Chapter.5 Learning Test Bank

Test Bank for Wood 6e

Chapter 5: Learning

Multiple Choice

1. _____ is any relatively permanent change in behavior brought about by experience or practice.

a) Learning

b) Adaptation

c) Memory enhancement

d) Muscle memory

Skill Level: Understand

Difficulty: Easy

Item Analysis:

% correct 95 a = 95 b = 3 c = 1 d = 1 r = .21

% correct 96 a = 96 b = 4 c = 0 d = 0 r = .19

Learning Objective: 5.1.1 Analyze the relationship between learning and classical conditioning

Topic: Classical Conditioning

2. The type of learning in which an organism learns to associate one stimulus with another is called _____

a) operant conditioning.

b) classical conditioning.

c) maturation.

d) social-cognitive learning.

Skill Level: Understand

Difficulty: Easy

Learning Objective: 5.1.1 Analyze the relationship between learning and classical conditioning

Topic: Classical Conditioning

3. As an infant, Stephanie received many penicillin injections from the doctor. When she later saw a photographer in a white coat that was similar to the doctor’s coat, she started to cry. This is an example of_____

a) instrumental learning.

b) observational learning.

c) classical conditioning.

d) habituation.

Skill Level: Apply

Difficulty: Moderate

Item Analysis:

% correct 90 a = 3 b = 4 c = 90 d = 3 r = .22

% correct 83 a = 2 b = 9 c = 83 d = 4 r = .27

Learning Objective: 5.1.1 Analyze the relationship between learning and classical conditioning

Topic: Classical Conditioning

4. Learning to make a reflex respond to a stimulus other than to the original, natural stimulus is called _____

a) classical conditioning.

b) operant conditioning.

c) memory linkage.

d) adaptation.

Skill Level: Understand

Difficulty: Moderate

Item Analysis:

% correct 77 a = 77 b = 12 c = 2 d = 8 r = .42

% correct 82 a = 82 b = 11 c = 0 d = 7 r = .19

Learning Objective: 5.1.1 Analyze the relationship between learning and classical conditioning

Topic: Classical Conditioning

5. _____ is any event or object in the environment to which an organism responds.

a) Higher-order conditioning

b) Negative reinforcement

c) Shaping

d) A stimulus

Skill Level: Understand

Difficulty: Easy

Learning Objective: 5.1.1 Analyze the relationship between learning and classical conditioning

Topic: Classical Conditioning

6. The _____ is a response that is elicited by an unconditioned stimulus without prior learning.

a) conditioned response

b) unconditioned stimuli

c) unconditioned response

d) conditioned stimulus

Skill Level: Understand

Difficulty: Easy

Learning Objective: 5.1.1 Analyze the relationship between learning and classical conditioning

Topic: Classical Conditioning

7. A puff of air in the eye naturally causes an eye blink response. The puff of air is the _____ and the eye blink is the _____

a) conditioned response; unconditioned stimulus.

b) unconditioned stimulus; conditioned response.

c) unconditioned response; conditioned response.

d) unconditioned stimulus; unconditioned response.

Skill Level: Apply

Difficulty: Difficulty

Learning Objective: 5.1.1 Analyze the relationship between learning and classical conditioning

Topic: Classical Conditioning

8. Jetta was at her favorite coffee shop reading her psychology textbook. She was so engrossed in the material that she did not see her friend Willy coming up behind her. Willy approached her chair and tapped her back. Though she never learned to respond this way, Jetta jumped in surprise because Willy’s tap had startled her. Which of the following would be considered the unconditioned response in this scenario?

a) Jetta’s jump

b) The coffee shop

c) Chatting with Willy

d) Willy

Skill Level: Apply

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 5.1.1 Analyze the relationship between learning and classical conditioning

Topic: Classical Conditioning

9. The _____ started as a neutral stimulus that, after repeated pairing with an unconditioned stimulus, became associated with it and now elicits a conditioned response.

a) unconditioned response

b) conditioned stimulus

c) unconditioned stimulus

d) neutral response

Skill Level: Analyze

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 5.1.1 Analyze the relationship between learning and classical conditioning

Topic: Classical Conditioning

10. The type of learning that Pavlov observed and researched resulted from associating an unconditioned response with a _____

a) neutral stimulus.

b) neutral response.

c) conditioned response.

d) punishment.

Skill Level: Analyze

Difficulty: Difficult

Learning Objective: 5.1.1 Analyze the relationship between learning and classical conditioning

Topic: Classical Conditioning

11. In the case of the dogs Pavlov observed, the _____ was the unconditioned response and the _____ was the conditioned response.

a) food; bell

b) food; salivation

c) salivation; salivation

d) bell; salivation

Skill Level: Analyze

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 5.1.1 Analyze the relationship between learning and classical conditioning

Topic: Classical Conditioning

12. Which of the following are terms used to describe changes in classically conditioned responses?

a) Extinction and generalization

b) Reinforcement and narrowing

c) Expansion and elimination

d) Deconditioning and reconditioning

Skill Level: Evaluate

Difficulty: Easy

Learning Objective: 5.1.2 Explain why classically conditioned responses might change

Topic: Classical Conditioning

13. Jenni was startled by the sudden loud barking noise made by a large black dog. Every time she saw a large black dog after that, she felt anxious and jumpy. She also began to feel the same way when she saw any brown, medium sized dogs. This change in her conditioned response is known as _____

a) extinction.

b) higher-order conditioning.

c) generalization

d) spontaneous recovery

Skill Level: Apply

Difficulty: Difficult

Learning Objective: 5.1.2 Explain why classically conditioned responses might change

Topic: Classical Conditioning

14. Repeatedly presenting the conditioned stimulus without the unconditioned stimulus will eventually result in _____

a) reinforcement.

b) classical conditioning.

c) extinction.

d) generalization.

Skill Level: Analyze

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 5.1.2 Explain why classically conditioned responses might change

Topic: Classical Conditioning

15. After a conditioned response has been extinguished and a period of time has passed, _____ may occur in response to the original conditioned stimulus; however, it will be in _____ form.

a) higher-order conditioning; stronger

b) generalization; weaker

c) spontaneous recovery; weaker

d) generalization; stronger

Skill Level: Understand

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 5.1.2 Explain why classically conditioned responses might change

Topic: Classical Conditioning

16. After Little Albert acquired a conditioned fear of rats, Watson wanted to see how he would react to a white rabbit, cotton wool, and a Santa Claus mask. He was studying whether or not _____ had occurred.

a) behavior modification

b) stimulus discrimination

c) extinction

d) generalization

Skill Level: Apply

Difficulty: Moderate

Item Analysis: % correct a = 14 b = 0 c = 0 d = 86 r = .49

Learning Objective: 5.1.3 Summarize the results of Watson’s “Little Albert” experiment

Topic: Classical Conditioning

17. Benson, a black lab, had learned to associate two stimuli with getting taken for a walk: his owner getting out his leash and his owner getting out a belt. Every time his owner picked up his belt, Benson would jump around and get excited. His owner wanted Benson to stop that so he repeatedly took out his belt without taking Benson for a walk, and always took him for a walk when getting out his leash. He was teaching Benson to _____

a) generalize.

b) extinguish.

c) discriminate.

d) learn preferentially.

Skill Level: Apply

Difficulty: Difficult

Learning Objective: 5.1.2 Explain why classically conditioned responses might change

Topic: Classical Conditioning

18. When conditioned stimuli are linked together to form a series of signals, such as the steps involved in having one’s blood tested, this process is called _____

a) stimulus chaining.

b) graduated conditioning.

c) operant conditioning.

d) higher-order conditioning.

Skill Level: Understand

Difficulty: Difficult

Learning Objective: 5.1.1 Analyze the relationship between learning and classical conditioning

Topic: Classical Conditioning

19. Denny is quite fearful of going to the dentist. Over time, he has noticed that he becomes anxious at even the smell of the dentist’s office. Every step Denny takes, right up until the dentist starts to drill a tooth, seems to cause muscle tension and anxiety. Denny is experiencing _____

a) reflexive conditioning.

b) operant conditioning.

c) graduated conditioning.

d) higher-order conditioning.

Skill Level: Apply

Difficulty: Difficult

Learning Objective: 5.1.1 Analyze the relationship between learning and classical conditioning

Topic: Classical Conditioning

20. What was learned in the case of Little Albert?

a) Fear can be learned via operant conditioning, but cannot be extinguished.

b) Fear can be learned via classical conditioning, but cannot be generalized.

c) It is important to ignore the consideration of a child’s mental health as long as the research is important enough.

d) Fear can be learned via classical conditioning, and that fear can be generalized.

