Ch.4 States Of Consciousness Exam Prep

Test Bank for Wood 6e

Chapter 4: States of Consciousness

Multiple Choice

1. What term do psychologists use to designate our personal awareness of feelings, sensations, and thoughts?

a) Thinking

b) Cognition

c) Conscience

d) Consciousness

Skill Level: Understand

Difficulty: Easy

Learning Objective: 4.1.1: Explain how psychologists view consciousness

Item Analysis:

% correct 70 a = 4 b = 21 c = 5 d = 70 r = .20

% correct 78 a = 7 b = 0 c = 15 d = 78 r = .19

Topic: What Is Consciousness?

2. Because of modern brain-imaging techniques, today’s psychologists think of consciousness largely in terms of _____

a) altered states.

b) neurobiology.

c) subjective experience.

d) behaviorism.

Skill Level: Analyze

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 4.1.1: Explain how psychologists view consciousness

Topic: What Is Consciousness?

3. American psychologists did not study consciousness for many decades because of the influence of _____

a) behaviorism.

b) psychoanalysis.

c) humanistic psychology.

d) dualism.

Skill Level: Analyze

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 4.1.1: Explain how psychologists view consciousness

Topic: What Is Consciousness?

4. Daydreaming, meditation, intoxication, sleep, and hypnosis are all types of _____

a) self-awareness.

b) self-absorption.

c) waking consciousness.

d) altered states of consciousness.

Skill Level: Analyze

Difficulty: Easy

Learning Objective: 4.1.1: Explain how psychologists view consciousness

Item Analysis: % correct 92 a = 4 b = 0 c = 4 d = 92 r = .37

Topic: What Is Consciousness?

5. What do we call a state of consciousness that can result from the use of alcohol, drugs, or hypnosis?

a) Daydreaming

b) Meditative absorption

c) Stream of consciousness

d) Altered state of consciousness

Skill Level: Analyze

Difficulty: Easy

Learning Objective: 4.1.1: Explain how psychologists view consciousness

Item Analysis: % correct 91 a = 2 b = 5 c = 2 d = 91 r = .37

Topic: What Is Consciousness?

6. Observing many cultures might lead us to think that a desire to alter our state of consciousness is _____

a) universal.

b) a mental illness.

c) fairly rare.

d) a modern problem.

Skill Level: Analyze

Difficulty: Easy

Learning Objective: 4.1.2: Describe the connection between altered states of consciousness and culture

Topic: What Is Consciousness?

7. The use of methods, including drugs, that alter the state of consciousness are _____

a) condemned by all religions as evil.

b) used in some religious rituals.

c) seen as immoral in all religious traditions.

d) viewed as an illness in all religious traditions.

Skill Level: Analyze

Difficulty: Easy

Learning Objective: 4.1.2: Describe the connection between altered states of consciousness and culture

Topic: What Is Consciousness?

8. Within each 24-hour period, the regular fluctuation from high to low points of certain bodily functions and behaviors is known as _____

a) circadian rhythm.

b) hypothalamic phases.

c) metabolism.

d) transduction.

Skill Level: Understand

Difficulty: Easy

Learning Objective: 4.2.1: Describe the effects of circadian rhythms on physiological and psychological functions

Topic: Circadian Rhythms

9. What is the most significant environmental cue that influences the circadian rhythm?

a) The temperature

b) Food

c) Light

d) Sleep

Skill Level: Evaluate

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 4.2.1: Describe the effects of circadian rhythms on physiological and psychological functions

Topic: Circadian Rhythms

10. The _____, also called the biological clock, consists of a pair of tiny structures in the brain’s hypothalamus that control the timing of the circadian rhythms.

a) amygdala

b) suprachiasmatic nucleus

c) pineal gland

d) hypothalamic nucleus

Skill Level: Understand

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 4.2.1: Describe the effects of circadian rhythms on physiological and psychological functions

Topic: Circadian Rhythms

11. When referring to the circadian rhythm, which of the following reflects the correct order of processing?

a) Retina, optic nerve, suprachiasmatic nucleus

b) Retina, pineal gland, hypothalamus

c) Optic nerve, retina, suprachiasmatic nucleus

d) Pineal gland, retina, optic nerve

Skill Level: Understand

Difficulty: Difficult

Learning Objective: 4.2.1: Describe the effects of circadian rhythms on physiological and psychological functions

Topic: Circadian Rhythms

12. How many physiological and psychological functions are affected by the circadian rhythms?

a) Two; sleep and wakefulness

b) Three; sleep, wakefulness, and temperature

c) Virtually every one that has been studied

d) Four; sleep, wakefulness, temperature, and digestion

Skill Level: Evaluate

Difficulty: Difficult

Learning Objective: 4.2.1: Describe the effects of circadian rhythms on physiological and psychological functions

Topic: Circadian Rhythms

13. During daylight hours, we are less likely to feel sleepy because the _____ gland does not produce _____

a) adrenal; adrenaline.

b) hypothalamic; cortisol.

c) SCN; acetylcholine.

d) pineal; melatonin.

Skill Level: Analyze

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 4.2.1: Describe the effects of circadian rhythms on physiological and psychological functions

Topic: Circadian Rhythms

14. Most people’s _____ level peaks before noon, making this the time they are likely to be most _____

a) serotonin; mellow.

b) dopamine; happy.

c) melatonin; sleepy.

d) cortisol; alert.

Skill Level: Analyze

Difficulty: Difficult

Learning Objective: 4.2.1: Describe the effects of circadian rhythms on physiological and psychological functions

Topic: Circadian Rhythms

15. Xiao finds that she feels least alert during the day around 3 p.m., and she does her best work before noon every day. This is most likely because her circadian rhythm causes her cortisol to be _____ in the morning before noon and _____ in the afternoon around 3 p.m.

a) higher; lower

b) lower; higher

c) absent; peaking

d) balanced; unbalanced

Skill Level: Apply

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 4.2.1: Describe the effects of circadian rhythms on physiological and psychological functions

Topic: Circadian Rhythms

16. Jackie is an airline pilot who frequently flies across time zones. She tries to compensate for this disturbance in her circadian rhythm by adjusting her light exposure with artificial lighting. This will work best if she does which of the following?

a) Gets bright light in the early morning and avoids it during the evening

b) Makes sure light exposure is equal throughout the day

c) Avoids bright light in the morning and gets it in the afternoon

d) It doesn’t matter, this does not work

Skill Level: Apply

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 4.2.2: Explain how disruptions in circadian rhythms affect the body and mind

Topic: Circadian Rhythms

17. If you managed a manufacturing plant that ran three rotating shifts, what could you do to help your employees remain in a more normal biological rhythm?

a) Provide plenty of caffeinated drinks

b) Keep noise down on the evening and night shifts

c) Rotate shifts no more often than every three weeks

d) Provide super bright lighting for the night shift

Skill Level: Apply

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 4.2.2: Explain how disruptions in circadian rhythms affect the body and mind

Topic: Circadian Rhythms

18. Your _____ night is when your biological clock is telling you to go to sleep.

a) circadian

b) objective

c) biological

d) subjective

Skill Level: Understand

Difficulty: Difficult

Learning Objective: 4.2.2: Explain how disruptions in circadian rhythms affect the body and mind

Topic: Circadian Rhythms

19. If you work during the time your biological clock is telling you to go to sleep, your _____ will go up, and your _____ will go down.

a) pulse; blood pressure

b) accident rate; productivity

c) metabolism; weight

d) serotonin; dopamine

Skill Level: Understand

Difficulty: Difficult

Learning Objective: 4.2.2: Explain how disruptions in circadian rhythms affect the body and mind

Topic: Circadian Rhythms

20. Studies have shown that exposing people to _____ during their last 4 hours of sleep can help shift workers who experience a sleep-phase delay.

a) low light levels

b) cooler temperatures

c) warmer temperatures

d) bright light

Skill Level: Understand

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 4.2.2: Explain how disruptions in circadian rhythms affect the body and mind

