Chapter 2: Ethics and Research

Test Bank

Multiple Choice

1. Beauchamp and Childress (2012) defined ______ theories in terms of the end justifying or legitimizing the means and the promotion of the greatest good for the greatest number of people.

A. utilitarian

B. deontological

C. altruistic

D. liberal

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Ethical Principles and Guidelines

Difficulty Level: Easy

2. Beauchamp and Childress (2012) defined the ______ approach in terms of decisions about right and wrong.

A. utilitarian

B. deontological

C. altruistic

D. liberal

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Ethical Principles and Guidelines

Difficulty Level: Easy

3. In the ______ theory, the outcome is less important than following the rule or principle.

A. utilitarian

B. deontological

C. altruistic

D. liberal

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Ethical Principles and Guidelines

Difficulty Level: Easy

4. One rule within ______ theory is the Golden Rule (treat others as you would like to be treated) that guides actions.

A. utilitarian

B. deontological

C. altruistic

D. liberal

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Ethical Principles and Guidelines

Difficulty Level: Easy

5. ______, according to Beauchamp and Childress, involves the concept of self-rule and self-choice.

A. Autonomy

B. Justice

C. Fidelity

D. Nonmaleficence

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Ethical Principles and Guidelines

Difficulty Level: Easy

6. ______ refers to doing what is best for another or looking out for another.

A. Autonomy

B. Beneficence

C. Fidelity

D. Nonmaleficence

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Ethical Principles and Guidelines

Difficulty Level: Easy

7. ______ is the complementary to beneficence and concerns doing no intentional harm.

A. Autonomy

B. Justice

C. Fidelity

D. Nonmaleficence

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Ethical Principles and Guidelines

Difficulty Level: Easy

8. ______ involves the fair distribution of resources.

A. Autonomy

B. Justice

C. Fidelity

D. Nonmaleficence

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Ethical Principles and Guidelines

Difficulty Level: Easy

9. ______ refers to keeping one’s promise or commitment.

A. Autonomy

B. Justice

C. Fidelity

D. Nonmaleficence

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Ethical Principles and Guidelines

Difficulty Level: Easy

10. Peer review of research is done through a formally established institutional body referred to as the ______.

A. IBR

B. IRB

C. BRI

D. RIB

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Ethical Principles and Guidelines

Difficulty Level: Easy

11. ______ monitors and sanctions scientists who engage in ethical violations or scientific misconduct.

A. The United States Institutional Review Board

B. The Office of Research Integrity

C. The Food and Drug Administration

D. The Office of Ethical Sanctions

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Professional Association Standards for Research (American Counseling Association and National Education Association)

Difficulty Level: Easy

12. The focus of professional codes has been on ______.

A. the ethical treatment of research participants

B. the ethics of population research

C. the ethical treatment of animals used in research

D. the ethical treatment of consumers

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Ethical Research Violations

Difficulty Level: Easy

13. In ______, the Alabama state health officer solicited assurance from the United States Public Health Service (USPHS) that participants would eventually receive treatment.

A. the Milgram study

B. the Alabama Public Health Service study

C. the Tuskegee Syphilis study

D. the Tuskegee HIV study

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Tuskegee Syphilis Study

Difficulty Level: Easy

14. In ______, subjects were led to believe by the experiment that they were participating in a learning study.

A. the Milgram study

B. the Alabama Public Health Service study

C. the Tuskegee Syphilis study

D. the Tuskegee HIV study

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Milgram Study

Difficulty Level: Easy

15. A study addressing the effects of various children’s services on outcomes like incarceration, hospitalization, and pregnancy among your adults was conducted by ______.

A. Gostin

B. Pandiani, Banks, and Schacht

C. Kelman

D. Blanton and Dagenais

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Additional Examples of Ethics in Research Studies

Difficulty Level: Easy

16. According to Houser, studies like the one used by Stanley Milgram may contribute to ______ in participating in psychological research.

A. shame

B. deception

C. mistrust

D. hesitation

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Milgram Study

Difficulty Level: Medium

17. All of the following are questions that consumers of counseling and education research might ask to determine the ethical quality of research published, EXCEPT ______

A. Are there possible negative implications?

B. What are the possible benefits?

C. Is the sample representative?

D. Is the study useful for the researchers?

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Guidelines and Questions for Evaluating the Research Literature for Ethical Concerns

Difficulty Level: Hard

18. The following provide ethical guides that address specific procedures for the protection of human subjects EXCEPT ______.