Skill Level: Analyze

Difficulty: Difficult

Learning Objective: 5.1.3 Summarize the results of Watson’s “Little Albert” experiment

Topic: Classical Conditioning

21. In the “Little Albert” study, the fear-producing stimulus used as an unconditioned stimulus was the _____.

a) white rat

b) loud noise

c) fear of the rat

d) fear of the noise

Skill Level: Analyze

Difficulty: Difficult

Item Analysis: % correct 76 a = 21 b = 76 c = 2 d = 1 r = .25

Learning Objective: 5.1.3 Summarize the results of Watson’s “Little Albert” experiment

Topic: Classical Conditioning

22. John Watson offered a live, white rat to Little Albert and then made a loud noise behind Albert by striking a steel bar with a hammer. The white rat served as the _____ in his study.

a) discriminative stimulus

b) counterconditioning stimulus

c) conditioned stimulus

d) unconditioned stimulus

Skill Level: Apply

Difficulty: Difficult

Item Analysis:

% correct 51 a = 3 b = 3 c = 51 d = 43 r = .21

% correct 57 a = 18 b = 0 c = 57 d = 25 r = .19

Learning Objective: 5.1.3 Summarize the results of Watson’s “Little Albert” experiment

Topic: Classical Conditioning

23. What could John Watson have done to eliminate Little Albert’s conditioned fear?

a) Show Albert a toy dog instead of a live rat

b) Let Albert touch a Santa Claus beard repeatedly

c) Show Albert a rat many times without a loud noise following

d) Have Albert hear a loud noise many times without a rat present

Skill Level: Apply

Difficulty: Difficult

Learning Objective: 5.1.3 Summarize the results of Watson’s “Little Albert” experiment

Topic: Classical Conditioning

24. A key principle learned in the Little Albert experiment was that _____

a) fear can be conditioned.

b) rats are an unconditioned fear stimulus.

c) conditioned fear can’t generalize.

d) conditioned fear cannot be removed.

Skill Level: Understand

Difficulty: Difficult

Learning Objective: 5.1.3 Summarize the results of Watson’s “Little Albert” experiment

Topic: Classical Conditioning

25. After pairing a loud noise with a white rat many times, the sight of the rat would cause Little Albert to cry. Crying is an example of a(n) _____

a) unconditioned stimulus.

b) conditioned stimulus.

c) unconditioned response.

d) conditioned response.

Skill Level: Apply

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 5.1.3 Summarize the results of Watson’s “Little Albert” experiment

Topic: Classical Conditioning

26. Little Albert’s acquired fear of a white rat was a classic example of a(n) _____ response.

a) classical counterconditioned

b) conditioned emotional

c) positively reinforced

d) negatively reinforced

Skill Level: Analyze

Difficulty: Easy

Learning Objective: 5.1.3 Summarize the results of Watson’s “Little Albert” experiment

Topic: Classical Conditioning

27. Watson’s experiment with Little Albert demonstrated that fears might be _____

a) based on classical conditioning.

b) deeply rooted in the innate unconscious of infants.

c) based on the principle of observational learning.

d) based on Skinner’s analysis of positive reinforcement.

Skill Level: Analyze

Difficulty: Moderate

Item Analysis: % correct 86 a = 86 b = 4 c = 9 d = 1 r = .40

Learning Objective: 5.1.3 Summarize the results of Watson’s “Little Albert” experiment

Topic: Classical Conditioning

28. Which of the following statements accurately reflects the results of Watson and Jones’ experimental attempts to remove Peter’s fear of rabbits?

a) Peter lost his fear of the rabbit, but not his generalized fear of similar stimuli.

b) Peter’s fear of the rabbit gradually intensified.

c) Peter lost his fear of the rabbit and those things to which his fear had generalized.

d) Peter lost his fear of the rabbit, but began to fear Watson and Jones.

Skill Level: Analyze

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 5.1.3 Summarize the results of Watson’s “Little Albert” experiment

Topic: Classical Conditioning

29. Which theorist proposed the cognitive perspective that explains that classical conditioning occurs because it provides a means to predict the occurrence of the unconditioned response?

a) Pavlov

b) Garcia

c) Rescorla

d) Skinner

Skill Level: Understand

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 5.1.4 Describe what Rescorla demonstrated about classical conditioning

Topic: Classical Conditioning

30. The current view of why classical conditioning works the way it does, advanced by Rescorla and others, adds the concept of _____ to conditioning theory.

a) generalization

b) habituation

c) memory loss

d) prediction

Skill Level: Analyze

Difficulty: Difficult

Learning Objective: 5.1.4 Describe what Rescorla demonstrated about classical conditioning

Topic: Classical Conditioning

31. Robert Rescorla’s modern concept of classical conditioning is based on the idea that _____

a) the CS substitutes for the US.

b) there is a biological readiness for conditioning to occur between the CS and US.

c) the CS has to provide information about the coming of the US.

d) reinforcement must occur by providing a pleasant event.

Skill Level: Analyze

Difficulty: Difficult

Learning Objective: 5.1.4 Describe what Rescorla demonstrated about classical conditioning

Topic: Classical Conditioning

32. According to Rescorla’s theory, the CS must _____ the US or conditioning does not occur.

a) replace

b) come after

c) occur simultaneously with

d) predict

Skill Level: Analyze

Difficulty: Difficult

Learning Objective: 5.1.4 Describe what Rescorla demonstrated about classical conditioning

Topic: Classical Conditioning

33. Rescorla’s cognitive theory proposed that the real reason Pavlov’s dogs salivated to conditioned stimuli was that these stimuli allowed them to _____

a) guess food might come.

b) predict what food would come.

c) wonder if food might come.

d) remember the smell of food.

Skill Level: Analyze

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 5.1.4 Describe what Rescorla demonstrated about classical conditioning

Topic: Classical Conditioning

34. Robert Rescorla provided evidence that supported his theory by _____

a) examining the brains of his rat subjects in a conditioning experiment.

b) presenting a conditioned stimulus with and without the unconditioned stimulus.

c) pairing conditioned and unconditioned stimuli only once.

d) pairing the unconditioned stimulus with several neutral stimuli.

Skill Level: Analyze

Difficulty: Difficult

Learning Objective: 5.1.4 Describe what Rescorla demonstrated about classical conditioning

Topic: Classical Conditioning

35. The current view of why classical conditioning works the way it does, advanced by Rescorla and others, adds the concept of _____ to conditioning theory.

a) generalization

b) habituation

c) memory loss

d) expectancy

Skill Level: Analyze

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 5.1.4 Describe what Rescorla demonstrated about classical conditioning

Topic: Classical Conditioning

36. Pavlov and Watson believed the critical element in classical conditioning was the _____ of stimuli; Rescorla believed it was how well the conditioned stimulus made it possible to _____

a) expectancy; remember the consequences.

b) pairing; make good predictions.

c) strength; repeat the pairing.

d) aversiveness; escape.

Skill Level: Understand

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 5.1.4 Describe what Rescorla demonstrated about classical conditioning

Topic: Classical Conditioning

37. Mice who received a paired tone and shock 20 times and the same tone with no shock 20 times were not successfully conditioned to fear the tone. Mice who received a shock every time the tone sounded were conditioned to fear the tone. This observation supports the _____ theory of classical conditioning.

a) Pavlovian

b) cognitive

c) emotion-based

d) original

Skill Level: Apply

Difficulty: Difficult

Learning Objective: 5.1.4 Describe what Rescorla demonstrated about classical conditioning

Topic: Classical Conditioning

38. In terms of classical conditioning, which element of the process did Robert Rescorla argue was the most important?

a) The timing between the pairing of the stimuli

b) The reward that came after the stimulus

c) The predictive value of the unconditioned stimulus

d) The repeated pairing of the unconditioned and conditioned stimuli

Skill Level: Analyze

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 5.1.4 Describe what Rescorla demonstrated about classical conditioning

Topic: Classical Conditioning

39. _____ argued that humans and other animals seem to be most affected by classical conditioning when it affects their survival. From an evolutionary standpoint, this theorist suggests that humans have a biological predisposition to associate fear with certain kinds of stimuli.

a) Robert Rescorla

b) Ivan Pavlov

c) Rosalie Rayner

d) Martin Seligman

Skill Level: Understand

Difficulty: Easy

Learning Objective: 5.1.5 Explain how biological predispositions affect classical conditioning

Topic: Classical Conditioning

40. Last month, Walter became sick after eating two chili dogs, so he no longer likes chili dogs. Walter has experienced _____

a) blocking.

b) conditioned taste aversion.

c) operant taste conditioning.

d) noncontingent conditioning.

Skill Level: Apply

Difficulty: Easy

Item Analysis: % correct 95 a = 0 b = 95 c = 5 d = 0 r = .48

Learning Objective: 5.1.5 Explain how biological predispositions affect classical conditioning

Topic: Classical Conditioning

41. What is likely to happen to rats who drink a flavored water solution and are then shocked?

a) They will develop an aversion to the flavored water.

b) They will refuse to drink any water and die.

c) They will not develop an aversion to the flavored water.

d) They will die as a result of the shocks they received in the research.