Topic: Circadian Rhythms

21. Through what means did researchers discover the characteristics of two major types of sleep?

a) The polysomnogram

b) The microelectrode

c) Behavioral observations

d) The fMRI

Skill Level: Understand

Difficulty: Difficult

Learning Objective: 4.3.1: Summarize the theories of sleep

Topic: Sleep

22. Which theory of sleep suggests that we sleep to rest our bodies and minds and rejuvenate ourselves for the next day?

a) The place theory

b) The circadian theory

c) The evolutionary theory

d) The restorative theory

Skill Level: Understand

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 4.3.1: Summarize the theories of sleep

Topic: Sleep

23. According to this theory, sleep is necessary for growth and repair of the body.

a) restorative theory

b) adaptive theory

c) psychoanalytic theory

d) dream theory

Skill Level: Understand

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 4.3.1: Summarize the theories of sleep

Item Analysis: % correct 100 a = 100 b = 0 c = 0 d = 0 r = .00

Topic: Sleep

24. Which theory of sleep is based on the premise that sleep evolved to keep humans out of harm’s way?

a) Restorative

b) Melatonin

c) Circadian

d) Ecobehavioral

Skill Level: Analyze

Difficulty: Difficult

Learning Objective: 4.3.1: Summarize the theories of sleep

Topic: Sleep

25. Alexander Borbley combined two main theories of sleep and explained that the urge to sleep is partly a function of how long we have been awake and which of the following?

a) How much we slept the last night

b) The time of day

c) The weather

d) Whether we are an owl or a lark

Skill Level: Analyze

Difficulty: Difficult

Learning Objective: 4.3.1: Summarize the theories of sleep

Topic: Sleep

26. How many stages of the sleep cycle are there?

a) Two

b) Four

c) Seven

d) Five

Skill Level: Understand

Difficulty: Easy

Learning Objective: 4.3.2: List the types of sleep that occur during a typical night of sleep

Topic: Sleep

27. Each stage of the sleep cycle lasts about how long?

a) An hour

b) 30 minutes

c) 15 minutes

d) 90 minutes

Skill Level: Understand

Difficulty: Easy

Learning Objective: 4.3.2: List the types of sleep that occur during a typical night of sleep

Topic: Sleep

28. When _____ waves outnumber _____ waves, we enter the first stage of sleep.

a) theta; delta

b) beta; alpha

c) REM; NREM

d) alpha; beta

Skill Level: Understand

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 4.3.2: List the types of sleep that occur during a typical night of sleep

Topic: Sleep

29. _____ waves are associated with deep relaxation.

a) Alpha

b) Beta

c) Spindle

d) REM

Skill Level: Understand

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 4.3.2: List the types of sleep that occur during a typical night of sleep

Topic: Sleep

30. Slow wave sleep begins in stage _____, when an EEG shows about 20 percent of the brain waves are _____ waves.

a) two; alpha

b) four; theta

c) three; delta

d) one; transition

Skill Level: Understand

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 4.3.2: List the types of sleep that occur during a typical night of sleep

Topic: Sleep

31. The stage of deepest sleep shows 50 percent of brain waves are _____ waves.

a) alpha

b) delta

c) theta

d) beta

Skill Level: Understand

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 4.3.2: List the types of sleep that occur during a typical night of sleep

Topic: Sleep

32. Falling asleep occurs in Stage _____ with irregular brain waves and occasional _____ waves.

a) 2; beta

b) 4; alpha

c) 2; alpha

d) 1; alpha

Skill Level: Understand

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 4.3.2: List the types of sleep that occur during a typical night of sleep

Topic: Sleep

33. Mekala is in REM sleep. Which of the following describes that type of sleep?

a) Her eyes are moving under her eyelids and her brain is highly active.

b) Her arms, legs, and trunk are jerking and moving.

c) She is totally still, nothing is moving.

d) She is talking in her sleep.

Skill Level: Apply

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 4.3.2: List the types of sleep that occur during a typical night of sleep

Topic: Sleep

34. Janice was taking part in an experiment in the sleep lab. She was given a verbal task to learn under two conditions. In condition one, she was deprived of NREM sleep the following sleep period. In condition two, she was deprived of only REM sleep. Under which condition was she likely to do better on the verbal task the next day, and why?

a) Condition one, because we spend more time in NREM than REM sleep.

b) Condition one, because memory is consolidated during NREM sleep.

c) Condition two, because memory is consolidated during REM sleep.

d) Condition two, because we spend more time in REM than NREM sleep.

Skill Level: Apply

Difficulty: Difficult

Learning Objective: 4.3.2: List the types of sleep that occur during a typical night of sleep

Topic: Sleep

35. Philo was deprived of REM sleep during an experiment in the sleep lab last night. We could reasonably expect that tonight he will _____

a) have trouble falling asleep.

b) have more Stage 4 sleep.

c) spend more time dreaming.

d) have more delta wave sleep.

Skill Level: Apply

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 4.3.2: List the types of sleep that occur during a typical night of sleep

Topic: Sleep

36. Last night I dreamed I saw an alien spacecraft gleaming in a field of flowers in the fog. It was a vivid, colorful dream. I was in _____ sleep.

a) NREM

b) slow-wave

c) delta wave

d) REM

Skill Level: Analyze

Difficulty: Easy

Learning Objective: 4.3.2: List the types of sleep that occur during a typical night of sleep

Topic: Sleep

37. Of the following, who has the longest average sleep time?

a) Teenagers

b) Children aged 6 to puberty

c) Newborns

d) People over age 65

Skill Level: Evaluate

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 4.3.3: Summarize the influence of age on sleep patterns

Topic: Sleep

38. Who has the highest percentage of REM and slow-wave sleep?

a) Teenagers

b) Young adults

c) The elderly

d) Infants

Skill Level: Understand

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 4.3.3: Summarize the influence of age on sleep patterns

Topic: Sleep

39. Who is likely to live the longest? An adult who sleeps _____

a) four hours per night.

b) nine hours per night.

c) seven hours per night.

d) five hours a night.

Skill Level: Understand

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 4.3.3: Summarize the influence of age on sleep patterns

Topic: Sleep

40. According to a large survey in North America, Europe and Japan, up to two-thirds of _____ experience insomnia and wake up off and on through the night on a regular basis.

a) teens

b) young adults

c) older adults

d) children

Skill Level: Analyze

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 4.3.3: Summarize the influence of age on sleep patterns

Topic: Sleep

41. Margaret sleeps erratically but when all that time is added up, she sleeps about 14 hours a day. Based on the research on sleep across the lifespan, Margaret is likely to be _____

a) elderly.

b) an adolescent.

c) in her thirties.

d) an infant.

Skill Level: Apply

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 4.3.3: Summarize the influence of age on sleep patterns

Topic: Sleep

42. If they are free from scheduling pressures, teens tend to sleep _____

a) less than 4 hours a night.

b) longer than elementary-aged children.

c) mostly during daytime hours.

d) in short naps of about 40 minutes each.

Skill Level: Understand

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 4.3.3: Summarize the influence of age on sleep patterns

Topic: Sleep

43. The total number of hours a person sleeps tends to _____ dramatically across the life span.

a) decrease

b) increase

c) shift toward more morning sleep

d) increase in REM

Skill Level: Understand

Difficulty: Easy

Learning Objective: 4.3.3: Summarize the influence of age on sleep patterns

Topic: Sleep

44. The stage of life in which changes in sleep patterns are most often experienced as decreasing the quality of life is _____

a) adolescence.

b) young adulthood.

c) older adulthood.

d) middle adulthood.

Skill Level: Understand

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 4.3.3: Summarize the influence of age on sleep patterns

Topic: Sleep

45. According to research on sleep deprivation, a small amount of sleep loss ____

a) decreases cognitive ability.

b) is not a problem at all.

c) is a problem only for women, not men.

d) does not affect people older than age 12.

