Chapter.32 Test Bank Innate Host Resistance

Prescott's Microbiology, 11e (Willey)

Chapter 32 Innate Host Resistance

1) Inflammation is a nonspecific defensive reaction to a tissue injury.

2) Which is not a cardinal sign or symptom of inflammation?

A) Humor

B) Rubor

C) Calor

D) Dolor

E) Tumor

3) Which is the correct order of protein mediators that are produced during an acute inflammatory response?

A) Selectins, integrins, chemotaxins, kallikreins

B) Kallikreins, chemotaxins, integrins, selectins

C) Chemotaxins, selectins, kallikreins, integrins

D) Integrins, kallikreins, selectins, chemotaxins

4) Which is the correct order of events during the inflammatory response?

A) Vasodilation, margination, diapedesis, phagocytosis

B) Phagocytosis, margination, diapedesis, vasodilation

C) Diapedesis, vasodilation, phagocytosis, margination

D) Margination, vasodilation, diapedesis, phagocytosis

5) During chronic inflammation when the macrophages are unable to protect the host from tissue damage, the body attempts to wall off and isolate the site by forming a ________.

A) clot

B) cyst

C) granuloma

D) vesicle

6) During the acute inflammatory response, ________ binds to receptors on the capillary wall to open junctions between the cells that allow fluid and leukocytes to enter the tissue.

7) A class of pathogen recognition receptors that function exclusively as signaling receptors are known as the ________ receptors.

8) During phagocytosis, signs and symptoms of illness peak following phagolysosome formation if the pathogen is Gram-positive.

9) How does the action of exocytosis by dendritic cells and macrophages differ from that of neutrophils? 

A) Dendritic cells and macrophages primarily act as antigen-presenting cells, whereas neutrophils primarily release microbial fragments.

B) Dendritic cells and macrophages primarily release microbial fragments, whereas neutrophils primarily act as antigen-presenting cells.

C) Dendritic cells and macrophages primarily release products of autophagy, whereas neutrophils primarily release products of any cellular origin.

D) Dendritic cells and macrophages primarily release products of any cellular origin, whereas neutrophils primarily release products of autophagy.

10) During phagocytosis, the phagolysosome forms before the phagosome forms.

11) ________ is a process by which microorganisms or other particles are coated by serum components, preparing them for recognition and ingestion by phagocytic cells.

12) Microbe-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs) include ________.

A) lipopolysaccharide

B) peptidoglycan

C) viral nucleic acids

D) fungal cell wall components

E) All of the choices are correct.

13) In the recognition of foreign microbial pathogens by host cell phagocytes, which of the following are found on the pathogen rather than on or in the phagocyte?

A) MAMPs

B) NOD receptors

C) Pattern recognition molecules 

D) Toll-like receptors

14) Phagocytosis leads to destruction of engulfed pathogens by which of the following mechanisms?

A) Lysosomal-mediated hydrolysis

B) Production of bacteriocins

C) Complement fixation

D) All of the choices are correct.

15) Reactive oxygen intermediates and reactive nitrogen intermediates produced by phagocytic cells are effective in killing invading microorganisms.

16) Opsonizing antibodies must be against ________ components if they are to effectively stimulate phagocytosis.

A) surface

B) internal

C) protein

D) phagocytic

17) The average adult has approximately 100,000 leukocytes per mm3 of blood.

18) Which of the following characteristics differentiates mast cells from neutrophils and monocytes?

A) Mast cells do not act as phagocytes.

B) Mast cells are derived from bone marrow.

C) Mast cells participate in the inflammatory response.

D) Mast cells originate as stem cells.

19) Which of the following characteristics distinguishes T cells from B cells?

A) B cells produce immunoglobulin while T cells do not.

B) B cells originate in the bone marrow while T cells do not.

C) B cells are lymphocytes while T cells are not.

D) B cells form memory cells while T cells do not.

20) Approximately one month upon returning from a river rafting trip in South America, a college student develops a fever accompanied by chills, muscle aches, and abdominal discomfort. After being examined by physicians at the university health center, the student is referred to an infectious disease specialist, where a diagnosis of schistosomiasis is made. Schistosoma is a helminth that contaminates freshwater in areas that lack proper sanitation, and often leads to infection when the water is used for swimming or bathing. In this case, bloodwork from the student would most likely reveal an elevation in which of the following cells?

A) Eosinophils

B) Basophils

C) Erythrocytes

D) Platelets

21) Which of the following types of leukocytes is typically elevated in cases of bacterial, rather than viral or helminthic, infection?

A) Neutrophils

B) Basophils

C) Monocytes

D) Eosinophils

22) A patient with a viral infection would typically demonstrate a decline in the number of agranulocytic leukocytes in circulating blood with an accompanying increase in the number of granulocytic white blood cells, such as basophils and eosinophils.

23) Dendritic cells are similar to cytokine-producing cells in that both bridge innate and adaptive immunity in the host.

24) T cells undergo maturation in the bone marrow.

25) Macrophages ________.