Skill Level: Apply

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 5.1.5 Explain how biological predispositions affect classical conditioning

Topic: Classical Conditioning

42. Kenyatta went out for pizza Tuesday night. She developed the flu on Tuesday night, which included intense stomach cramps and vomiting. She did not know at that point she had the flu. Now she can’t stand pizza. Kenyatta appears to have developed _____

a) learned helplessness.

b) operant conditioning to avoid cheeseburgers.

c) a heuristic bias.

d) a classically conditioned taste aversion.

Skill Level: Apply

Difficulty: Easy

Learning Objective: 5.1.5 Explain how biological predispositions affect classical conditioning

Topic: Classical Conditioning

43. Which of the following researchers authored the classic research (1966) on taste aversion using rats and X-rays?

a) Bandura and Skinner

b) Martin Seligman

c) Rosalie Rayner and John Watson

d) Garcia and Koelling

Skill Level: Understand

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 5.1.5 Explain how biological predispositions affect classical conditioning

Topic: Classical Conditioning

44. For his graduate project, Seth wanted to demonstrate that he could condition a monkey to be afraid of a flower. Seth might have to come up with a different plan because _____

a) the monkey will eat the flower and they can’t be made to fear food.

b) the monkey has no biological predisposition to fear flowers.

c) the monkey will fear a flower it hasn’t seen without conditioning.

d) you can’t classically condition a monkey.

Skill Level: Apply

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 5.1.5 Explain how biological predispositions affect classical conditioning

Topic: Classical Conditioning

45. Dee Dee wants to condition his lab rat to fear drinking orange-flavored water. He pairs a mild shock with the drinking of flavored water. He wants the rat to associate the unconditioned stimulus, the shock, with drinking the water. How could he be most successful?

a) Raise the shock to as strong as he can.

b) Choose a different neutral/conditioned stimulus.

c) Use a mouse instead of a rat.

d) Color the water a disgusting color, too.

Skill Level: Apply

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 5.1.5 Explain how biological predispositions affect classical conditioning

Topic: Classical Conditioning

46. Taste aversion is an example of _____

a) counterconditioning.

b) generalization.

c) biological predisposition.

d) negative punishment.

Skill Level: Analyze

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 5.1.5 Explain how biological predispositions affect classical conditioning

Topic: Classical Conditioning

47. How does classical conditioning affect our eating habits?

a) Conditioned stimuli can be so powerful that we eat when we are not hungry.

b) We use food as a reward to reinforce behavior change.

c) It doesn’t; we have no biological predisposition toward conditioning related to food.

d) It is why we like sweet things.

Skill Level: Analyze

Difficulty: Easy

Learning Objective: 5.1.6 Identify classical conditioning in everyday life

Topic: Classical Conditioning

48. Another example of the power of classical conditioning occurs when _____

a) a child is given a treat for finishing chores and increases that behavior.

b) we learn a skill by watching someone else, which makes our mirror neurons fire.

c) the neighborhood where we got high makes us crave the drug.

d) we teach our dog to sit by using rewards.

Skill Level: Analyze

Difficulty: Easy

Learning Objective: 5.1.6 Identify classical conditioning in everyday life

Topic: Classical Conditioning

49. _____ valid stimuli—those with a real connection to an unconditioned stimulus—are learned more quickly than _____ stimuli.

a) Psychologically; random

b) Biologically; nonpredisposed

c) Ecologically; arbitrary

d) Physically; emotional

Skill Level: Understand

Difficulty: Difficult

Learning Objective: 5.1.6 Identify classical conditioning in everyday life

Topic: Classical Conditioning

50. Who originated the law of effect?

a) Edward Thorndike

b) B. F. Skinner

c) Albert Bandura

d) Ivan Pavlov

Skill Level: Understand

Difficulty: Easy

Learning Objective: 5.2.1 Explain the effect that positive and negative reinforcement have on behavior

Topic: Operant Conditioning

51. The notion that behaviors with desirable outcomes will likely be repeated is part of _____

a) classical conditioning.

b) modeling.

c) the law of effect.

d) insight learning.

Skill Level: Understand

Difficulty: Easy

Learning Objective: 5.2.1 Explain the effect that positive and negative reinforcement have on behavior

Topic: Operant Conditioning

52. _____ states that the consequence, or effect, of a response will determine whether the tendency to respond in the same way in the future will be strengthened or weakened.

a) Classical conditioning

b) The effect and reliability hypothesis

c) Insight learning

d) The law of effect

Skill Level: Understand

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 5.2.1 Explain the effect that positive and negative reinforcement have on behavior

Topic: Operant Conditioning

53. Sofia loves that she gets attention from her kindergarten teacher every time she uses her manners. Because of it, she continues to use her manners. What does this demonstrate?

a) Classical conditioning

b) The law of effect

c) Shaping

d) The social learning theory

Skill Level: Apply

Difficulty: Easy

Learning Objective: 5.2.1 Explain the effect that positive and negative reinforcement have on behavior

Topic: Operant Conditioning

54. The type of learning in which the consequences of behavior are manipulated to increase or decrease the frequency of the behavior, or to shape an entirely new behavior, is _____

a) operant conditioning.

b) classical conditioning.

c) insight learning.

d) social-cognitive learning.

Skill Level: Understand

Difficulty: Easy

Learning Objective: 5.2.1 Explain the effect that positive and negative reinforcement have on behavior

Topic: Operant Conditioning

55. A consequence that brings about an increase in the frequency of a behavior is a(n) _____; a consequence that decreases the frequency of a behavior is a(n) _____

a) punishment; successive approximation.

b) positive reinforcement; shaping.

c) modeling; successive approximation.

d) reinforcement; punishment.

Skill Level: Understand

Difficulty: Easy

Learning Objective: 5.2.1 Explain the effect that positive and negative reinforcement have on behavior

Topic: Operant Conditioning

56. Voluntary behavior that accidentally brings about a consequence is called _____

a) a reinforce.

b) shaping.

c) an operant.

d) an unconditioned stimulus.

Skill Level: Understand

Difficulty: Easy

Learning Objective: 5.2.1 Explain the effect that positive and negative reinforcement have on behavior

Topic: Operant Conditioning

57. Fourteen-year-old Judy Ann is frustrated with the way the kids at school treat her during lunch. Instead of sitting by herself like she normally does, she sits with another student at lunch. As they begin to engage in conversation, she notices that no one stops to make fun of her. Because of this, she decides to no longer sit by herself at lunch. Which of the following can be considered the operant?

a) The kids making fun of her

b) Sitting with another student instead of sitting by herself

c) Her frustration

d) The student she talks to at lunch

Skill Level: Apply

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 5.2.1 Explain the effect that positive and negative reinforcement have on behavior

Topic: Operant Conditioning

58. If Behavior A brings about a desirable Consequence B, and Behavior A reoccurs, then Consequence B can be considered _____.

a) a punisher

b) an operant

c) a conditioned stimulus

d) a reinforcer

Skill Level: Analyze

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 5.2.1 Explain the effect that positive and negative reinforcement have on behavior

Topic: Operant Conditioning

59. Fourteen-year-old Judy Ann is frustrated with the way the kids at school treat her during lunch. Instead of sitting by herself like she normally does, she sits with another student at lunch. As they begin to engage in conversation, she notices that no one stops to make fun of her. Because of this, she decides to no longer sit by herself at lunch. Which of the following can be considered the reinforcer?

a) The kids making fun of her

b) Sitting with another student instead of sitting by herself

c) No one making fun of her

d) Her frustration

Skill Level: Analyze

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 5.2.1 Explain the effect that positive and negative reinforcement have on behavior

Topic: Operant Conditioning

60. In the process of shaping, behaviors are ordered in terms of increasing similarity to the desired response. These behaviors are called _____

a) primary reinforcers.

b) successive approximations.

c) secondary reinforcers.

d) unconditioned stimuli.

Skill Level: Understand

Difficulty: Easy

Item Analysis: % correct 92 a = 3 b = 92 c = 2 d = 2 r = .41

Learning Objective: 5.2.2 Compare how shaping, generalization, and discriminative stimuli influence operant conditioning

Topic: Operant Conditioning

61. Rewarding successive approximations of a desired behavior is part of which process?

a) Reinforcement

b) Shaping

c) Extinction

d) Generalization

Skill Level: Evaluate

Difficulty: Easy

Learning Objective: 5.2.2 Compare how shaping, generalization, and discriminative stimuli influence operant conditioning

Topic: Operant Conditioning

62. Skinner designed a soundproof apparatus, often equipped with a lever or bar, with which he conducted his experiments in operant conditioning. This has been called a _____

a) reinforcement chamber.

b) Skinner box.

c) rodent chamber.

d) respondent behavior unit.