Skill Level: Understand

Difficulty: Easy

Learning Objective: 4.3.4: Describe the effects of sleep deprivation

Topic: Sleep

46. Researchers deprived one group of sleep for 35 hours and then gave them a verbal learning task. They compared brain activity between the sleep and no-sleep groups during the learning task. Which of the following was true of the no-sleep group compared to those that slept normally?

a) The no-sleep group had lower overall activity in their brain.

b) The no-sleep group had higher overall activity in their brain.

c) In the no-sleep group, the language perception areas of the temporal lobes were more active.

d) In the no-sleep group, the language perception areas of the temporal lobes were inactive.

Skill Level: Analyze

Difficulty: Difficult

Learning Objective: 4.3.4: Describe the effects of sleep deprivation

Topic: Sleep

47. Dr. Khan has been on call at St. Olaf’s emergency room for the past 36 hours. What area in Dr. Khan’s brain will likely have increased activity levels to try to compensate for his sleep-deprived state?

a) Parietal lobe

b) Temporal lobe

c) Occipital lobe

d) Caudate nucleus

Skill Level: Apply

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 4.3.4: Describe the effects of sleep deprivation

Topic: Sleep

48. The difference in brain activation patterns between people who were deprived of sleep and people who slept normally show us that _____

a) learning is significantly impaired by sleep deprivation.

b) most people aren’t significantly affected by sleep deprivation.

c) because the brain works harder when sleep deprived, we may perform better.

d) because the prefrontal cortex shuts down, we can’t learn very well.

Skill Level: Analyze

Difficulty: Difficult

Learning Objective: 4.3.4: Describe the effects of sleep deprivation

Topic: Sleep

49. The _____ increase(s) activation when we are sleep-deprived, and can reduce impairment in learning to a small degree.

a) frontal cortex

b) parietal lobe

c) geniculate nucleus

d) occipital lobe

Skill Level: Understand

Difficulty: Difficult

Learning Objective: 4.3.4: Describe the effects of sleep deprivation

Topic: Sleep

50. Paige is a conscientious student. Even on the weekend, she never stays up past 2 a.m. to socialize. She works weekends from 7 a.m. to 3 p.m. and does not nap. On Monday, she has four classes. On Monday night, she goes to bed early, and the rest of the week she gets seven to eight hours of sleep. Which of the following is most likely?

a) There is no difference in her ability to learn on Monday compared to the rest of the week.

b) Her learning ability is impaired on Monday by sleep deprivation.

c) Her learning ability will peak on Monday after her refreshing weekend.

d) Her learning ability is improved Monday by having some recreation on weekend nights.

Skill Level: Apply

Difficulty: Difficult

Learning Objective: 4.3.4: Describe the effects of sleep deprivation

Topic: Sleep

51. _____ is the correct term for the group of sleep disturbances in which behaviors and physiological states that normally occur only in the waking state, take place during sleep.

a) Nightmares

b) Parasomnias

c) Sonambulences

d) Dyssomnias

Skill Level: Understand

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 4.3.5 Name and define the various sleep disorders.

Topic: Sleep

52. About _____ of people report sleep problems.

a) half

b) one-third

c) one-tenth

d) three-fourths

Skill Level: Understand

Difficulty: Difficult

Learning Objective: 4.3.5 Name and define the various sleep disorders.

Topic: Sleep

53. _____ is the correct term for the group of sleep disorders that involve the timing, quantity, quality of sleep.

a) Parasomnias

b) Apneas

c) Insomnias

d) Dyssomnias

Skill Level: Understand

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 4.3.5 Name and define the various sleep disorders.

Topic: Sleep

54. _____ is the scientific term for the sleep disorder in which a person talks in her or his sleep.

a) Sleep apnea

b) Somnambulism

c) Narcolepsy

d) Somniloquy

Skill Level: Understand

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 4.3.5 Name and define the various sleep disorders.

Topic: Sleep

55. A(n) _____ is characterized by a sleeper who, while in Stage 4 sleep, springs up in her or his bed screaming, appears in a state of panic, then falls back to sleep within a few minutes having no memory of the event the next day.

a) nightmare

b) episode of sleep apnea

c) case of insomnia

d) sleep terror

Skill Level: Understand

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 4.3.5 Name and define the various sleep disorders.

Topic: Sleep

56. A(n) _____ is characterized by an individual who, typically while in REM sleep, experiences frightening dream content that she or he remembers vividly upon waking.

a) nightmare

b) episode of sleep apnea

c) case of insomnia

d) sleep terror

Skill Level: Understand

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 4.3.5 Name and define the various sleep disorders.

Topic: Sleep

57. Which of the following sleep disorders is characterized by excessive daytime sleepiness and uncontrollable attacks of REM sleep that usually last 10 to 20 minutes?

a) Parasomnia

b) Insomnia

c) Somnambulism

d) Narcolepsy

Skill Level: Understand

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 4.3.5 Name and define the various sleep disorders.

Topic: Sleep

58. Kate is a well-respected, 15-year employee at a small office. Because her coworkers have known her for so long, they know that if she falls asleep in the middle of a meeting, they should just leave her alone until she wakes up a few minutes later. It is clear that her coworkers are aware that Kate suffers from _____

a) sleep terrors.

b) somniloquy.

c) REM rebound.

d) narcolepsy.

Skill Level: Apply

Learning Objective: 4.3.5 Name and define the various sleep disorders.

Difficulty: Moderate

Topic: Sleep

59. Which of the following correctly names the sleep disorder in which a person stops breathing numerous times throughout the night?

a) Narcolepsy

b) Mid-phase insomnia

c) Sleep apnea

d) Somnambulism

Skill Level: Understand

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 4.3.5 Name and define the various sleep disorders.

Topic: Sleep

60. _____ is diagnosed when an individual has difficulty falling asleep or staying asleep, has poor quality sleep, and/or wakes too early.

a) Narcolepsy

b) Restless leg syndrome

c) Insomnia

d) Sleep apnea

Skill Level: Understand

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 4.3.5 Name and define the various sleep disorders.

Topic: Sleep

61. Jeff and Franco are both involved in a sleep study. Jeff wakes up screaming early in the night. The researchers notice that although his eyes are open, he doesn’t seem to be totally awake. Additionally, recordings show Jeff’s heart rate is very fast. Franco wakes up much later in the sleep period because he was frightened by the content of his dream. He was able to report to the researcher a vivid account of the dream upon waking. Jeff likely experienced a _____, whereas Franco experienced a _____

a) sleep terror; somnambulism.

b) sleep terror; nightmare.

c) nightmare; somniloquy.

d) nightmare; sleep terror.

Skill Level: Apply

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 4.3.5 Name and define the various sleep disorders.

Topic: Sleep

62. Tipi is going camping with her mom and dad. She asks if her friend Jessica can come along. Jessica’s parents agree, but inform Tipi’s parents that Jessica has somnambulism. This means that _____

a) Jessica talks in her sleep.

b) Jessica experiences periods of time when she stops breathing while sleeping.

c) Jessica may fall asleep out of the blue with no apparent reason.

d) Jessica walks in her sleep.

Skill Level: Understand

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 4.3.5 Name and define the various sleep disorders.

Topic: Sleep

63. Pete cannot figure out why he is tired all of the time, because he sleeps for about eight hours a night. His wife wants him to go see a doctor because of his terrible snoring and the gasping she hears throughout the night. Pete likely has which of the following sleep disorders?

a) Sleep apnea

b) Narcolepsy

c) Insomnia

d) Somniloquy

Skill Level: Apply

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 4.3.5 Name and define the various sleep disorders.

Topic: Sleep

64. While having a vivid REM dream, forebrain activity resembles that of _____

a) great creativity.

b) a delusional disorder.

c) a genius.

d) normal, waking activity.