A) are derived from monocytes

B) have receptors for compounds released by the immune system that coat microorganisms and enhance phagocytosis

C) spread throughout the body of animals and take up residence in specific tissues

D) All of the choices are correct.

26) Dendritic cells ________.

A) play an important role in the development of allergies and hypersensitivity

B) contain granules with histamine and other pharmacologically active substances that contribute to the inflammatory response

C) are capable of recognizing specific pathogen-associated molecular patterns and play an important role in nonspecific resistance

D) are mainly important in the defense against protozoan and helminth parasites

27) Macrophages are derived from ________.

A) granulocytes

B) basophils

C) neutrophils

D) monocytes

28) Eosinophils defend against protist and helminth parasites by ________.

A) phagocytosis

B) complement activation

C) antibody production

D) releasing cationic proteins and reactive oxygen metabolites

29) Which of the following remain in the blood circulation rather than taking up residence in other tissues?

A) Monocytes

B) Macrophages

C) Neutrophils

D) All of the choices are correct.

30) Which of the following cell types migrates to the lymphoid tissue after encountering pathogens in the skin or the mucous membranes?

A) Mast cells

B) Dendritic cells

C) Macrophages

D) None of the choices are correct.

31) A mature, activated B cell is called a ________.

A) plasma cell

B) dendritic cell

C) natural killer cell

D) spleen cell

32) Natural killer cells specifically kill which of the following?

A) Tumor cells and cells infected by microorganisms

B) Gram-positive bacteria

C) Fungi and protozoa

D) Foreign transplanted tissue

33) Lymphoid tissues are always highly organized cellular complexes.

34) The lymph nodes lie at the junctions of lymphatic vessels where they filter out microbes and antigens from the lymph.

35) An intraepidermal lymphocyte migrates to a lymph node and matures into a dendritic cell after phagocytosis of an antigen.

36) The ________ is a large organ in the abdominal cavity that specializes in filtering the blood and trapping bloodborne microorganisms and antigens.

37) Blood cell development occurs in the bone marrow of mammals during the process of ________.

A) hemolysis

B) hematopoesis

C) hemostasis

D) homeostasis

38) A mast cell is similar to a basophil in that both ________.

A) are types of white blood cells

B) are agranulocytic

C) are vasoactive mediators

D) act as primary phagocytes

E) None of the choices are correct.

39) Lymphocytes are comprised of which of the following cell types?

A) T cells

B) B cells

C) NK cells

D) T cells and B cells only

E) All of the choices are correct.

40) Defensins act against bacteria and fungi by permeabilizing cell membranes.

41) The alternate complement pathway plays an important role in ________.

A) innate immunity

B) acquired immunity

C) specific immunity

D) both innate immunity and specific immunity

42) ________ are a group of cytokines produced by some eukaryotic cells in response to a viral infection.

43) Acute phase mediators such as C-reactive protein and antiviral proteins such as interferon can be described as similar because both ________.

A) prepare host cells for pathogen invasion

B) depend on activation of complement

C) are acquired immune defenses

D) All of the choices are correct.

44) Lectin binds to certain carbohydrates to begin the activation of the classical complement pathway.

45) The bacteriocins produced by Escherichia coli are called colicins.

46) Antimicrobial peptides are produced by host cells and by cells of the normal microbiota.

47) The alternative complement pathway plays an important role in innate immunity, but it is not an effective defense against intravascular invasion by bacteria and some fungi.

48) It is correct to say that cytokines serve to bridge the innate and adaptive immune responses. This is because the synthesis of cytokines can be induced by microbial and nonmicrobial stimuli, while the action of cytokines can stimulate cells that participate in active immune responses. 

49) Which of the following pathways for complement activation is generally dependent upon the formation of antigen-antibody complexes?

A) Classical pathway

B) Alternative pathway

C) Lectin complement pathway

D) All of the choices are correct.

50) Which of the following mediators would not be categorized as a cytokine?

A) A protein that regulates innate resistance mechanisms

B) A protein that regulates adaptive immunity

C) A protein that stimulates hematopoiesis

D) A protein that is released by a bacterial cell following phagocytosis

51) Complement-mediated lysis is achieved by ________.

A) formation of the MAC, which is particularly effective against Gram-negative bacteria

B) formation of the MAC, which is particularly effective against Gram-positive bacteria

C) coating of the pathogen with complement protein C3b

D) stimulation of the inflammatory response

52) Complement ________.

A) augments opsonization of bacteria by antibodies

B) results in lysis of Gram-negative bacteria

C) results in lysis of Gram-positive bacteria

D) both augments opsonization of bacteria by antibodies and results in lysis of Gram-negative bacteria

E) All of the choices are correct.

53) Cytokines ________.

A) cause lysis of invading microorganisms

B) play key roles in both specific and nonspecific immunity

C) are required for regulation of the immune response

D) play key roles in both specific and nonspecific immunity and are required for regulation of the immune response

54) How does the complement system aid in the defensive responses of an organism?

A) Lysis of Gram-negative bacteria

B) Attraction of phagocytic cells

C) Activation of phagocytic cells

D) All of the choices are correct.