Skill Level: Understand

Difficulty: Easy

Learning Objective: 5.2.2 Compare how shaping, generalization, and discriminative stimuli influence operant conditioning

Topic: Operant Conditioning

63. Billy taught two rats how to play basketball for his experimental psychology class. What process did he likely use?

a) Operant conditioning

b) Shaping

c) Reinforcement

d) Punishment

Skill Level: Apply

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 5.2.2 Compare how shaping, generalization, and discriminative stimuli influence operant conditioning

Topic: Operant Conditioning

64. The kind of learning that applies to voluntary behavior is called _____

a) operant conditioning.

b) classical conditioning.

c) effective based learning.

d) spontaneous recovery.

Skill Level: Analyze

Difficulty: Moderate

Item Analysis: % correct 89 a = 89 b = 7 c = 4 d = 0 r = .32

Learning Objective: 5.2.2 Compare how shaping, generalization, and discriminative stimuli influence operant conditioning

Topic: Operant Conditioning

65. In operant conditioning, _____ is associated with a voluntary response.

a) reinforcement

b) the law of negative effect

c) conceptual emotional linkages

d) a long time delay

Skill Level: Understand

Difficulty: Easy

Item Analysis: % correct 100 a = 100 b = 0 c = 0 d = 0 r = .00

Learning Objective: 5.2.2 Compare how shaping, generalization, and discriminative stimuli influence operant conditioning

Topic: Operant Conditioning

66. Mary’s parents want her to put her books in her bookcase. At first, they praise her for putting the books together in one pile. Then they praise her for getting the books on the same side of the room as the bookcase. When she gets the books on top of the bookcase, she gets praise. Finally, her parents praise her when she puts her books in the bookcase. This is an example of ____

a) negative reinforcement.

b) punishment.

c) extinction.

d) shaping.

Skill Level: Apply

Difficulty: Easy

Learning Objective: 5.2.2 Compare how shaping, generalization, and discriminative stimuli influence operant conditioning

Topic: Operant Conditioning

67. Skinner found that a pigeon reinforced for pecking at a yellow disk is likely to peck at another disk similar in color. This is an example of _____

a) generalization.

b) shaping.

c) extinction.

d) classical conditioning.

Skill Level: Analyze

Difficulty: Easy

Learning Objective: 5.2.2 Compare how shaping, generalization, and discriminative stimuli influence operant conditioning

Topic: Operant Conditioning

68. A _____ signals whether a certain response or behavior is likely to be rewarded, ignored, or punished.

a) reinforcer

b) generalized stimulus

c) discriminative stimulus

d) primary reinforcer

Skill Level: Analyze

Difficulty: Difficult

Learning Objective: 5.2.2 Compare how shaping, generalization, and discriminative stimuli influence operant conditioning

Topic: Operant Conditioning

69. Professor Ronson told her students that if her door was closed, it meant that she was unavailable to them and would be angry if they knocked on her door. But if her door was open, it meant that she was in a rare good mood and would answer questions at that time. Professor Ronson’s door being open was a _____ for _____

a) discriminative stimulus; asking questions.

b) discriminative stimulus; not asking questions.

c) discriminative response; asking questions.

d) discriminative response; not asking questions.

Skill Level: Apply

Difficulty: Moderate

Item Analysis:

% correct 75 a = 75 b = 5 c = 18 d = 2 r = .20

% correct 74 a = 74 b = 0 c = 21 d = 8 r = .28

Learning Objective: 5.2.2 Compare how shaping, generalization, and discriminative stimuli influence operant conditioning

Topic: Operant Conditioning

70. Susan trained her rat to press a bar in a Skinner box in order to get a food pellet. Susan’s rat pressed the bar a lot. However, later when Susan ran out of food pellets, her rat eventually stopped pressing the bar. What had happened?

a) Conditioned aversion

b) Satiation

c) Extinction

d) Withdrawal

Skill Level: Apply

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 5.2.2 Compare how shaping, generalization, and discriminative stimuli influence operant conditioning

Topic: Operant Conditioning

71. A reinforcer is a consequence that will _____ a behavior, while a punisher is a consequence that may _____ a behavior.

a) motivate; stimulate

b) weaken; strengthen

c) inhibit; motivate

d) increase; decrease

Skill Level: Understand

Difficulty: Easy

Learning Objective: 5.2.1 Explain the effect that positive and negative reinforcement have on behavior

Topic: Operant Conditioning

72. Adding something good as a consequence of a behavior is called _____ reinforcement.

a) positive

b) effective

c) neutral

d) preferred

Skill Level: Understand

Difficulty: Easy

Learning Objective: 5.2.1 Explain the effect that positive and negative reinforcement have on behavior

Topic: Operant Conditioning

73. Taking away something that hurts or bothers someone is called _____ reinforcement.

a) positive

b) effective

c) negative

d) preferred

Skill Level: Understand

Difficulty: Easy

Learning Objective: 5.2.1 Explain the effect that positive and negative reinforcement have on behavior

Topic: Operant Conditioning

74. Negative reinforcement will _____ a behavior.

a) increase

b) decrease

c) punish

d) not change

Skill Level: Analyze

Difficulty: Difficult

Learning Objective: 5.2.1 Explain the effect that positive and negative reinforcement have on behavior

Topic: Operant Conditioning

75. A student studied very hard in order to get a good grade. It worked. The good grade is an example of _____

a) positive reinforcement.

b) punishment.

c) negative reinforcement.

d) partial reinforcement.

Skill Level: Apply

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 5.2.1 Explain the effect that positive and negative reinforcement have on behavior

Topic: Operant Conditioning

76. A student studied very hard in order to avoid getting bad grades and losing her driving privileges. It worked. What was the type of reinforcer she experienced?

a) Positive reinforcement

b) Negative punishment

c) Negative reinforcement

d) Partial reinforcement

Skill Level: Apply

Difficulty: Difficult

Learning Objective: 5.2.1 Explain the effect that positive and negative reinforcement have on behavior

Topic: Operant Conditioning

77. Which of the following is an example of negative reinforcement?

a) Marty knocks over his mother’s prize fern so she gives him a time out.

b) Peter comes in late from his lunch and is fired from his job.

c) Tara takes an aspirin, and her headache begins to go away.

d) Gwen mows the lawn and her dad takes her out for ice cream.

Skill Level: Apply

Difficulty: Difficult

Learning Objective: 5.2.1 Explain the effect that positive and negative reinforcement have on behavior

Topic: Operant Conditioning

78. A _____ reinforcer is any reward that satisfies a basic, biological need, such a hunger, thirst, or touch.

a) primary

b) negative

c) positive

d) secondary

Skill Level: Understand

Difficulty: Easy

Learning Objective: 5.2.1 Explain the effect that positive and negative reinforcement have on behavior

Topic: Operant Conditioning

79. _____ is an example of a primary reinforcer, whereas _____ is an example of a secondary reinforcer.

a) A cupcake; a certificate of achievement

b) A kiss; money

c) Water; food

d) A gold star; a cupcake

Skill Level: Analyze

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 5.2.1 Explain the effect that positive and negative reinforcement have on behavior

Topic: Operant Conditioning

80. Which of the following is a secondary reinforcer?

a) Water

b) Food

c) Shelter

d) A gold star

Skill Level: Analyze

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 5.2.1 Explain the effect that positive and negative reinforcement have on behavior

Topic: Operant Conditioning

81. Praise, awards, and good grades are all examples of _____

a) reciprocal reinforcement.

b) primary reinforcement.

c) partial reinforcement.

d) secondary reinforcement.

Skill Level: Analyze

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 5.2.1 Explain the effect that positive and negative reinforcement have on behavior

Topic: Operant Conditioning

82. The most efficient way to condition a new response is _____

a) punishment.

b) partial reinforcement.

c) negative reinforcement.

d) continuous reinforcement.

Skill Level: Understand

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 5.2.3 List the four types of schedules of reinforcement

Topic: Operant Conditioning

83. When the number of responses is important to the schedule of reinforcement, that schedule is called a(n) _____ schedule.

a) ratio

b) interval

c) conditioned

d) time-delayed

Skill Level: Understand

Difficulty: Difficult

Item Analysis: % correct 79 a = 79 b = 15 c = 4 d = 3 r = .39

Learning Objective: 5.2.3 List the four types of schedules of reinforcement

Topic: Operant Conditioning

84. In a(n) _____ schedule, the first response made after a specific period of time has elapsed brings the reinforcement.

a) variable-interval

b) interval

c) variable-ratio

d) fixed-ratio

Skill Level: Understand

Difficulty: Difficult

Learning Objective: 5.2.3 List the four types of schedules of reinforcement

Topic: Operant Conditioning

85. A teacher gives her class at least one unannounced quiz every week. The students never know which day it will fall on. The teacher is attempting to influence their study habits by using a _____

a) variable-ratio.

b) fixed-ratio.

c) variable-interval.

d) fixed-interval.