Skill Level: Understand

Difficulty: Easy

Learning Objective: 4.4.1: Summarize what researchers have learned about dreams

Topic: Dreams

65. The bizarre, illogical events of dreams can be explained in part because the prefrontal cortex is _____ during REM dreams.

a) suppressed

b) overactive

c) fluctuating

d) paralyzed

Skill Level: Analyze

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 4.4.1: Summarize what researchers have learned about dreams

Topic: Dreams

66. Brain activity is taking place _____ during REM dreams.

a) only in memory areas

b) in visual, emotional and other areas

c) only in association areas

d) mostly in the prefrontal cortex

Skill Level: Understand

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 4.4.1: Summarize what researchers have learned about dreams

Topic: Dreams

67. Certain neurotransmitters that exert inhibiting influences on impulsive thoughts and acts during the day are less plentiful during REM dreaming. They are _____ and _____

a) dopamine; acetylcholine.

b) endocannabinoid; endorphine.

c) adrenaline; cortisol

d) serotonin; norephinephrine

Skill Level: Understand

Difficulty: Difficult

Learning Objective: 4.4.1: Summarize what researchers have learned about dreams

Topic: Dreams

68. The uninhibited, _____-stimulated activity of dreaming has been compared to a psychotic mental state.

a) serotonin

b) under

c) dopamine

d) cortisol

Skill Level: Understand

Difficulty: Difficult

Learning Objective: 4.4.1: Summarize what researchers have learned about dreams

Topic: Dreams

69. Janae was having a bad dream in which she was watching the dream while a tiger was about to jump on her. She turned the tiger into a beautiful striped butterfly and it floated down to rest softly on her finger. Janae was having a _____ dream.

a) NREM

b) narrative

c) lucid

d) night terror

Skill Level: Apply

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 4.4.1: Summarize what researchers have learned about dreams

Topic: Dreams

70. Jeff has been having unpleasant, recurring dreams and is feeling a bit depressed. His friend, a good therapist, suggested he try to _____ in order to stop them in a healthy way.

a) stay awake for several days

b) take heavy duty sleeping pills for a month

c) admit himself to a psych ward

d) work on lucid dreaming

Skill Level: Analyze

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 4.4.1: Summarize what researchers have learned about dreams

Topic: Dreams

71. What two categories of dream content did Sigmund Freud describe?

a) Poetic and realistic

b) Literal and symbolic

c) Latent and manifest

d) Delusional and hallucinatory

Skill Level: Understand

Difficulty: Easy

Learning Objective: 4.4.2: Compare how the various theorists explain dreams

Topic: Dreams

72. Interpretation of the _____ content of a dream is expected to reveal the _____ content.

a) latent; manifest

b) manifest; latent

c) manifest; sublimated

d) metaphorical; denotative

Skill Level: Analyze

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 4.4.2: Compare how the various theorists explain dreams

Item Analysis: % correct 61 a = 28 b = 61 c = 5 d = 5 r = .21

Topic: Dreams

73. According to Freud, the important, underlying meaning of our dreams is found in the _____

a) deep content.

b) latent content.

c) manifest content.

d) subliminal content.

Skill Level: Understand

Difficulty: Easy

Learning Objective: 4.4.2: Compare how the various theorists explain dreams

Item Analysis: % correct 78 a = 0 b = 78 c = 22 d = 0 r = .42

Topic: Dreams

74. A newspaper advertisement describes a book that offers interpretations of dreams. In attempting to tell readers the meaning of the symbols of their dreams, the author intends to describe the _____ content.

a) deep

b) latent

c) manifest

d) subliminal

Skill Level: Apply

Difficulty: Difficult

Learning Objective: 4.4.2: Compare how the various theorists explain dreams

Item Analysis: % a = 0 b = 75 c = 20 d = 5 r = .34

Topic: Dreams

75. Freud believed that dreams functioned to satisfy unconscious _____ and _____ desires.

a) narcissism; selfish

b) homicidal; suicidal

c) sexual; aggressive

d) childlike; naive

Skill Level: Understand

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 4.4.2: Compare how the various theorists explain dreams

Topic: Dreams

76. Modern psychologists, for the most part, _____ Freudian interpretation of dreams.

a) agree with

b) have moved away from

c) do therapy through

d) research

Skill Level: Evaluate

Difficulty: Easy

Learning Objective: 4.4.2: Compare how the various theorists explain dreams

Topic: Dreams

77. The _____ theory proposes that dreams are thinking while asleep and represent a broad range of the dreamer’s _____

a) activation-synthesis; random neural firing.

b) evolutionary; threats.

c) cognitive; concerns.

d) cognitive; repressed wishes.

Skill Level: Understand

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 4.4.2: Compare how the various theorists explain dreams

Topic: Dreams

78. The idea that dreams consist of random firing of brain cells during REM, but are significant in terms of the meaning we give them, represents which theory?

a) Freudian

b) Cognitive

c) Activation-synthesis

d) Evolutionary

Skill Level: Understand

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 4.4.2: Compare how the various theorists explain dreams

Topic: Dreams

79. From an evolutionary perspective, dreams should serve a protective function. The fact that we often dream about _____ supports that view.

a) sex

b) eating

c) social success

d) handling threats

Skill Level: Analyze

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 4.4.2: Compare how the various theorists explain dreams

Topic: Dreams

80. Brain imaging studies support the conclusion that meditation _____

a) is a form of sleep.

b) induces an altered state of consciousness.

c) is a quick fix for health problems.

d) is not helpful to health.

Skill Level: Understand

Difficulty: Easy

Learning Objective: 4.5.1: List the benefits of meditation

Topic: Meditation and Hypnosis

81. Which of the following is a group of techniques that involve focusing attention and reducing distraction to achieve a state of altered consciousness and enhance well-being?

a) Psychotherapy

b) Dissociation

c) Meditation

d) Acupuncture

Skill Level: Understand

Difficulty: Easy

Learning Objective: 4.5.1: List the benefits of meditation

Topic: Meditation and Hypnosis

82. Which of the following is required in order to benefit from meditation?

a) A spiritual belief

b) Self-discipline

c) A licensed therapist

d) A decade of practice

Skill Level: Analyze

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 4.5.1: List the benefits of meditation

Topic: Meditation and Hypnosis

83. Some researchers suggest that people become hypnotized because they want to and they have an expectation that it will work. These researchers are supporting the _____

a) theory of dissociated control.

b) sociocognitive theory of hypnosis.

c) mere expectation theory of hypnosis.

d) neodissociation theory of hypnosis.

Skill Level: Analyze

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 4.5.2: Analyze the influences of meditation and hypnosis on the body and mind

Topic: Meditation and Hypnosis

84. The _____ suggests that the behavior of a hypnotized person is a function of that person’s expectations about how subjects behave under hypnosis.

a) neodissociation theory of hypnosis

b) sociocognitive theory of hypnosis

c) Freudian interpretation

d) theory of dissociated control

Skill Level: Understand

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 4.5.2: Analyze the influences of meditation and hypnosis on the body and mind

Topic: Meditation and Hypnosis

85. The _____ proposes that hypnosis induces a split between two aspects of the control of consciousness, the planning function and the monitoring function.

a) neodissociation theory of hypnosis

b) sociocognitive theory of hypnosis

c) Freudian interpretation

d) theory of dissociated control

Skill Level: Understand

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 4.5.2: Analyze the influences of meditation and hypnosis on the body and mind

Topic: Meditation and Hypnosis

86. Using the sociocognitive theory of hypnosis, which of the following explains how Judy was able to be successfully hypnotized?

a) Judy had an unconscious desire to undergo hypnosis.

b) Judy’s executive function control was weakened.

c) Judy experienced a split between her planning and monitoring functions.

d) Judy had a high level of expectation for the hypnosis to work.

Skill Level: Apply

Difficulty: Difficult

Learning Objective: 4.5.2: Analyze the influences of meditation and hypnosis on the body and mind

Topic: Meditation and Hypnosis

87. Using the neodissociation theory of hypnosis, which of the following explains how Shawn was able to be successfully hypnotized?

a) Shawn had an unconscious desire to undergo hypnosis.

b) Shawn’s executive function control was weakened.

c) Shawn experienced a split in his planning and monitoring functions.

d) Shawn had a high level of expectation for the hypnosis to work.

