children’s early development.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Promoting Healthy Brain and Cognitive Development

Difficulty Level: Medium

2. What is “childproofing” and why does it matter?

Learning Objective: 7-1: To describe the major challenges involved in parenting an infant and toddler.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Providing Structure

Difficulty Level: Easy

3. What can parents do to promote their child’s brain development? Provide two examples at each age period. Finally, name the three key brain processes.

Learning Objective: 7-3: To list some of the ways that parents can promote their children’s early development.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension | Application

Answer Location: Promoting Healthy Brain and Cognitive Development

Difficulty Level: Medium

4. Discuss and give examples of some of the behaviors involved in forming healthy attachments with a child.

Learning Objective: 7-3: To list some of the ways that parents can promote their children’s early development.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension | Application

Answer Location: Forming Attachments

Difficulty Level: Medium

5. Compare and contrast the parenting experience of rearing an infant and a toddler. In what ways do children at different ages require different parental behaviors?

Learning Objective: 7-2: To summarize how child rearing changes when infants become toddlers.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension | Analysis

Answer Location: Parenting Infants | Infant Care | Parenting Toddlers

Difficulty Level: Medium