Skill Level: Apply

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 5.2.3 List the four types of schedules of reinforcement

Topic: Operant Conditioning

86. The partial reinforcement effect refers to the fact that a response that is reinforced after some, but not all, of the desired behaviors is _____ to extinction than a response that gets continuous reinforcement.

a) more resistant

b) less resistant

c) more variable in its resistance

d. totally resistant

Skill Level: Analyze

Difficulty: Difficult

Learning Objective: 5.2.3 List the four types of schedules of reinforcement

Topic: Operant Conditioning

87. _____ is the opposite of reinforcement.

a) Partial reinforcement

b) Continuous reinforcement

c) Negative reinforcement

d) Punishment

Skill Level: Evaluate

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 5.2.4 Describe the effect of punishment on behavior

Topic: Operant Conditioning

88. When a bad thing (aversive stimulus) is applied to a person or animal and decreases the probability of a particular behavior, it is known as _____

a) positive punishment.

b) negative punishment.

c) negative reinforcement.

d) negative expectation.

Skill Level: Analyze

Difficulty: Difficult

Item Analysis: % correct 32 a = 32 b = 18 c = 46 d = 4 r = .26

Learning Objective: 5.2.4 Describe the effect of punishment on behavior

Topic: Operant Conditioning

89. When something desirable is taken away from a subject’s environment or experience in response to their behavior, it is called _____

a) positive punishment.

b) negative punishment.

c) negative reinforcement.

d) negative expectation.

Skill Level: Analyze

Difficulty: Difficult

Learning Objective: 5.2.4 Describe the effect of punishment on behavior

Topic: Operant Conditioning

90. When you take something good away from someone in response to their behavior, it is called _____

a) positive punishment.

b) negative punishment.

c) negative reinforcement.

d) positive reinforcement.

Skill Level: Understand

Difficulty: Easy

Learning Objective: 5.2.4 Describe the effect of punishment on behavior

Topic: Operant Conditioning

91. Which of the following statements is true regarding punishment?

a) The effect of punishment is often temporary.

b) Severe punishment creates fear and anger.

c) Punishment is the opposite of reinforcement.

d) All of these statements are true.

Skill Level: Evaluate

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 5.2.4 Describe the effect of punishment on behavior

Topic: Operant Conditioning

92. An expert on parenting is addressing parents at the local grade school. When the topic of punishment is discussed, what is one outcome of punishment the expert is likely to note for the parents to consider?

a) Punishment can also lead to the child acting aggressively.

b) Punished children tend to do really well in school.

c) Punishment motivates the child to focus on schoolwork.

d) Punishment tends to increase the number of nightmares experienced.

Skill Level: Understand

Difficulty: Difficult

Learning Objective: 5.2.4 Describe the effect of punishment on behavior

Topic: Operant Conditioning

93. Olivia is punished for spilling her cereal. Her parents give her a spanking and send her to her room, where she cries. Later, her puppy makes a mess on the floor. Olivia kicks her puppy and puts it out in the yard where it whines sadly. Which of the following statements explains her behavior toward the puppy?

a) Olivia is correctly applying Skinnerian principles of negative reinforcement to change her dog’s behavior.

b) Olivia is using negative punishment on her dog and it will change the dog’s behavior.

c) Olivia is modeling the aggressive behavior her parents demonstrated to her.

d) This is how all children behave.

Skill Level: Apply

Difficulty: Difficult

Item Analysis: % correct 94 a = 1 b = 5 c = 94 d = 0 r = .21

Learning Objective: 5.2.4 Describe the effect of punishment on behavior

Topic: Operant Conditioning

94. Which of the following is true regarding learned helplessness?

a) It is learned through repeated exposure to inescapable or unavoidable aversive events.

b) It is a concept that can only be applied to human behavior.

c) It was initially studied by Pavlov and Skinner using dogs that were exposed to electric shocks.

d) It is not possible to avoid learned helplessness.

Skill Level: Evaluate

Difficulty: Easy

Learning Objective: 5.2.5 Explain escape and avoidance learning

Topic: Operant Conditioning

95. Many students dread public speaking so much that they do not give oral presentations or take speech classes. This is an example of _____

a) avoidance learning.

b) learned helplessness.

c) extinction learning.

d) generalized learning.

Skill Level: Analyze

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 5.2.5 Explain escape and avoidance learning

Topic: Operant Conditioning

96. Sammy took two aspirin to treat a pounding headache. This is an example of _____

a) avoidance learning.

b) extinction learning.

c) escape learning.

d) learned helplessness.

Skill Level: Apply

Difficulty: Difficult

Learning Objective: 5.2.5 Explain escape and avoidance learning

Topic: Operant Conditioning

97. People who are exposed repeatedly to unpleasant events over which they have no control may become passively resigned to those outcomes. This is called _____

a) avoidance learning.

b) learned helplessness.

c) extinction.

d) cognitive dissonance.

Skill Level: Understand

Difficulty: Easy

Learning Objective: 5.2.5 Explain escape and avoidance learning

Topic: Operant Conditioning

98. The person most closely associated with research on learned helplessness is _____

a) Edward Thorndike.

b) Joseph Wolpe.

c) Martin Seligman.

d) Albert Bandura.

Skill Level: Understand

Difficulty: Easy

Item Analysis: % correct 25 a = 33 b = 2 1 c = 25 d = 21 r = .19

Learning Objective: 5.2.5 Explain escape and avoidance learning

Topic: Operant Conditioning

99. College students faced with unsolvable problems eventually give up and make only half-hearted attempts to solve new problems, even when the new problems can be solved easily. This behavior is probably due to _____

a) learned helplessness.

b) contingency blocking.

c) latent learning.

d) response generalization.

Skill Level: Analyze

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 5.2.5 Explain escape and avoidance learning

Topic: Operant Conditioning

100. While watching the evening news, you see a story about domestic abuse and wonder, “Why would anyone stay in a relationship where they are being abused?” According to Seligman, one factor that may contribute to victim’s staying in abusive relationships is _____

a) observational learning.

b) learned helplessness.

c) conditioned emotional response.

d) instinctive drift.

Skill Level: Apply

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 5.2.5 Explain escape and avoidance learning

Topic: Operant Conditioning

101. Utilizing classical conditioning, operant conditioning, and/or observational learning in an effort to change behaviors is referred to as _____

a) shaping.

b) behavior modification.

c) generalization.

d) a token economy.

Skill Level: Understand

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 5.2.6 List some applications of operant conditioning

Topic: Operant Conditioning

102. Shay is a nursery school teacher who works with two- and three-year-old children. Because she knows this is the time when most children become potty trained, she uses a technique in her classroom that encourages this behavior. Shay tells the children that they will get a sticker on their chart each time they successfully use the bathroom. Whenever a child gets 10 stickers, the child receives a small prize. What technique is Shay using?

a) Classical conditioning

b) Generalization

c) Modeling

d) Token economy

Skill Level: Apply

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 5.2.6 List some applications of operant conditioning

Topic: Operant Conditioning

103.To use behavior modification, you first have to identify a _____

a) reinforcer.

b) punishment.

c) target behavior.

d) reinforceable behavior.

Skill Level: Understand

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 5.2.6 List some applications of operant conditioning

Topic: Operant Conditioning

104. In order for behavior modification to work, the behavior must be _____ and _____

a) aversive; changeable.

b) reinforceable; conditionable.

c) observable; measurable.

d) subjective; qualitative.

Skill Level: Understand

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 5.2.6 List some applications of operant conditioning

Topic: Operant Conditioning

105. In a token economy, when the tokens stop coming, the reinforced behaviors usually _____

a) stop.

b) continue.

c) increase.

d) become unpredictable.

Skill Level: Understand

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 5.2.6 List some applications of operant conditioning

Topic: Operant Conditioning

106. Time out is a behavior modification technique that is _____

a) a negative punishment.

b) a negative reinforcement.

c) unsuccessful.

d) a positive punishment.

Skill Level: Analyze

Difficulty: Difficult

Learning Objective: 5.2.6 List some applications of operant conditioning

Topic: Operant Conditioning

107. Another aspect of time out that relates to its effectiveness is that it prevents the _____ from being _____

a) child; a bother.

b) unwanted behavior; reinforced.

c) conditioning; reinforced.

d) reinforcement; lost.

Skill Level: Analyze

Difficulty: Difficult

Learning Objective: 5.2.6 List some applications of operant conditioning

Topic: Operant Conditioning

108. A reduction in your auto insurance cost for a year accident free is an example of _____

a) conditioning.

b) latent learning.

c) behavior modification.

d) insight.

Skill Level: Analyze

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 5.2.6 List some applications of operant conditioning

Topic: Operant Conditioning

109. Which of the following are examples of behavior modification?

a) Your boss gives you a raise for good performance.

b) A wife compliments her husband every time he remembers to close the garage door.

c) A parent cleans up the kitchen whenever his child makes dinner.

d) All of these are examples of behavior modification.