Skill Level: Apply

Difficulty: Difficult

Learning Objective: 4.5.2: Analyze the influences of meditation and hypnosis on the body and mind

Topic: Meditation and Hypnosis

88. The theory of hypnosis that suggests that one aspect of the control of consciousness becomes a “hidden observer” is the _____ theory.

a) dissociated control

b) sociocognitive

c) neodissociation

d) neo-Freudian

Skill Level: Understand

Difficulty: Difficult

Learning Objective: 4.5.2: Analyze the influences of meditation and hypnosis on the body and mind

Topic: Meditation and Hypnosis

89. When researchers agree with the explanation that hypnosis works for some people because their executive functioning weakens enough to allow a true altered state of consciousness, they are in favor of the _____

a) theory of dissociated control.

b) Freudian theory of hypnosis.

c) neodissociation theory of hypnosis.

d) sociocognitive theory of hypnosis.

Skill Level: Analyze

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 4.5.2: Analyze the influences of meditation and hypnosis on the body and mind

Topic: Meditation and Hypnosis

90. The _____ purports that hypnosis weakens the control that the executive function exerts over other subsystems of consciousness.

a) neodissociation theory of hypnosis

b) sociocognitive theory of hypnosis

c) Freudian interpretation

d) theory of dissociated control

Skill Level: Understand

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 4.5.2: Analyze the influences of meditation and hypnosis on the body and mind

Topic: Meditation and Hypnosis

91. Using the theory of dissociated control, which of the following explains how Fran was able to be successfully hypnotized?

a) Fran had an unconscious desire to undergo hypnosis.

b) Fran’s executive function control was weakened.

c) Fran experienced a split in his planning and monitoring functions of his consciousness.

d) Fran had a high level of expectation for the hypnosis to work.

Skill Level: Analyze

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 4.5.2: Analyze the influences of meditation and hypnosis on the body and mind

Topic: Meditation and Hypnosis

92. Which of the following is true about hypnosis?

a) It is a matter of willful faking.

b) Hypnosis can enable people to relive the past.

c) Skin conductance indicates that 89 percent are truly hypnotized.

d) Hypnosis can enable otherwise impossible feats of strength.

Skill Level: Evaluate

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 4.5.2: Analyze the influences of meditation and hypnosis on the body and mind

Topic: Meditation and Hypnosis

93. A substance taken into the body that alters mood, perception, or thought is called _____

a) a psychotherapeutic.

b) a pseudoneurotransmitter.

c) a psychoactive.

d) a controlled substance.

Skill Level: Understand

Difficulty: Easy

Learning Objective: 4.6.1: Summarize the effects of drugs on the brain’s neurotransmitter system

Topic: Psychoactive Drugs

94. Drugs affect our brain through interaction with the _____ system.

a) neurotransmitter

b) frontal lobes

c) thinking

d) cerebrospinal fluid

Skill Level: Understand

Difficulty: Easy

Learning Objective: 4.6.1: Summarize the effects of drugs on the brain’s neurotransmitter system

Topic: Psychoactive Drugs

95. A feeling of physical pleasure is brought about by an increase in the availability of _____ in the _____

a) serotonin; limbic system.

b) dopamine; nucleus accumbens.

c) GABA; nodes of Ranvier.

d) acetylcholine; prefrontal lobes.

Skill Level: Understand

Difficulty: Difficult

Learning Objective: 4.6.1: Summarize the effects of drugs on the brain’s neurotransmitter system

Topic: Psychoactive Drugs

96. Which of these drugs mimics the effects of the brain’s own endorphins?

a) Heroin

b) Alcohol

c) Marijuana

d) Amphetamine

Skill Level: Understand

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 4.6.1: Summarize the effects of drugs on the brain’s neurotransmitter system

Topic: Psychoactive Drugs

97. Depressants act on the _____ neurotransmitters to produce a _____ effect.

a) endorphin; revved up

b) glutamate; high energy

c) GABA; sedating

d) dopamine; sedating

Skill Level: Understand

Difficulty: Difficult

Learning Objective: 4.6.1: Summarize the effects of drugs on the brain’s neurotransmitter system

Topic: Psychoactive Drugs

98. What class of drugs triggers the sympathetic nervous system?

a) Endorphins

b) Opiates

c) Depressants

d) Stimulants

Skill Level: Understand

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 4.6.1: Summarize the effects of drugs on the brain’s neurotransmitter system

Topic: Psychoactive Drugs

99. Which of the following is classified as a depressant?

a) Heroin

b) Cocaine

c) Alcohol

d) Marijuana

Skill Level: Understand

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 4.6.1: Summarize the effects of drugs on the brain’s neurotransmitter system

Item Analysis:

% correct 97 a = 0 b = 97 c = 2 d = 2 r = .21

% correct 97 a = 0 b = 97 c = 3 d = 0 r = .23

Topic: Psychoactive Drugs

100. Darwood became addicted to _____ and now his production of endorphins has been suppressed.

a) alcohol

b) marijuana

c) amphetamine

d) opiates

Skill Level: Apply

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 4.6.1: Summarize the effects of drugs on the brain’s neurotransmitter system

Topic: Psychoactive Drugs

101. Too much _____ from a combination of alcohol and depressants can result in _____

a) GABA; death.

b) dopamine; hyperactivity.

c) acetylcholine; loss of memory.

d) serotonin; a bad mood.

Skill Level: Understand

Difficulty: Difficult

Learning Objective: 4.6.1: Summarize the effects of drugs on the brain’s neurotransmitter system

Topic: Psychoactive Drugs

102. Death sometimes results from one dose of _____ due to extreme stress on the heart.

a) alcohol

b) an opiate

c) heroin

d) a stimulant

Skill Level: Understand

Difficulty: Easy

Learning Objective: 4.6.1: Summarize the effects of drugs on the brain’s neurotransmitter system

Topic: Psychoactive Drugs

103. _____ mimics the effect of _____, which is involved in the activation of the sympathetic nervous system.

a) Cocaine; epinephrine

b) Heroin; adenosine

c) Valium; GABA

d) Alcohol; dopamine

Skill Level: Understand

Difficulty: Difficult

Learning Objective: 4.6.1: Summarize the effects of drugs on the brain’s neurotransmitter system

Topic: Psychoactive Drugs

104. Morphine and heroin duplicate the action of _____

a) endorphins.

b) alcohol.

c) cigarettes.

d) LSD.

Skill Level: Understand

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 4.6.1: Summarize the effects of drugs on the brain’s neurotransmitter system

Item Analysis:

% correct 95 a = 95 b = 3 c = 0 d = 3 r = .18

% correct 90 a = 90 b = 2 c = 5 d = 3 r = .21

Topic: Psychoactive Drugs

105. Which of the following fits the usual definition of a substance abuse problem?

a) Physical withdrawal symptoms occur when use is stopped.

b) Use is continued after several episodes in which it caused a problem(s).

c) Tolerance is developed.

d) There is craving to use every day.

Skill Level: Analyze

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 4.6.2: Contrast physical and psychological drug dependence

Topic: Psychoactive Drugs

106. Which of the following factors must be present to identify use as addiction?

a) Daily use

b) Tolerance

c) Problems

d) Use for over one month

Skill Level: Analyze

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 4.6.2: Contrast physical and psychological drug dependence

Topic: Psychoactive Drugs

107. _____ is the body’s and brain’s natural way of protecting itself against harmful substances.

a) Tolerance

b) Dependence

c) Intolerance

d) Withdrawal

Skill Level: Understand

Difficulty: Easy

Learning Objective: 4.6.2: Contrast physical and psychological drug dependence

Topic: Psychoactive Drugs

108. Withdrawal symptoms are usually _____ the effects the drug produces.

a) the same as

b) stronger than

c) shorter than

d) the opposite of

Skill Level: Analyze

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 4.6.2: Contrast physical and psychological drug dependence

Topic: Psychoactive Drugs

109. When _____ occurs, a larger dose of the drug must be taken to achieve the same effect or high.

a) intoxication

b) withdrawal

c) tolerance

d) abuse

Skill Level: Understand

Difficulty: Easy

Learning Objective: 4.6.2: Contrast physical and psychological drug dependence

Topic: Psychoactive Drugs

110. _____ drug _____ results from the body’s and brain’s natural ability to protect itself against harmful substances.

a) Psychological; tolerance

b) Physical; dependence

c) Emotional; addiction

d) Physical; withdrawal

Skill Level: Analyze

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 4.6.2: Contrast physical and psychological drug dependence

Topic: Psychoactive Drugs

111. Which of the following correctly identifies factors in the risk for progressing from alcohol use to alcohol abuse or addiction?

a) Impulsivity, low response to alcohol

b) Impulsivity, high response to alcohol

c) Genes alone

d) Environment alone

Skill Level: Analyze

Difficulty: Difficult

Learning Objective: 4.6.2: Contrast physical and psychological drug dependence

Topic: Psychoactive Drugs

112. Which of the following indicates substance abuse?

a) The person becomes addicted to that substance.

b) The person grows tolerant of the effects of the substance.

c) The person experiences withdrawal when the substance is gone.

d) Use of the substance interferes with the person’s work and/or relationships.