A. IRB

B. OHRP

C. ACA

D. ARP

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Ethical Principles and Guidelines

Difficulty Level: Medium

19. When applying the principle of beneficence to population research, researchers ask all of the following, EXCEPT ______

A. What are the possible benefits of the research for the population?

B. What population will most benefit from the services provided by the research?

C. Will the research yield services that are of high quality?

D. Will the research serve the researchers needs?

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Guidelines and Questions for Evaluating the Research Literature for Ethical Concerns

Difficulty Level: Hard

20. The Tuskegee study ended in 1972 when it became ______ that the subjects had standard treatment withheld.

A. apparent

B. public

C. obvious

D. observable

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Tuskegee Syphilis Study

Difficulty Level: Medium

True/False

1. There are no federal laws that protect human subjects against potentially harmful research practices.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Introduction

Difficulty Level: Easy

2. Self-choice includes full disclosure of information, which makes it possible to make an informed choice.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Ethical Principles and Guidelines

Difficulty Level: Easy

3. In obtaining informed consent for research purposes, counselors must use language that is clear and understandable to participants.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Ethical Principles and Guidelines

Difficulty Level: Easy

4. Deception in research is used even when other methods are available.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Ethical Principles and Guidelines

Difficulty Level: Easy

5. There are ethical guides that address specific procedures for the protection of human subjects.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Ethical Principles and Guidelines

Difficulty Level: Easy

6. Federal legislation (OHRP, 1993) requires that investigators who are associated with institutions that receive federal funds must submit their studies to an extensive review by peers after the study has been conducted.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Ethical Principles and Guidelines

Difficulty Level: Easy

7. Guidelines for reviewing research proposals include requirements for informed consent, an evaluation of risks and benefits, and confidentiality.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Ethical Principles and Guidelines

Difficulty Level: Easy

8. Consumers of research are interested in the ethics of research that focuses on interpreting results, and the implications for those for whom they provide services in the practice of their professions.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Ethical Principles and Guidelines

Difficulty Level: Easy

9. Both the APA and the ACA include ethical codes that specifically address population research ethics.

Cognitive Domain: Ethical Principles and Guidelines

Answer Location: Grounded Theory

Difficulty Level: Easy

10. The National Institutes of Health (NIH), which in part funds medical research, has historically approved mostly studies involving White males, to the general exclusion of women.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Guidelines and Questions for Evaluating the Research Literature for Ethical Concerns

Difficulty Level: Easy

Short Answer

1. List the general principles of ethical guidelines.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Ethical Principles and Guidelines

Difficulty Level: Easy

2. List two of the four areas the ACA Ethical Codes address under research.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Ethical Principles and Guidelines

Difficulty Level: Easy

3. List three of the eight areas the APA ethical codes address regarding research.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Ethical Principles and Guidelines

Difficulty Level: Easy

4. Provide a brief description of “Do no harm.”

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Guidelines and Questions for Evaluating the Research Literature for Ethical Concerns

Difficulty Level: Easy

5. A review of public records shows that researchers do engage in scientific misconduct and there are consequences. What are some of these consequences?

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Summary

Difficulty Level: Easy

6. Define utilitarian theoretical approach in ethics.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Ethical Principles and Guidelines

Difficulty Level: Easy

7. Define deontological theoretical approach in ethics.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Ethical Principles and Guidelines

Difficulty Level: Medium

8. Define population research purported by Gostin.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Ethical Research Violations

Difficulty Level: Easy

9. Briefly discuss the guidelines of the Office of Research Integrity.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Ethical Research Violations

Difficulty Level: Medium

10. In population research, three ethical principles seem particularly relevant. What are these?

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Ethical Research Violations

Difficulty Level: Medium

Essay

1. When one considers ethical issues in research, it is helpful to conceptualize the guidelines available in the form of an inverted triangle. Please draw a diagram of what should be included in this triangle.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Ethical Principles and Guidelines | Figure 2.1: Ethical Guidelines for Research

Difficulty Level: Medium

2. Redman and Merz (2008) reviewed the public records for outcomes and consequences for investigators that were found to have engaged in scientific misconduct. Discuss what they found during their review.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Ethical Research Violations

Difficulty Level: Medium

3. Discuss the questions that consumers of counseling and education research might ask to determine the ethical quality of research published in professional journals.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Guidelines and Questions for Evaluating the Research Literature for Ethical Concerns

Difficulty Level: Medium

4. Discuss The Tuskegee Syphilis Study.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Tuskegee Syphilis Study

Difficulty Level: Medium

5. Discuss qualitative research through a phenomenological approach. How did The Milgram Study inappropriate use deception in research?

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Milgram Study

Difficulty Level: Hard