Skill Level: Apply

Difficulty: Difficult

Learning Objective: 5.2.6 List some applications of operant conditioning

Topic: Operant Conditioning

110. The majority of behavior modification programs use the principles of _____

a) classical conditioning.

b) operant conditioning.

c) insight.

d) latent learning.

Skill Level: Understand

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 5.2.6 List some applications of operant conditioning

Topic: Operant Conditioning

111. In an experiment, a bunch of bananas was placed just beyond a chimpanzee’s reach. Boxes and sticks were left in its housing area. After trying various ways of getting the bananas, the chimps seemed to give up, and then return in a while with an idea that worked. They were demonstrating _____

a) latent learning.

b) insight.

c) conditioning.

d) reinforcement.

Skill Level: Apply

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 5.3.1: Explain how insight affects learning

Topic: Cognitive Learning

112. Wolfgang Köhler argued that _____, rather than _____ learning, is more easily learned.

a) insight; trial-and-error

b) conditioning; trial-and-error

c) reinforcement; conditioned

d) cognition; latent

Skill Level: Understand

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 5.3.1: Explain how insight affects learning

Topic: Cognitive Learning

113. In terms of cognitive processing, a sudden realization of how to successfully solve or complete a problem is known as _____

a) insight.

b) cognitive awareness.

c) generalization.

d) latent learning.

Skill Level: Understand

Difficulty: Easy

Learning Objective: 5.3.1: Explain how insight affects learning

Topic: Cognitive Learning

114. The “A-ha!” experience is known as _____

a) latent learning.

b) insight learning.

c) thoughtful learning.

d) serial enumeration.

Skill Level: Understand

Difficulty: Easy

Learning Objective: 5.3.1: Explain how insight affects learning

Topic: Cognitive Learning

115. Which of the following is true of research on insight?

a) Researchers have found that only human beings are capable of insight learning.

b) Researchers have found support for the existence of both human and animal insight learning.

c) Researchers have found that apes are capable of insight only after being taught this by humans.

d) Researchers have proven that all creatures, even one-celled organisms such as the amoeba, are capable of insight learning.

Skill Level: Analyze

Difficulty: Difficult

Learning Objective: 5.3.1: Explain how insight affects learning

Topic: Cognitive Learning

116. You need to remove a broken light bulb from a lamp. Without a pair of gloves, you are likely to cut yourself on the jagged glass. Suddenly, it occurs to you that you can use a cut potato to remove the light bulb from the socket. You have just demonstrated _____

a) generalization.

b) discrimination.

c) latent learning.

d) insight learning.

Skill Level: Apply

Difficulty: Moderate

Item Analysis: % correct 61 a = 4 b = 0 c = 34 d = 61 r = .38

Learning Objective: 5.3.1: Explain how insight affects learning

Topic: Cognitive Learning

117. Who is best known for studying the phenomenon of insight in animals?

a) Köhler

b) Tolman

c) Seligman

d) Skinner

Skill Level: Understand

Difficulty: Moderate

Item Analysis: % correct 27 a = 27 b = 23 c = 13 d = 38 r = .27

Learning Objective: 5.3.1: Explain how insight affects learning

Topic: Cognitive Learning

118. Which of the following is an accurate summary of the research conducted by Edward Tolman?

a) Learning is a passive process that involves little, if any, cognitive processing.

b) Learning involves higher cognitive functions and is therefore a skill of which only humans are capable.

c) When experienced, insight can be generalized to new problems and is not likely to be forgotten.

d) Learning is possible without immediate reinforcement; the newly acquired skill is often not displayed until it becomes necessary to do so.

Skill Level: Evaluate

Difficulty: Difficult

Learning Objective: 5.3.2: Summarize what Tolman discovered about the necessity of reinforcement

Topic: Cognitive Learning

119. Brad, a first grade teacher, is teaching his students various colors. None of them could name all the primary colors. Little Janie is not coloring in her worksheet. All of the students are dismissed for recess except Janie. Brad tells Janie she may go to recess as soon as she can learn the colors. Before Brad could say anything else, Janie correctly names all of the colors. Which type of learning does this best demonstrate?

a) Insight learning

b) Classical conditioning

c) Modeling

d) Latent learning

Skill Level: Apply

Difficulty: Difficult

Learning Objective: 5.3.2: Summarize what Tolman discovered about the necessity of reinforcement

Topic: Cognitive Learning

120. _____ is a type of learning that occurs without apparent reinforcement and is not demonstrated until the organism is motivated to do so.

a) Observational learning

b) Classical conditioning

c) Latent learning

d) Insight learning

Skill Level: Understand

Difficulty: Difficult

Learning Objective: 5.3.2: Summarize what Tolman discovered about the necessity of reinforcement

Topic: Cognitive Learning

121. The idea that learning occurs and is stored up, even when behaviors are not reinforced, is called _____

a) insight.

b) latent learning.

c) placebo learning.

d) innate learning.

Skill Level: Understand

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 5.3.2: Summarize what Tolman discovered about the necessity of reinforcement

Topic: Cognitive Learning

122. Learning that occurs, but is not immediately reflected in a behavior change, is called _____

a) insight.

b) innate learning.

c) vicarious learning.

d) latent learning.

Skill Level: Understand

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 5.3.2: Summarize what Tolman discovered about the necessity of reinforcement

Topic: Cognitive Learning

123. Casey has just received her driver’s license and is now ready to drive to school. Although she’s never driven to her school before, Casey knows the way. The fact that Casey can drive herself to school suggests that _____ has occurred.

a) latent learning

b) classical conditioning

c) operant conditioning

d) classical and operant conditioning

Skill Level: Apply

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 5.3.2: Summarize what Tolman discovered about the necessity of reinforcement

Topic: Cognitive Learning

124. In a classic experiment, Tolman exposed a group of rats to a maze for 11 days before he introduced a food reward. These rats outperformed rats that had been given daily food rewards. This demonstrates _____

a) latent learning.

b) classical conditioning.

c) operant conditioning.

d) observational learning.

Skill Level: Apply

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 5.3.2: Summarize what Tolman discovered about the necessity of reinforcement

Topic: Cognitive Learning

125. If you came home to your apartment in the very early hours of the morning and did not wish to wake your roommate by turning on the lights, you would likely rely upon _____ to aid you in avoiding obstacles in the apartment that might cause injury or noise.

a) modeling

b) a cognitive map

c) latent learning

d) insight learning

Skill Level: Apply

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 5.3.2: Summarize what Tolman discovered about the necessity of reinforcement

Topic: Cognitive Learning

126. The mental representation of the layout of a college campus represents _____

a) a cognitive map.

b) latent learning.

c) classical conditioning.

d) observational learning.

Skill Level: Understand

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 5.3.2: Summarize what Tolman discovered about the necessity of reinforcement

Topic: Cognitive Learning

127. You spend days wandering aimlessly around a park with many paths that end at different parts of the park. One day when you arrive at the park, you get a call on your cell phone from a cousin whom you haven’t seen in years, and she says she is waiting for you in a particular section of the park. Even though the paths are complicated and twisted, you manage to find the shortest route to your cousin. Tolman would explain your efficient passage through the park as an example of _____

a) spontaneous recovery.

b) insight.

c) the formation of a cognitive map.

d) unconscious trial-and-error imagery.

Skill Level: Analyze

Difficulty: Difficult

Learning Objective: 5.3.2: Summarize what Tolman discovered about the necessity of reinforcement

Topic: Cognitive Learning

128. The _____ occurs when an individual engages in a behavior she or he has previously suppressed, solely because someone else is engaging in the behavior without any adverse consequences.

a) disinhibitory effect

b) elicitation effect

c) stimulus effect

d) insight effect

Skill Level: Understand

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 5.3.3: Describe how we learn by observing others

Topic: Cognitive Learning

129. Which type of learning occurs when we observe how other people act?

a) Insight learning

b) Operant conditioning

c) Classical conditioning

d) Observational learning

Skill Level: Understand

Difficulty: Easy

Learning Objective: 5.3.3: Describe how we learn by observing others

Topic: Cognitive Learning

130. Observational learning theory’s foremost proponent is _____

a) John B. Watson.

b) Edward Thorndike.

c) B. F. Skinner.

d) Albert Bandura.

Skill Level: Understand

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 5.3.3: Describe how we learn by observing others

Topic: Cognitive Learning

131. Which of the following is the best example of observational learning?

a) Greg hears on the radio that a huge storm is blowing in, so he cancels his trip.

b) After several hours of staring at the computer screen, Marley suddenly realizes the solution to the puzzle he is trying to solve.

c) Carey figures out if she doesn’t give her boss a hard time, he’s a lot nicer to be around.

d) Ingrid swam poorly until she noticed the efficient stroke of the man in the next lane; now her swimming is greatly improved.