Skill Level: Analyze

Difficulty: Difficult

Learning Objective: 4.6.2: Contrast physical and psychological drug dependence

Topic: Psychoactive Drugs

113. _____ refers to the unpleasant physical or psychological symptoms an individual may experience after stopping the use of a substance.

a) Withdrawal

b) Substance abuse

c) Tolerance

d) Dependence

Skill Level: Understand

Difficulty: Easy

Learning Objective: 4.6.2: Contrast physical and psychological drug dependence

Topic: Psychoactive Drugs

114. Which of the following individuals would be considered to have a substance abuse problem?

a) Dottie, who frequently has a fight with her partner when she drinks

b) Sam, who has a few drinks while watching Monday Night Football

c) Emily, who drinks two martinis when she has business luncheons

d) Rob, who goes out with coworkers and enjoys a beer or two every week night

Skill Level: Apply

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 4.6.2: Contrast physical and psychological drug dependence

Topic: Psychoactive Drugs

115. Holly quit smoking years ago, but sometimes she really misses the routine of going out for smoke breaks and starting the morning with coffee and a cigarette. At those times, Holly is struggling with _____

a) tolerance.

b) psychological dependence.

c) physical dependence.

d) withdrawal.

Skill Level: Apply

Difficulty: Difficult

Learning Objective: 4.6.2: Contrast physical and psychological drug dependence

Topic: Psychoactive Drugs

116. Russell needs more of the drug he has been using to get the normal high he got when he first started. Russell is experiencing _____

a) drug tolerance.

b) drug detoxification.

c) withdrawal.

d) overdrawal.

Skill Level: Apply

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 4.6.2: Contrast physical and psychological drug dependence

Item Analysis: % correct 95 a = 95 b = 3 c = 3 d = 0 r = .18

Topic: Psychoactive Drugs

117. The desire to avoid the unpleasant symptoms of _____ supports continued addiction.

a) intoxication

b) tolerance

c) abuse

d) withdrawal

Skill Level: Analyze

Difficulty: Easy

Learning Objective: 4.6.2: Contrast physical and psychological drug dependence

118. Angela has been off cocaine for six months. She goes for a salon appointment in the part of town where she used to meet her dealer and suddenly has a strong craving to use again. This is due to the important role _____ plays in addiction.

a) learning

b) access

c) stress

d) emotion

Skill Level: Apply

Difficulty: Difficult

Learning Objective: 4.6.2: Contrast physical and psychological drug dependence

Topic: Psychoactive Drugs

119. Drugs that speed up the functioning of the nervous system are called _____

a) stimulants.

b) depressants.

c) narcotics.

d) psychogenics.

Skill Level: Understand

Difficulty: Easy

Learning Objective: 4.6.3: Describe the effects of stimulants on behavior

Item Analysis:

% correct 96 a = 96 b = 2 c = 2 d = 0 r = .42

% correct 96 a = 96 b = 0 c = 3 d = 3 r = .52

Topic: Psychoactive Drugs

120. The class of drugs called amphetamines are known as _____

a) depressants.

b) intoxicants.

c) stimulants.

d) entactogens.

Skill Level: Understand

Difficulty: Easy

Learning Objective: 4.6.3: Describe the effects of stimulants on behavior

Topic: Psychoactive Drugs

121. Stimulants have which of the following effects?

a) Increased alertness and blood pressure

b) Increased cerebral blood flow

c) Increased sleepiness and sleep

d) Increased appetite and decreased pulse

Skill Level: Understand

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 4.6.3: Describe the effects of stimulants on behavior

Topic: Psychoactive Drugs

122. Your roommate Ingo Larsen just disclosed to you that he took an excessive amount of a drug. You immediately take him to the hospital. He is experiencing high blood pressure, is jittery, and a scan of his brain indicates there are problems with the blood flow to his brain. You tell him to try to get some sleep, but he says he can’t. Which of the following drugs did Ingo likely consume?

a) A depressant

b) A stimulant

c) Ahallucinogen

d) A narcotic

Skill Level: Apply

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 4.6.3: Describe the effects of stimulants on behavior

Topic: Psychoactive Drugs

123. Which of the following are stimulants?

a) Nicotine

b) Marijuana

c) Alcohol

d) Heroin

Skill Level: Understand

Difficulty: Easy

Learning Objective: 4.6.3: Describe the effects of stimulants on behavior

Topic: Psychoactive Drugs

124. Jerzy really wants to quit smoking tobacco. Which of the following would be good advice, according to research?

a) Get hypnosis for stopping smoking.

b) Try over-the-counter nicotine patches.

c) Use small doses of speed just until he is out of withdrawal.

d) Medicate the withdrawal with alcohol.

Skill Level: Apply

Difficulty: Difficult

Learning Objective: 4.6.3: Describe the effects of stimulants on behavior

Topic: Psychoactive Drugs

125. Caffeine withdrawal symptoms _____

a) do not exist.

b) include changes in blood flow and activity in the brain.

c) are very minor.

d) can kill you.

Skill Level: Understand

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 4.6.3: Describe the effects of stimulants on behavior

Topic: Psychoactive Drugs

126. Taking 100 or more milligrams of _____ can cause psychotic, aggressive, manic or paranoid behavior.

a) caffeine

b) nicotine

c) ecstasy

d) amphetamine

Skill Level: Understand

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 4.6.3: Describe the effects of stimulants on behavior

Topic: Psychoactive Drugs

127. Methamphetamine is _____ and can be _____

a) cheap; safe in small doses.

b) highly addictive; fatal.

c) a depressant; therapeutic.

d) a “smart” drug; useful for taking exams.

Skill Level: Understand

Difficulty: Easy

Learning Objective: 4.6.3: Describe the effects of stimulants on behavior

Topic: Psychoactive Drugs

128. Cocaine stimulates the neurotransmitter _____ in the _____ pathways and continued use can destroy the user’s ability to _____

a) dopamine; reward; feel pleasure.

b) endorphin; pleasure; feel pain.

c) acetylcholine; stimulant; dream.

d) serotonin; mood pathways; control moods.

Skill Level: Understand

Difficulty: Difficult

Learning Objective: 4.6.3: Describe the effects of stimulants on behavior

Topic: Psychoactive Drugs

129. Which of the following is classified as a depressant?

a) Cocaine

b) Alcohol

c) Heroin

d) Marijuana

Skill Level: Understand

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 4.6.4: Describe the effects of depressants on behavior

Item Analysis:

% correct 97 a = 0 b = 97 c = 2 d = 2 r = .21

% correct 97 a = 0 b = 97 c = 3 d = 0 r = .23

Topic: Psychoactive Drugs

130. The category of drugs called _____ decrease activity in the central nervous system.

a) hallucinogens

b) entactogens

c) stimulants

d) depressants

Skill Level: Understand

Difficulty: Easy

Learning Objective: 4.6.4: Describe the effects of depressants on behavior

Topic: Psychoactive Drugs

131. There are two classes of drugs in the category that decreases central nervous system activity. They are _____ and _____

a) marijuana; ecstasy.

b) sleeping pills; endocannibinoids.

c) legal; illegal.

d) sedative-hypnotics; narcotics.

