Complete Test Bank + Microorganisms In Marine And + Ch30

Prescott's Microbiology, 11e (Willey)

Chapter 30 Microorganisms in Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems

1) The solubility of oxygen in water will change in which way when the water temperature is lowered?

A) No change will occur

B) The solubility will increase

C) The solubility will decrease

D) The solubility will first decrease then increase

2) The buffering effect of the balance between carbon dioxide, bicarbonate, and carbonate is stronger in freshwater than it is in the marine environment.

3) In marine and freshwater environments, the penetration of sunlight and the mixing of nutrients, oxygen, and waste products are the dominant factors controlling the microbial community.

4) The possible effect of failing to limit greenhouse gas emissions on the oceans is likely to be which of the following?

A) An increase in dissolved methane will stimulate microbial growth.

B) An increase in dissolved methane will hinder microbial growth.

C) An increase in dissolved carbon dioxide will lower the pH.

D) An increase in dissolved carbon dioxide will raise the pH.

5) The discharge of high levels of microbial nutrients into marine environments has ________.

A) resulted in the production of large hypoxic or anoxic regions

B) had negative impacts on shellfish and other bottom-dwelling marine animals

C) resulted in algal blooms and red tides that have killed marine mammals

D) All of the choices are correct.

6) A potent neurotoxin that causes paralytic shellfish poisoning in coastal temperate North America is produced by ________.

A) diatoms

B) red algae

C) green algae

D) dinoflagellates

7) Water ecosystems become eutrophic when there is ________.

A) nutrient enrichment of waters

B) nutrient removal from waters

C) acidification of waters

D) deoxygenation of waters

8) Most microbes that inhabit estuaries are ________.

A) halophilic

B) halotolerant

C) halophobic

D) halovariable

9) The chemolithotrophs that metabolize reduced sulfur compounds using oxygen as a terminal electron acceptor in the Winogradsky column include ________.

A) Desulfovibrio

B) Beggiatoa

C) Chromatium

D) cyanobacteria

10) Salt marshes differ from estuaries in that the freshwater input in salt marshes is from a single source.

11) The initial degradation of cellulose that initiates microbial growth in the Winogradsky column is carried out by ________.

A) Clostridium

B) Desulfovibrio

C) cyanobacteria

D) Rhodopseudomonas

12) Winogradsky columns ________.

A) are typically used to isolate aquatic protozoa

B) are used as a model system for studying microbial interactions

C) are used in the process of isolating nanobacteria

D) are used in the process of isolating aquatic viruses (virioplankton)

13) Among the eukaryotic microbes in the phytoplankton, the ________ are most noted for their contribution to carbon fixation.

A) dinoflagellates

B) green algae

C) diatoms

D) cyanobacteria

14) In general, microbial growth in the open ocean is most limited by the availability of ________.

A) phosphorus

B) manganese

C) iron

D) nitrogen

15) The cyanobacterium Trichodesmium ________.

A) fixes N2 during the day

B) fixes a significant amount of N2 in oceanic environments

C) uses nitrite as a source of nitrogen

D) is a spherical organism

16) What fraction of all of the organic carbon on Earth results from microbial fixation of carbon dioxide in the oceans?

A) About 3/4

B) About 1/2

C) About 1/4

D) About 1/8

17) Cyanobacteria such as Synechococcus and Prochlorococcus are predominate members of the phytoplankton in illuminated surface waters.

18) The depth to which light penetrates with sufficient intensity to support the activities of photoautotrophic organisms in the ocean is called the ________ zone.

19) Which of the following statements concerning the microbial loop is not true?

A) Microbes consume dissolved organic matter.

B) Marine viruses contribute to the production of dissolved organic matter.

C) Microbes constitute particulate organic matter for zooplankton consumption.

D) All of the choices are correct.

20) In the ocean, organic matter sinks from the surface to great depths as ________.

A) marine snow

B) particulate debris

C) photosynthetic potential

D) None of the choices are correct.

21) SAR11 bacteria are now thought to constitute about ________% of all microbial life on earth.

A) 5

B) 10

C) 25

D) 75

22) Bacteria in the α-proteobacterial clade ________ are the most abundant organisms on Earth and demonstrate unique adaptations to life in the oligotrophic open ocean.

23) The open ocean is a/an ________ environment.

A) eutrophic

B) oligotrophic

C) neotrophic

D) phylotrophic

24) Silicobacter pomeroyi produces carbon monoxide dehydrogenases so that it can use carbon monoxide as a source of carbon.

25) Much of the loss of biologically available nitrogen in the ocean is now thought to be due to a consortium of microbes carrying out ________.

A) the anammox reaction

B) denitrification

C) nitrification

D) nitrogen fixation

26) When direct examination of virioplankton is carried out by transmission electron microscopy, the numbers obtained are reported as ________.

A) plaque-forming units

B) virus-like particles

C) viral potential

D) particulate organic matter

27) Viruses in the marine environment (virioplankton) are very abundant.

28) Piezophilic bacteria ________.

A) tolerate high concentration of barium

B) grow at pressures exceeding 100 atm

C) grow only in environments of reduced atmospheric pressure, such as found at high elevation

D) require high concentrations of H2S gas for growth

29) Thiomargarita species utilize large amounts of ________ .

A) nitrate

B) sulfur

C) oxygen

D) carbon dioxide

30) The impacts of the microbial types that inhabit cross-sections of water sediment are vast. Consider that sediments deep beneath water surfaces are home to perhaps ________ of the world's bacterial and archaeal biomass.

A) 10%

B) 20%

C) 50%

D) 95%

31) Methane hydrates found at the bottom of the ocean ________.

A) vastly exceed in amount the world's current known natural gas reserves

B) float to the surface where they are consumed by methylotrophs

C) are only formed in areas of thermal heating

D) All of the choices are correct.

32) The largest fraction of saltwater is that which is frozen at the Earth's polar regions.

33) The oceans contain about ________% of the Earth's water.

A) 91

B) 93

C) 95

D) 97

34) Microbes within glaciers are ________.

A) dormant

B) active

C) nonexistent

D) barophilic

35) The biologically available carbon that is produced within large, lentic rivers and lakes is called ________.

36) In which of the following types of waters do seasonal climatic temperature changes result in distinct chemical and microbial stratification?

A) Oceans

B) Lakes in temperate areas

C) Lakes in tropical areas

D) Fast flowing rivers

37) In general, cyanobacteria prefer higher pH and temperature conditions than algae.

38) The epilimnion of a lake is located below the hypolimnion.

39) Low-nutrient, oligotrophic waters will usually become stratified and have an anaerobic hypolimnion at certain times of the year.

40) Competitive advantages for cyanobacteria in the aquatic environment include ________.

A) the ability of many to fix nitrogen

B) the production of toxins to resist predation

C) the production of siderophores to bind iron

D) All of the choices are correct.

41) If phosphorus is added to water that contains no other major nutrients, the major microbial group that will bloom if the water is exposed to light will be the ________.

A) green sulfur bacteria

B) green nonsulfur bacteria

C) green algae

D) cyanobacteria

42) What limits phytoplankton growth in streams?

A) Light blocked by overhanging foliage

B) Rapid flow and mixing of water

C) Turbidity

D) All of the choices are correct.