Skill Level: Evaluate

Difficulty: Difficult

Learning Objective: 5.3.3: Describe how we learn by observing others

Topic: Cognitive Learning

132. A girl learns that whenever her brother shares his cookie with her, her mother gives him a piece of candy. The girl starts sharing her treats with her friends when they come over in the hopes of getting a similar reward. The girl’s learning to share is an example of _____

a) classical conditioning.

b) operant conditioning.

c) contingency theory.

d) observational learning.

Skill Level: Analyze

Difficulty: Moderate

Item Analysis: % correct 86 a = 0 b = 0 c = 15 d = 86 r = .18

Learning Objective: 5.3.3: Describe how we learn by observing others

Topic: Cognitive Learning

133. Michael grows up in a home where his father is generally unloving toward his mother. He observes his father yell and degrade his mother, and he notices that his mother never resists this treatment. Based on the work of Bandura, what might we predict about Michael’s own relationships when he is older?

a) Michael will probably treat women very well, as he rebels against the behaviors he saw in his father.

b) Michael may treat women with discourtesy and disrespect, as he repeats the behavior he saw in his father.

c) Michael will probably have no relationships with women, as his father has taught him that relationships are not worth having.

d) Michael will always be very distant from his father, as he has learned that his father does not care about anyone but himself.

Skill Level: Apply

Difficulty: Difficult

Learning Objective: 5.3.3: Describe how we learn by observing others

Topic: Cognitive Learning

134. A congressional hearing is taking place in Washington, D.C. The representatives are discussing whether the portrayals of violence on children’s TV shows are perhaps contributing to the violence we see in schools today. The work of what psychologist is most relevant to their discussions?

a) Bandura

b) Tolman

c) Skinner

d) Pavlov

Skill Level: Understand

Difficulty: Easy

Learning Objective: 5.3.3: Describe how we learn by observing others

Topic: Cognitive Learning

135. Bethany wants to play baseball like her older sisters. Bethany watches them play for hours and is gradually learning how to play by studying what they do. This could be called _____

a) the modeling effect.

b) the disinhibitory effect.

c) the learning effect.

d) classical conditioning.

Skill Level: Analyze

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 5.3.3: Describe how we learn by observing others

Topic: Cognitive Learning

136. Children and adolescents are often enticed into drug use, drinking and sexual behavior by observing these behaviors amongst their friends and acquaintances. Being influenced to exhibit behaviors that one has previously learned to suppress is called the _____

a) elicitation effect.

b) inhibitory effect.

c) disinhibitory effect.

d) vicarious impact effect.

Skill Level: Analyze

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 5.3.3: Describe how we learn by observing others

Topic: Cognitive Learning

137. Jesse chooses not to steal a cookie after watching his sister getting reprimanded for that behavior. Jesse is demonstrating the _____

a) elicitation effect.

b) insight effect.

c) inhibitory effect.

d) latent effect.

Skill Level: Apply

Difficulty: Difficult

Learning Objective: 5.3.3: Describe how we learn by observing others

Topic: Cognitive Learning

138. Benny is throwing rocks at a neighbor’s house. Just as Trisha picks up a rock and is about to throw it, the neighbor comes out and yells at Benny. Trisha quickly decides not to throw the rock. What has she just demonstrated?

a) The elicitation effect

b) The disinhibitory effect

c) The insight effect

d) The inhibitory effect

Skill Level: Apply

Difficulty: Difficult

Learning Objective: 5.3.3: Describe how we learn by observing others

Topic: Cognitive Learning

139. Isaiah has been taught not to get involved in drugs. However, he puts that aside and tries marijuana after he sees his older brother using it without getting in trouble. Which of the following best explains Isaiah’s behavior?

a) The elicitation effect

b) The disinhibitory effect

c) The insight effect

d) The inhibitory effect

Skill Level: Apply

Difficulty: Difficult

Learning Objective: 5.3.3: Describe how we learn by observing others

Topic: Cognitive Learning

140. Toni just started a new job with a large company. She is unsure of what she should do at lunch time. She wonders whether she should eat in her office or go out to eat with her coworkers. Should she eat her lunch in the break room? She decides to wait until lunch time and see what others are doing and then follow suit. This is demonstrating _____

a) operant conditioning.

b) insight.

c) latent learning.

d) modeling.

Skill Level: Apply

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 5.3.3: Describe how we learn by observing others

Topic: Cognitive Learning

141. Wong is a five-year-old boy who lives at home with his mom and dad. He has witnessed several incidents of domestic violence between them and has started hitting other kids at school. Based on the information presented, which theory of learning best accounts for Wong’s aggressive behavior?

a) Observational learning

b) Insight learning

c) Freudian theory

d) Operant conditioning

Skill Level: Apply

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 5.3.3: Describe how we learn by observing others

Topic: Cognitive Learning

142. Albert Bandura’s experiments involving the inflated “Bobo Doll” indicate _____

a) observational learning plays a very small role in the acquisition of aggressive behavior.

b) children only model aggression if they see it on television.

c) children will model the aggressive behaviors they see others engage in.

d) children will not model the aggressive behavior they see others engage in.

Skill Level: Understand

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 5.4.2 Explain research on the influence of television on learning

Topic: Learning from Media

143. Bandura conducted a classic study known as the “Bobo Doll” study. The term “Bobo” refers to _____

a) Bandura’s pet name for the dog used in the study.

b) Bandura’s loyal but strange assistant that carried out the study.

c) Bandura’s nickname that his wife had given him.

d) the type of inflatable doll that was used in the study.

Skill Level: Understand

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 5.4.2 Explain research on the influence of television on learning

Topic: Learning from Media

144. A famous experiment conducted by _____ showed that children are more likely to be _____ if this behavior is modeled for them.

a) Watson; nice

b) Skinner; well-behaved

c) Bandura; aggressive

d) Thorndike; afraid

Skill Level: Understand

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 5.4.2 Explain research on the influence of television on learning

Topic: Learning from Media

145. What was summarized in Albert Bandura’s original, classic experiment with the Bobo dolls?

a) It was made clear that children will likely engage in aggressive behavior upon seeing adults demonstrate aggressive behavior.

b) It clearly identified that classical conditioning can create fear and condition emotions.

c) It clearly identified that some form of reinforcement is required shortly after a target behavior in order for learning to occur.

d) It clearly showed that punishment is not effective for aggressive behaviors.

Skill Level: Evaluate

Difficulty: Difficult

Learning Objective: 5.4.2 Explain research on the influence of television on learning

Topic: Learning from Media

146. A congressional hearing is taking place in Washington, D.C. The representatives are discussing whether the portrayals of violence on children’s TV shows are perhaps contributing to the violence we see in schools today. What psychological process are the representatives probably considering as the reason that TV influences school violence?

a) Observational learning

b) Operant conditioning

c) Classical conditioning

d) Insight learning

Skill Level: Analyze

Difficulty: Easy

Item Analysis: % correct 89 a = 89 b = 0 c = 0 d = 11 r = .19

Learning Objective: 5.4.2 Explain research on the influence of television on learning

Topic: Learning from Media

147. Video games can currently be used to _____

a) enhance spatial cognitive skills.

b) train dogs to fetch.

c) instruct students in guitar techniques.

d) test your knowledge of psychological principles.

Skill Level: Understand

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 5.4.3 Discuss the hypothesis that video games contribute to the development of aggressive behavior

Topic: Learning from Media

148. The various forms of information available to us today have created what some researchers are calling an electronic _____ environment.

a) nightmare

b) overload

c) multitasking

d) brain-eating

Skill Level: Understand

Difficulty: Easy

Learning Objective: 5.4.1 Describe the effects of multitasking on learning

Topic: Learning from Media

149. More time spent multitasking will _____

a) make you smarter.

b) make you better at doing many things at once.

c) make you worse at managing your thought processes.

d) improve your processing speed.

Skill Level: Evaluate

Difficulty: Difficult

Learning Objective: 5.4.1 Describe the effects of multitasking on learning

Topic: Learning from Media

150. Background knowledge and experience with reading _____ strongly influence how much people learn from reading _______.

a) online text; printed material

b) one language; a similar dialect

c) printed material; online text

d) red lettering; black lettering

Skill Level: Understand

Difficulty: Difficult

Learning Objective: 5.4.4 Contrast the positive and negative effects of the Internet on learning

Topic: Learning from Media

Completion (Fill-in-the-Blank)

1. _____, or learning by association, was developed by _____, while he studied the physiology of digestion in dogs.

Difficulty: Moderate

Skill Level: Understand

Learning Objective: 5.1.1 Analyze the relationship between learning and classical conditioning

Topic: Classical Conditioning

2. Classical conditioning is a type of learning which involves the association of _____.

Difficulty: Difficult

Skill Level: Analyze

Learning Objective: 5.1.1 Analyze the relationship between learning and classical conditioning

Topic: Classical Conditioning

3. Consider this statement: The majority of individuals automatically blink when they feel a puff of air in the eye. In terms of classical conditioning, the puff of air is called the _____.