Skill Level: Understand

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 4.6.4: Describe the effects of depressants on behavior

Topic: Psychoactive Drugs

132. _____ is an example of a stimulant, whereas _____ is an example of a narcotic.

a) Caffeine; marijuana

b) Crack; crystal meth

c) Oxycontin; cocaine

d) Crank; morphine

Skill Level: Understand

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 4.6.4: Describe the effects of depressants on behavior

Topic: Psychoactive Drugs

133. Vince was rushed to the hospital because he consumed heroin and could not walk or talk. His mother also found some barbiturates near him and knew he swallowed some of those, too. After he is examined by the medical staff, what will the physician likely tell Vince’s mother to expect?

a) Vince will likely experience hallucinations and delusions.

b) Vince may need surgery to repair the hole in his nasal septum.

c) Vince will regain consciousness, but will have to be restrained due to severe paranoia.

d) The physician will explain that Vince is likely to die.

Skill Level: Apply

Difficulty: Difficult

Learning Objective: 4.6.4: Describe the effects of depressants on behavior

Topic: Psychoactive Drugs

134. Drugs such as Xanax and Valium are classified as _____

a) narcotics.

b) barbiturates.

c) amphetamines.

d) minor tranquilizers.

Skill Level: Understand

Difficulty: Easy

Learning Objective: 4.6.4: Describe the effects of depressants on behavior

Topic: Psychoactive Drugs

135. Narcotics are _____

a) opium-based drugs that produce a pain-relieving and calming effect.

b) any type of illegal drug sold on the street.

c) drugs that can increase alertness.

d) drugs to which an individual cannot become easily addicted.

Skill Level: Understand

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 4.6.4: Describe the effects of depressants on behavior

Topic: Psychoactive Drugs

136. Vicodin, codeine, and oxycontin are examples of _____

a) benzodiazepines.

b) hypnotics.

c) narcotics.

d) barbiturates.

Skill Level: Understand

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 4.6.4: Describe the effects of depressants on behavior

Topic: Psychoactive Drugs

137. Gina found her roommate very drowsy, confused and uncoordinated. She saw an empty glass that smelled of alcohol and a container of phenobarbital on the table. Gina should _____

a) let her roommate sleep it off.

b) make her roommate get up and walk around.

c) give her roommate coffee.

d) get her roommate emergency medical help.

Skill Level: Understand

Difficulty: Easy

Learning Objective: 4.6.4: Describe the effects of depressants on behavior

Topic: Psychoactive Drugs

138. Sherri was worried that her son might be using drugs. She had observed him come home in a bad mood and come out of his room in a short time seeming euphoric. A while later, he was drowsy, sat around, and couldn’t even concentrate on his favorite television show. The next day he stayed home from school with nausea, diarrhea, and stomach cramps. Sherri should be concerned because from these observations it appears her son might have taken _____

a) ecstasy.

b) LSD.

c) heroin.

d) barbiturates.

Skill Level: Apply

Difficulty: Difficult

Learning Objective: 4.6.4: Describe the effects of depressants on behavior

Topic: Psychoactive Drugs

139. The class of drugs called _____ alter perception, mood, and can cause sensations that have no basis in external reality.

a) hallucinogens

b) entactogens

c) stimulants

d) depressants

Skill Level: Understand

Difficulty: Easy

Learning Objective: 4.6.5: Describe the effects of hallucinogens on behavior

Topic: Psychoactive Drugs

140. Which of the following are in the category of drugs that alter perception of time and space, alter mood, and can produce feelings of unreality and hallucinations?

a) Heroin

b) Methamphetamine

c) Marijuana

d) Zoloft

Skill Level: Analyze

Difficulty: Difficult

Learning Objective: 4.6.5: Describe the effects of hallucinogens on behavior

Topic: Psychoactive Drugs

141. Josh started smoking pot on a regular basis when he was 13 and continued to do so into his late twenties. Now he is 40. Which of the following is most likely according to research?

a) After ten years he is clean, there is no sign he ever used pot.

b) He is unable to feel normal pleasures.

c) He has episodes of mania and depression.

d) He is 40 years old, but his brain has aged more rapidly.

Skill Level: Analyze

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 4.6.5: Describe the effects of hallucinogens on behavior

Topic: Psychoactive Drugs

142. Jodi denied that being high on pot had anything to do with her decision to go home with a guy she’d just met and have unprotected sex. Her older sister did not believe her because she knew that marijuana _____

a) can damage the hippocampus.

b) can reduce prefrontal cortex response to danger alerts.

c) can inhibit sexual responses.

d) can shut down the amygdala.

Skill Level: Analyze

Difficulty: Difficult

Learning Objective: 4.6.5: Describe the effects of hallucinogens on behavior

Topic: Psychoactive Drugs

143. Especially when started in adolescence, marijuana use can permanently stunt the development of neurons in the _____, impairing _____ permanently.

a) parietal; perception

b) motor cortex; reaction time

c) hippocampus; memory

d) cerebellum; coordination

Skill Level: Analyze

Difficulty: Difficult

Learning Objective: 4.6.5: Describe the effects of hallucinogens on behavior

Topic: Psychoactive Drugs

144. LSD, also known as _____, produces hallucinatory experiences that can last for up to _____ hours.

a) MDMA; two

b) crack; one

c) ecstasy; 24

d) acid; 12

Skill Level: Understand

Difficulty: Easy

Learning Objective: 4.6.5: Describe the effects of hallucinogens on behavior

Topic: Psychoactive Drugs

145. Drugs that are formulated to mimic the effects of hallucinogens while supposedly avoiding negative side effects are known as _____

a) lab drugs.

b) manufactured drugs.

c) designer drugs

d) club drugs

Skill Level: Understand

Difficulty: Easy

Learning Objective: 4.6.5: Describe the effects of hallucinogens on behavior

Topic: Psychoactive Drugs

146. MDMA, more commonly known as _____, works primarily by affecting the availability of the neurotransmitter _____.

a) ecstasy; serotonin

b) crack; dopamine

c) a date rape drug; GABA

d) speed; acetylcholine

Skill Level: Understand

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 4.6.5: Describe the effects of hallucinogens on behavior

Topic: Psychoactive Drugs

147. Withdrawal symptoms of anxiety, hyperactivity, insomnia, and poor appetite are related to which drug?

a) LSD

b) Ecstasy

c) Marijuana

d) Speed

Skill Level: Understand

Difficulty: Difficult

Learning Objective: 4.6.5: Describe the effects of hallucinogens on behavior

Topic: Psychoactive Drugs

148. Withdrawal symptoms of depression, fatigue, and negative mood (sad, scared, annoyed) are typical of which drug?

a) LSD

b) Ecstasy

c) Marijuana

d) Speed

Skill Level: Understand

Difficulty: Easy

Learning Objective: 4.6.5: Describe the effects of hallucinogens on behavior

Topic: Psychoactive Drugs

149. Users of _____ report feelings of understanding and acceptance of others along with a pleasant state of consciousness.

a) LSD

b) ecstasy

c) marijuana

d) speed

Skill Level: Understand

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 4.6.5: Describe the effects of hallucinogens on behavior

Topic: Psychoactive Drugs

Completion (Fill-in-the-Blank)

1. In the Native American Church in the United States, _____ is the controversial substance used during some of their rituals.

Difficulty: Difficult

Skill Level: Understand

Learning Objective: 4.1.2: Describe the connection between altered states of consciousness and culture

Topic: What Is Consciousness?

2. The _____, housed by the hypothalamus, is the brain’s biological clock that controls the circadian rhythm.

Difficulty: Easy

Skill Level: Understand

Learning Objective: 4.2.1: Describe the effects of circadian rhythms on physiological and psychological functions

Topic: Circadian Rhythms

3. Based on the amount of light in the environment, the _____ gland is instructed to secrete or withhold the hormone _____, which plays an important role in sleep.

