Chapter.11 Aggression Complete Test Bank 1st Edition

Chapter 11

Aggression

1. According to the text, aggression always:

a. involves emotional arousal

b. causes physical pain

c. is committed by someone who has been deliberately provoked

d. involves intent to harm or destroy

e. involves any act that is injurious to another person

2. Based on the text's definition, aggression includes:

a. a police officer shooting an armed murderer

b. a dentist drilling a tooth

c. a driver running over an unseen child

d. a doctor cutting into a patient

e. none of the above

3. According to Pinker (2011), what is the situation regarding violence today in the world?

a. more than ever

b. less than ever

c. more in the highly industrialized countries

d. fewer wars but more murders

e. more wars but fewer murders and rapes

4. An armed robber strikes you after forcibly taking your money. This is known as:

a. predatory aggression

b. misattributed aggression

c. reactive aggression

d. intentional aggression

e. instrumental aggression

5. The difference between reactive aggression and proactive aggression is that:

a. reactive aggression involves only emotional harm while proactive aggression involves physical harm

b. proactive aggression occurs when an individual uses a weapon to inflict the harm or injury

c. proactive aggression is a means to an end, while reactive aggression is motivated by anger and the desire to harm

d. proactive aggression is motivated by anger and appears to have as its end the infliction of harm on someone while reactive aggression is intended only to scare someone away

e. reactive aggression is based on instincts while proactive aggression is based on classical conditioning

6. Which of the following is an example of proactive aggression?

a. a driver runs over an unseen child

b. a physician administers a painful injection to a struggling child

c. a child yells angrily at his teacher

d. a schoolyard bully pushes someone down in order to take his candy

e. a dentist drills a tooth to prepare for a gold crown

7. Which of the following is true regarding aggression?

a. anger involves the limbic system arousal

b. anger involves inhibition of the limbic system

c. it is always an indication of the intermittent explosive disorder

d. fear often instigates aggression

e. none of the above

8. In their study of the influence of perceived intent on aggressive behaviour, Rule and Nesdale found that:

a. when participants were insulted, those in the prosocial condition gave more intense shocks than those in the hostile condition

b. when participants were not insulted, those in the hostile condition gave more intense shocks than those in the prosocial condition

c. when participants were insulted, those in the hostile condition gave less intense shocks than those in the no-shock condition

d. when participants were insulted, there were no differences between the prosocial and hostile conditions

e. when participants were not insulted, those in the prosocial condition gave more intense shocks than those in the hostile condition

9. The view that aggression is the result of the displacement of the accumulated energy from the death instinct outward onto others is known as:

a. the sociopathic hypothesis

b. the psychoanalytic approach to aggression

c. the ethological approach to aggression

d. the modelling hypothesis

e. the frustration-aggression theory

10. The initial version of the frustration–aggression hypothesis suggested that:

a. frustration is always followed by aggression

b. aggression is always followed by frustration

c. every instance of aggression is preceded by some sort of frustration

d. aggression is a frequent cause of frustration

e. both a and c

11. In Berkowitz' reformulation of the frustration–aggression hypothesis in terms of aversively-stimulated aggression, he argues that:

a. unpleasant events produce only the motivation to escape

b. unpleasant events produce only the motivation to attack

c. unpleasant events produce the motivation to escape and the motivation to attack

d. unpleasant events produce frustration

e. unpleasant events produce increased awareness of escape routes

12. In a revision of the frustration–aggression hypothesis, Berkowitz has theorized that:

a. frustration produces escape more often than aggression

b. cognitive appraisal will affect the extent to which frustration produces negative feelings

c. aggression is learned through a modelling effect

d. there exists a biological predisposition for frustration to result in aggression

e. aggression must be defined separately for humans and animals

13. According to Berkowitz' aversively-stimulated aggression theory:

a. cognitive appraisal will influence the extent to which frustrations produce negative feelings

b. cognitive factors play no role in aversively-stimulated aggression

c. reinforcement does not seem to influence such aggression

d. such aggression occurs only in animals, and not in humans

e. humans are too smart to react aggressively to negative stimuli

14. According to the kinship principle:

a. aggression is more probable towards close relatives

b. we are related to the people that we aggress against

c. aggression is based on genetic predispositions

d. the murder rate of step-children by step-parents is higher than that to biological children

e. individuals share more genes with their spouses that with their relatives

15. Aggression arises when people are unable to release energy in socially accepted ways. This is an example of __________.