Difficulty: Moderate

Skill Level: Apply

Learning Objective: 5.1.1 Analyze the relationship between learning and classical conditioning

Topic: Classical Conditioning

4. Loretta watched the movie Jaws many times when she was younger. She remembers how scared she was every time she saw the shark on television. Now, whenever she hears the “da nan... da nan... da nan, da nan, da nan” melody, she feels scared. In terms of classical conditioning, the melody can be labeled as the _____.

Difficulty: Moderate

Skill Level: Apply

Learning Objective: 5.1.1 Analyze the relationship between learning and classical conditioning

Topic: Classical Conditioning

5. Kristy has been classically conditioned to wake up to her particular alarm clock. When she goes on a business trip, she realizes that the alarm sound will not be the same as her own. However, because of _____, Kristy is confident that the hotel’s alarm clock sound will indeed wake her up.

Difficulty: Moderate

Skill Level: Apply

Learning Objective: 5.1.2 Explain why classically conditioned responses might change

Topic: Classical Conditioning

6. _____ and _____ were the researchers who conditioned Little Albert to fear the white rat back in 1919.

Difficulty: Easy

Skill Level: Understand

Learning Objective: 5.1.3 Summarize the results of Watson’s “Little Albert” experiment

Topic: Classical Conditioning

7. Robert Rescorla’s research implied that _____ was the critical element in classical conditioning, not simply the repeated pairings of the unconditioned and conditioned stimuli.

Difficulty: Moderate

Skill Level: Analyze

Learning Objective: 5.1.4 Describe what Rescorla demonstrated about classical conditioning

Topic: Classical Conditioning

8. Even though both Pavlov and Watson believed the repeated pairing of the conditioned stimulus and unconditioned stimulus was the critical element in classical conditioning, Rescorla argued that _____ is the critical element in classical conditioning.

Difficulty: Moderate

Skill Level: Understand

Learning Objective: 5.1.4 Describe what Rescorla demonstrated about classical conditioning

Topic: Classical Conditioning

9. _____ came up with the law of effect after studying hungry cats in his puzzle box.

Difficulty: Easy

Skill Level: Understand

Learning Objective: 5.2.1 Explain the effect that positive and negative reinforcement have on behavior

Topic: Operant Conditioning

10. In B. F. Skinner’s theory, a(n) _____ is a voluntary behavior that causes or brings on a consequence.

Difficulty: Easy

Skill Level: Understand

Learning Objective: 5.2.1 Explain the effect that positive and negative reinforcement have on behavior

Topic: Operant Conditioning

11. In operant conditioning terms, _____ is basically teaching a desired behavior; when that behavior is complex, a series of gradual steps can be used, which is called _____.

Difficulty: Difficult

Skill Level: Analyze

Learning Objective: 5.2.2 Compare how shaping, generalization, and discriminative stimuli influence operant conditioning

Topic: Operant Conditioning

12. In operant conditioning terms, if an individual wants to increase the likelihood of a behavior happening again, she or he can use _____ or _____.

Difficulty: Moderate

Skill Level: Analyze

Learning Objective: 5.2.1 Explain the effect that positive and negative reinforcement have on behavior

Topic: Operant Conditioning

13. At Java Joe’s, if you buy nine coffee drinks within 30 days, your tenth coffee drink is free. The operant conditioning technique used at Java Joe’s to keep customers coming back is _____ reinforcement.

Difficulty: Easy

Skill Level: Apply

Learning Objective: 5.2.1 Explain the effect that positive and negative reinforcement have on behavior

Topic: Operant Conditioning

14. Gustav pays his taxes in order to get his tax refund. When he gets his refund, he decides he’ll continue to pay his taxes. In operant conditioning terms, this would be an example of _____.

Difficulty: Moderate

Skill Level: Apply

Learning Objective: 5.2.1 Explain the effect that positive and negative reinforcement have on behavior

Topic: Operant Conditioning

15. If Crystal comes in after her curfew, she will be grounded. In terms of operant conditioning, that would be _____.

Difficulty: Moderate

Skill Level: Apply

Learning Objective: 5.2.1 Explain the effect that positive and negative reinforcement have on behavior

Topic: Operant Conditioning

16. Taking an aspirin every time you get a headache is an example of negative reinforcement. In this scenario, _____ is the behavior that is being strengthened.

Difficulty: Moderate

Skill Level: Apply

Learning Objective: 5.2.1 Explain the effect that positive and negative reinforcement have on behavior

Topic: Operant Conditioning

17. A primary reinforcer such as _____ and a secondary reinforcer such as _____ can both be used with success in _____ conditioning.

Difficulty: Difficult

Skill Level: Analyze

Learning Objective: 5.2.1 Explain the effect that positive and negative reinforcement have on behavior

Topic: Operant Conditioning

18. In terms of operant conditioning, the schedule of reinforcement most resistant to extinction is _____.

Difficulty: Difficult

Skill Level: Evaluate

Learning Objective: 5.2.3 List the four types of schedules of reinforcement

Topic: Operant Conditioning

19. _____ is used to decrease undesirable behaviors by adding an unpleasant consequence.

Difficulty: Moderate

Skill Level: Analyze

Learning Objective: 5.2.4 Describe the effect of punishment on behavior

Topic: Operant Conditioning

20. Derek’s father told him he would have to scrub the bathrooms twice a week and wash the dishes every night for three weeks because Derek brought home a poor report card. In terms of operant conditioning, the specific technique Derek’s father is employing is _____ punishment.

Difficulty: Moderate

Skill Level: Apply

Learning Objective: 5.2.4 Describe the effect of punishment on behavior

Topic: Operant Conditioning

21. Raj’s father told him he would not be able to use the car for three weeks because Raj brought home a poor report card. In terms of operant conditioning, the specific technique Raj’s father is employing is _____ punishment.

Difficulty: Moderate

Skill Level: Apply

Learning Objective: 5.2.4 Describe the effect of punishment on behavior

Topic: Operant Conditioning

22. Two of the four disadvantages to using punishment are _____ and _____.

Difficulty: Moderate

Skill Level: Understand

Learning Objective: 5.2.4 Describe the effect of punishment on behavior

Topic: Operant Conditioning

23. Two of the three factors that can increase the effectiveness of punishment are _____ and _____.

Difficulty: Moderate

Skill Level: Understand

Learning Objective: 5.2.4 Describe the effect of punishment on behavior

Topic: Operant Conditioning

24. _____ studied insight learning, whereas _____ studied latent learning.

Difficulty: Easy

Skill Level: Understand

Learning Objective: 5.3.1: Explain how insight affects learning

Topic: Cognitive Learning

25. _____ was the psychologist who contends that we learn by watching and imitating others; he demonstrated this by his landmark research involving Bobo dolls.

Difficulty: Easy

Skill Level: Understand

Learning Objective: 5.3.3: Describe how we learn by observing others

Topic: Cognitive Learning

Essay Questions

1. Demonstrate your understanding of Pavlov’s work by creating a scenario that involves simple classical conditioning. After you have written out your scenario, identify the neutral stimulus, the unconditioned stimulus (UCS), the unconditioned response (UCR), the conditioned stimulus (CS), and the conditioned response (CR).

2. Imagine a child sitting in a high chair at McDonald’s. The child is eating french fries and becomes frustrated because she has eaten all of them. Wishing to get more fries from her parents, she begins yelling. The parents are embarrassed at their child’s behavior. They decide to give her more french fries so she will stop yelling so loud in the middle of a restaurant. Discuss the two elements of operant conditioning that are present in this scenario.

3. Compare and contrast negative reinforcement with punishment and give examples of each.

4. One day as your professor is driving to work, another driver runs through a red light and hits his car. The professor is shaken up but survives the incident. However, the next time he starts to enter the intersection, he becomes nervous and fearful. Soon, he starts going to work via another route to avoid the intersection, even though this route adds 20 minutes to his commute in each direction.

5. Explain the concept of conditioned taste aversion and how it might be applied to people undergoing chemotherapy or radiation treatments for cancer.

1. Why does the definition of learning have to include the phrase “relatively permanent change” in knowledge, behavior, or attitude?

2. Why would an infant’s blinking not be an accurate example of a skill one acquires through learning?

3. Though Pavlov’s classical conditioning and Skinner’s operant conditioning are both forms of learning, what is it that makes them different?

4. Why do drug counselors strongly encourage those recovering from addictions to avoid the people and places from their past drug-using days?

5. Why is ecological relevance significant in classical conditioning?

6. Would negative reinforcement be a good choice to use when you see your toddler hitting your beloved family pet? Why or why not?

7. Some individuals have erroneously learned over time that negative reinforcement is the same as punishment. Why is this inaccurate?

8. Why does physical punishment frequently lead to aggression?

9. Why is punishment by itself not a very effective way of learning?

10. Why was Albert Bandura’s follow-up study of aggression (1963) so significant?

Skill Level: Analyze

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 5.4.2 Explain research on the influence of television on learning

Topic: Learning from Media