Chapter 1: Science and the Research Process

Test Bank

Multiple Choice

1. Knowledge with a focus on assessment is referred to as ______.

A. predictive

B. improvement

C. descriptive

D. explanatory

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Definitions of Science and Research

Difficulty Level: Easy

2. Knowledge with a focus on identified outcomes is referred to as ______.

A. predictive

B. improvement

C. descriptive

D. explanatory

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Definitions of Science and Research

Difficulty Level: Easy

3. Knowledge designed to determine the effectiveness of interventions is referred to as ______.

A. predictive

B. improvement

C. descriptive

D. explanatory

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Definitions of Science and Research

Difficulty Level: Easy

4. What type of research knowledge may be the broadest of all and subsumes all the others?

A. predictive

B. improvement

C. descriptive

D. explanatory

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Definitions of Science and Research

Difficulty Level: Easy

5. Most recently, counseling and psychology influenced by medicine has introduced the use of ______.

A. managed care practices

B. solution-focused practices

C. evidenced-based practices

D. practice-based evidence

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Relevance of Using and Applying Skills in Evaluating Research

Difficulty Level: Easy

6. Science has two primary functions according to ______ and ______.

A. Babbie; Salkind

B. Best; Kahn

C. Montcalm; Royce

D. Moore; Kahn

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Definitions of Science and Research

Difficulty Level: Easy

7. The ultimate goal of science and research is ______.

A. to obtain knowledge that is useful in understanding how our world operates

B. to understand validity and reliability issues

C. to understand the concept of variables

D. to learn how to develop charts and graphs

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Definitions of Science and Research

Difficulty Level: Easy

8. Salkind (2006) argues that ______ is one of the key elements in conducting quality research.

A. subjectivity

B. political ideology

C. objectivity

D. relevance

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Definitions of Science and Research

Difficulty Level: Easy

9. Babbie (2001) argues that there are ______ types of errors that occur in research inquiry.

A. six

B. nine

C. seven

D. four

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Definitions of Science and Research

Difficulty Level: Easy

10. A researcher makes a conclusion that is based more on their own theory versus what is actually observed in the data collected. This error is called ______.

A. error of selective observation

B. error of overgeneralization

C. inaccurate observation

D. illogical reasoning

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Definitions of Science and Research

Difficulty Level: Medium

11. The Scientist–Practitioner model of research requires prioritizing the relevance and importance of research in ______.

A. practice

B. research

C. interests

D. both practice and research

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Practitioner–Scientist

Difficulty Level: Medium

12. The basic concept of the Scientist–Practitioner model is that those practicing the professions of psychology and counseling would split their time and focus ______ between research and practice.

A. 20/80

B. 60/40

C. 50/50

D. 30/70

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Practitioner–Scientist

Difficulty Level: Easy

13. According to Manicas and Secord (1983), scientists practice by creating at least a partially ______ system.

A. open

B. closed

C. permeable

D. split

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Practitioner–Scientist

Difficulty Level: Easy

14. Rick Houser argues the realities of how many master’s-level-trained counselors tend to emphasize a ______ first approach when utilizing research.

A. science

B. practice

C. reality

D. objective

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Practitioner–Scientist

Difficulty Level: Easy

15. Lawfulness in counseling and education is determined by ______.

A. the extent to which we can find ways to predict and control events

B. the laws of nature being understandable

C. what is right and good in all situations

D. scientific realism

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Assumptions About Science and Research

Difficulty Level: Easy

16. One of the first steps in using and conducting research is ______.

A. evaluating sources

B. citing sources

C. choosing a search engine

D. clarifying a topic and picking search terms

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Obtaining Information From Electronic Databases and Articles in Journals

Difficulty Level: Easy

17. Higher quality articles are ______ reviewed, meaning that a publication in a journal has been critiqued by professionals in the field before publication or acceptance.

A. professionally

B. peer

C. extensively

D. none of these

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Obtaining Information From Electronic Databases and Articles in Journals

Difficulty Level: Easy

18. Obtaining information on the Internet outside of professional journals can be dangerous for all of the following reasons, EXCEPT ______.