Difficulty: Moderate

Skill Level: Analyze

Learning Objective: 4.2.1: Describe the effects of circadian rhythms on physiological and psychological functions

Topic: Circadian Rhythms

4. In terms of the circadian rhythm, the amount of light in the environment is “read” by the _____ of each eye, which then sends that message via the _____ to the suprachiasmatic nucleus.

Difficulty: Difficult

Skill Level: Analyze

Learning Objective: 4.2.1: Describe the effects of circadian rhythms on physiological and psychological functions

Topic: Circadian Rhythms

5. Aiden, a pilot, was disturbed to learn that chronic jet lag can result in permanent deficits in _____.

Difficulty: Moderate

Skill Level: Apply

Learning Objective: 4.2.2: Explain how disruptions in circadian rhythms affect the body and mind

Topic: Circadian Rhythms

6. During the 1950s, sleep researchers were able to study factors such as brain waves and muscle tension that were apparent during the sleep period. This information was recorded on individual _____, which were then analyzed.

Difficulty: Moderate

Skill Level: Understand

Learning Objective: 4.3.1: Summarize the theories of sleep

Topic: Sleep

7. Glenn supports the notion that we sleep to reenergize ourselves for the next day. Based on this information, it is clear that Glenn is referring to the _____ theory of sleep.

Difficulty: Moderate

Skill Level: Apply

Learning Objective: 4.3.1: Summarize the theories of sleep

Topic: Sleep

8. The _____ theory of sleep (sometimes called the _____ theory) proposes that sleep is necessary to keep humans out of harm’s way during the night.

Difficulty: Difficult

Skill Level: Understand

Learning Objective: 4.3.1: Summarize the theories of sleep

Topic: Sleep

9. Based on EEG evidence, the brain is _____ active during REM sleep.

Difficulty: Easy

Skill Level: Analyze

Learning Objective: 4.3.2: List the types of sleep that occur during a typical night of sleep

Topic: Sleep

10. _____ is the neurotransmitter released during REM sleep that is responsible for increasing blood pressure, heart rate, and respiration.

Difficulty: Difficult

Skill Level: Understand

Learning Objective: 4.3.2: List the types of sleep that occur during a typical night of sleep

Topic: Sleep

11. _____ waves are most apparent during Stage 4 sleep, whereas sleep spindles surface during _____.

Difficulty: Difficult

Skill Level: Understand

Learning Objective: 4.3.2: List the types of sleep that occur during a typical night of sleep

Topic: Sleep

12. Kendra’s EEG recordings showed that she spent more time in REM sleep the night after she stayed awake for 24 straight hours. Kendra experienced _____.

Difficulty: Moderate

Skill Level: Apply

Learning Objective: 4.3.2: List the types of sleep that occur during a typical night of sleep

Topic: Sleep

13. In his sleep research, Drummond and others (2000) found that the _____ lobes were very active on the rested group but very inactive in the sleep-deprived group. Moreover, they found the _____ lobes of the sleep-deprived group to be highly active, perhaps to overcompensate for their sleep deprived condition.

Difficulty: Difficult

Skill Level: Understand

Learning Objective: 4.3.4: Describe the effects of sleep deprivation

Topic: Sleep

14. _____ refer to the category of sleep disturbances such as walking or talking that take place during sleep, whereas _____ are a group of sleep disturbances categorized by difficulties in the timing, quantity, or quality of sleep.

Difficulty: Moderate

Skill Level: Understand

Learning Objective: 4.3.5 Name and define the various sleep disorders.

Topic: Sleep

15. If left untreated, severe sleep apnea can disturb physiological functioning and result in _____ and _____.

Difficulty: Moderate

Skill Level: Understand

Learning Objective: 4.3.5 Name and define the various sleep disorders.

Topic: Sleep

16. In terms of sleep research, NREM dreams are typically less memorable than _____ dreams.

Difficulty: Easy

Skill Level: Analyze

Learning Objective: 4.4.1: Summarize what researchers have learned about dreams

Topic: Dreams

17. In terms of neurotransmitters, we tend to have less _____ and _____ when we are dreaming, but more _____.

Difficulty: Difficult

Skill Level: Understand

Learning Objective: 4.4.1: Summarize what researchers have learned about dreams

Topic: Dreams

18. The _____ of dreaming suggests that dreams are nothing more than your brain’s attempt at making sense of the random firing of brain cells.

Difficulty: Moderate

Skill Level: Analyze

Learning Objective: 4.4.2: Compare how the various theorists explain dreams

Topic: Dreams

19. Examples of the benefits of meditation are _____, _____, and _____, all of which are supported by research.

Difficulty: Moderate

Skill Level: Understand

Learning Objective: 4.5.1: List the benefits of meditation

Topic: Meditation and Hypnosis

20. The neurological basis for physical pleasure is an increase of the neurotransmitter _____ acting on the nucleus accumbens (which is part of the _____) to induce a pleasurable effect.

Difficulty: Difficult

Skill Level: Understand

Learning Objective: 4.6.1: Summarize the effects of drugs on the brain’s neurotransmitter system

Topic: Psychoactive Drugs

21. Two of the main indicators of physiological drug dependence are _____ and _____.

Difficulty: Easy

Skill Level: Analyze

Learning Objective: 4.6.2: Contrast physical and psychological drug dependence

Topic: Psychoactive Drugs

22. Based on the research by Manzardo and colleagues (2002), animals become addicted to and prefer this drug even when offered all the drugs to which they have become addicted. This drug is _____.

Difficulty: Moderate

Skill Level: Understand

Learning Objective: 4.6.3: Describe the effects of stimulants on behavior

Topic: Psychoactive Drugs

23. _____, the active ingredient in marijuana, seems to have many receptors located in the _____ of the brain, thereby affecting memory.

Difficulty: Moderate

Skill Level: Analyze

Learning Objective: 4.6.5: Describe the effects of hallucinogens on behavior

Topic: Psychoactive Drugs

24. _____, brief recurrences of previous trips, can occur suddenly and without warning in those who used LSD.

Difficulty: Moderate

Skill Level: Understand

Learning Objective: 4.6.5: Describe the effects of hallucinogens on behavior

Topic: Psychoactive Drugs

24. The designer drug _____ is known to impair cognitive functions such as memory and attention. Moreover, it is believed to have devastating effects on the neurotransmitter _____, which regulates mood, appetite, sleep, and impulse control.

Difficulty: Difficult

Skill Level: Analyze

Learning Objective: 4.6.5: Describe the effects of hallucinogens on behavior

Topic: Psychoactive Drugs

Essay Questions

1. Describe the biological process underlying the circadian rhythm. Be sure to add how the amount of light in our environment plays a role.

2. Define hypnosis and name two situations in which it has been successfully used. Additionally, use the three major theories of hypnosis to help explain this phenomenon.

3. Discuss the general effects of stimulants. Illustrate with at least two specific examples of drugs in this category and their effects.

4. Discuss the general effects of depressants. Illustrate with at least two specific examples of drugs in this category and their effects.

5. Discuss the difference between substance use, abuse and dependence.

1. How would an injury to the hypothalamus affect the circadian rhythm?

2. What are some techniques used to treat jet lag, and why is it so important to address the effects of chronic jet lag?

3. Why was the development of the EEG so significant as it pertains to sleep research?

4. Based on the research presented in your textbook, why is pulling an “all-nighter” the night before a big exam such a poor choice?

5. Why is it that someone with somnambulism can walk around without falling?

6. Why do some individuals claim that people only dream in the REM stage of sleep?

7. Why might psychological dependence upon a drug be more difficult to overcome than the physiological dependence?

8. Kerrie and Pam are college roommates. When they go to the bar, Pam notices that although she and Kerrie are about the same weight and height, Kerrie needs to drink a lot more alcohol than her before she feels the effects of the alcohol. Why should Pam be worried about Kerrie?

9. Why would a sedative be a poor choice for treating the condition of sleep apnea?

10. Why is alcohol appropriately classified as a depressant even though some people report that drinking alcohol makes them more social and energetic?

Skill Level: Apply

Learning Objective: 4.6.4: Describe the effects of depressants on behavior

Difficulty: Easy

Topic: Psychoactive Drugs