55) The lungs are protected from microorganisms by ________.

A) the mucociliary blanket

B) lysozyme in mucus

C) phagocytic action of alveolar macrophages

D) All of the choices are correct.

56) The inhalation of cigarette smoke and similar pollutants has a gradual effect on cilia lining the respiratory tract, first causing the beating to slow and eventually stop. How does this change in cilia most directly impact the resistance mechanisms of the host?  

A) Innate host immunity due to mechanical barrier protection would be lost

B) Acquired immunity due to antibody response would be lost

C) Both acquired and nonspecific immunity would be lost

D) Neither acquired nor nonspecific immunity would be lost

57) In which of the following areas of the human body do secretions play the greatest role in preventing microbial colonization?  

A) Stomach

B) Large intestine

C) Genital tract

D) Upper respiratory tract

58) Tears protect the eyes by ________.

A) flushing and lysozyme

B) inflammation

C) vasodilation

D) stimulating opsonization

E) flushing and lysozyme and vasodilation

59) Under normal circumstances, which of the following is(are) normally pathogen-free environments in mammals?

A) Kidneys

B) Ureters

C) Urinary bladder

D) All of the choices are correct.

60) Which of the following is used to help protect the lungs from infection?

A) Turbulent airflow deposits airborne pathogens on sticky mucosal surfaces.

B) The mucociliary escalator moves trapped organisms away from the lungs by ciliary action.

C) Coughing and sneezing forcefully expel organisms away from the lungs.

D) All of the choices are correct.

61) Lysozyme is an enzyme that lyses ________.

A) viruses

B) fungi

C) bacteria

D) parasites

62) Lactobacillus contributes to the antimicrobial defenses for the adult female reproductive tract by making lactic acid to lower the pH.

63) The skin surface is a very favorable environment for colonization by most microorganisms.

64) The lower genitourinary tract is usually free of microorganisms.

65) Cervical mucus has antibacterial activity.

66) The shorter urethra in females is one reason why urinary tract infections are more common in females than in males.

67) Which is a primary reason that females are at greater risk of a urinary tract infection than are males?

A) The urethra is shorter in women; therefore, bacteria are closer in proximity to the bladder. 

B) The urethra is longer in women; therefore, more bacteria can colonize the pathway to the bladder.

C) The pH of women is lower due to a greater abundance of lactobacilli, which can overcolonize the urethra and migrate to the bladder.

D) Hormonal shifts in women can lead to overgrowth of genitourinary bacteria that eventually colonize the bladder. 

68) The mucociliary blanket is found in the digestive system of mammals.

69) Which of the following is considered to be a biological defense mechanism?

A) Skin

B) Fever

C) Gastric acid

D) Normal microbiota

70) GALT is an acronym that stands for glial-associated lymphoid target.

71) Which of the following is a physical barrier in the nonspecific defense of a mammalian host?

A) Inflammation

B) Phagocytosis

C) Fever

D) Mucous membranes

72) All of the following are components of the mammalian host immune system EXCEPT ________.

A) antigens

B) antibodies

C) phagocytes

D) leukocytes

73) Why is innate host resistance a type of nonspecific immune response?  

A) Innate resistance is nonspecific because any foreign material, microorganisms, or antigens encountered by the host are targeted.

B) Innate resistance is nonspecific because any type of immune response, such as inflammation, phagocytosis, or humoral immunity, is activated in the host by foreign material.

C) Innate resistance is nonspecific because it is impossible to determine the specific degree by which any host will respond when foreign material or microorganisms are present.

D) Innate resistance is nonspecific because it depends on the life experience of the individual, for example, receiving a vaccine or acquiring a disease due to a particular pathogen.

74) Which of the following types of immunity primarily relies on interactions between antigens and antibodies?

A) Natural immunity

B) Acquired immunity

C) Nonspecific immunity

D) Innate immunity

75) Substances that are recognized as foreign and provoke immune responses are called ________.

A) antibodies

B) antigens

C) infective agents

D) inducers

76) The innate response resists a particular foreign agent; moreover, innate immune responses improve on repeated exposure to the agent.

77) Antigens ________.

A) are any molecules that are recognized by the immune system

B) are often protein or sugar in nature

C) can be described as self or foreign

D) All of the choices are correct.

78) Which of the following statements regarding the lymphoid tissues is false?

A) The spleen is a primary lymphoid organ.

B) GALT and SALT are secondary lymphoid tissues.

C) The spleen is a secondary lymphoid organ.

D) The thymus is a primary lymphoid organ.

E) The bone marrow is a primary lymphoid tissue.

79) The membrane of a phagosome is derived from intracellular membranes, whereas the the membrane enclosing an autosome is from the cell membrane of the leukocyte.

80) Rank the following steps that describe the innate removal of pathogens from tissues via a coordinated effort between host cells and chemical signals.

_____ Neutrophils undergo diapedesis and migrate to injury site

_____ Integrins on neutrophils bind to selectins on endothelial cells

_____ Injured cells release chemokines

_____ Selectins on activated cells cause neutrophils to slow down

_____ Endothelial cells are activated