A. lack of systematic evaluation

B. varying accuracy

C. possible credibility issues

D. author of Internet content can be found directly

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Obtaining Information From Electronic Databases and Articles in Journals

Difficulty Level: Easy

19. All of the following are examples of plagiarism: ______.

A. submitting another’s work as your own

B. stating others’ work as your own without noting the source or giving credit

C. not placing quotation marks around a direct quote or giving incorrect information

D. changing words but using the same sentence structure

E. all of these are examples of plagiarism

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Obtaining Information From Electronic Databases and Articles in Journals

Difficulty Level: Easy

20. Cybercheating refers to ______.

A. not using a firewall when doing research

B. copying off another student in class

C. taking another’s work from the web and copying and pasting it into your paper

D. not using citations in your research paper

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Obtaining Information From Electronic Databases and Articles in Journals

Difficulty Level: Easy

True/False

1. Science and scientific advances have never been purported to be critical in promoting the well-being of individuals and in societal functioning.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Introduction

Difficulty Level: Easy

2. The advent of the telephone, electricity, and computers are examples of how science has changed and improved our lives.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Introduction

Difficulty Level: Easy

3. In our everyday lives we make decisions, some of which are based on scientific information and some that are based on personal sources.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Introduction

Difficulty Level: Easy

4. Using the research method does not reduce subjective bias in any way.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Definitions of Science and Research

Difficulty Level: Easy

5. A potential criticism of research is that inevitably the researcher’s own bias and selection of what to observe creates problems.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Definitions of Science and Research

Difficulty Level: Easy

6. In counseling and psychology, there has been a relatively long tradition of graduate-level training from a Practitioner–Science orientation.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Practitioner–Scientist

Difficulty Level: Easy

7. Most practitioners have been dissatisfied with the heavy emphasis on scientific methods and knowledge.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Practitioner–Scientist

Difficulty Level: Easy

8. Research advances knowledge in the field of psychology and often guides clinical practice; therefore, most psychologists conduct research after graduate school.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Practitioner–Scientist

Difficulty Level: Easy

9. The importance of using and applying skills in evaluating research is founded on the classic view of the Scientist–Practitioner model.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Relevance of Using and Applying Skills in Evaluating Research

Difficulty Level: Easy

10. As professionals, we have an obligation to carefully evaluate knowledge and research results that may be used in the practice of our professions.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Relevance of Using and Applying Skills in Evaluating Research

Difficulty Level: Easy

Short Answer

1. Best and Kahn (2003) defined science as ______.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Definitions of Science and Research

Difficulty Level: Easy

2. Moore (1983) defined research as ______.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Definitions of Science and Research

Difficulty Level: Easy

3. Salkind (2006) suggested that there are a number of elements of quality research; they are ______.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Definitions of Science and Research

Difficulty Level: Easy

4. Your text identified two sources’ of knowledge; discuss each.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Definitions of Science and Research

Difficulty Level: Easy

5. What are the four different types of knowledge according to the text? Discuss each.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Definitions of Science and Research

Difficulty Level: Easy

6. List and discuss the four types of errors noted by Babbie (2011).

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Definitions of Science and Research

Difficulty Level: Easy

7. Discuss the concept of Practitioner–Scientist.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Practitioner–Scientist

Difficulty Level: Medium

8. Accepting the results of a scientific study without ______the methods is analogous to buying something without ever test-driving it.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Relevance of Using and Applying Skills in Evaluating Research

Difficulty Level: Easy

9. A research article is typically composed of four major sections: ______, ______, ______, and______.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Purpose and Overview of the Text

Difficulty Level: Easy

10. Discuss the scientific realism view for explaining events.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Assumptions About Science and Research

Difficulty Level: Medium

Essay

1. The words science and research have significant meaning in our current world. Discuss how they have impacted our lives over the last fifty (50) years.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Introduction

Difficulty Level: Medium

2. Discuss the relevance of using and applying skills in evaluating research.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Relevance of Using and Applying Skills in Evaluating Research

Difficulty Level: Medium

3. Heiman (1995) cited several important assumptions about science that may be helpful in understanding the difference between scientific activity and nonscience. Identify and discuss these assumptions.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Assumptions About Science and Research

Difficulty Level: Medium

4. List the steps to scientific research. Give an example in educational research illustrating each step.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Steps in the Scientific Process

Difficulty Level: Hard

5. Explain how the steps in scientific research relate to sections of a journal article.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Purpose and Overview of the Text

Difficulty Level: Hard