a. the ethological approach to aggression

b. the frustration–aggression hypothesis

c. the sociopathic hypothesis

d. the psychoanalytic approach to aggression

e. the modelling hypothesis

16. A process by which built-up aggressive energy is released is known as:

a. catharsis

b. frustration

c. anger

d. instrumental aggression

e. ethology

17. According to the evolutionary theory:

a. human aggression has evolved along with every other species

b. human aggression is more advanced than that of lower species

c. human aggression should be obsolete because it is counter to evolutionary advantage

d. human aggression has evolved through natural selection

e. catharsis protects us from destroying ourselves

18. Research indicates regarding genetics and aggression:

a. brains differ in susceptibility to being aggressive

b. brains differ in plasticity, hence to susceptibility to environmental influence

c. specific genes have been identified for different types of aggression

d. maltreated children with a specific gene are more likely to exhibit antisocial behaviour

e. both b and d

19. According to Berkowitz, which of the following best accounts for the effect on aggression resulting from the pairing of weapons and aggression on television?

a. instrumental conditioning

b. aversively-stimulated aggression

c. desensitization

d. classical conditioning

e. displacement

20. Which of the following concepts or theories is sometimes used to defend television and film violence?

a. instinct-based theories

b. ethological approach

c. catharsis

d. frustration–aggression hypothesis

e. self-arousal hypothesis

21. Proactive aggression is associated with _____ while reactive aggression is linked to the __________.

a. prefrontal cortex, limbic system

b. limbic system, prefrontal cortex

c. brain plasticity, sociopathy

d. sociopathy, psychopathy

e. none of the above

22. Which of the following is a research finding which contradicts the cathartic view of aggression reduction?

a. witnessing or participating in aggression does not necessarily reduce aggressiveness

b. aggression has a biological basis

c. aggression is a learned behaviour

d. only certain types of aggression are affected by catharsis

e. neurological treatments can reduce aggressive behaviour

23. The textbook concludes that, with regard to the role of physiological factors in human aggression:

a. such factors force us to react with aggression in some situations

b. some people are more genetically prone to aggression

c. brain tumours are a major cause of violence

d. whether we fight or run away depends on what we have learned to do in the past and on how society encourages us to respond

e. pain and suffering are responsible for most aggression

24. Aggression has been linked to which hormone?

a. thyroid-stimulating

b. testosterone

c. cortisol

d. prostaglandin

e. serotonin

25. A strictly physiological approach cannot fully explain aggression in humans because:

a. the effect of physiological factors is too direct

b. it is not always possible to test physiological factors in humans

c. we have free will

d. much of our aggressive behaviour clearly is learned

e. aggressive acts fall under legal jurisdictions in humans

26. Bandura's study of aggression in which children watched a film in which an aggressive model was either rewarded or punished:

a. children engaged in more aggressive behaviour after watching an aggressive model who was not punished

b. children engaged in less aggressive behaviour after watching an aggressive model who was not punished

c. children said that they disapproved of the aggression, whether or not the model was punished

d. children were more likely to copy the behaviour of the model if the model smiled rather than scowled

e. both a and c

27. Which of the following statements is true?

a. a model may facilitate behaviour already in the repertoire of an individual

b. a model's aggressive behaviour can heighten emotional arousal which in turn can lead to more aggressive behaviour

c. adults can be led to imitate a model's behaviour, especially if the model is rewarded or at least not punished

d. all of the above

e. both b and c

28. The notion that aggression is learned through the imitation of others is proposed by:

a. classical conditioning theory

b. social learning theory

c. ethological theory

d. psychoanalytic theory

e. frustration–aggression hypothesis

29. Which of the following is a role played by parents in the rearing of children?

a. they teach the child how to interpret the social environment

b. they provide models for the children to imitate

c. they set standards of conduct and enforce rules

d. both a and b

e. all of the above

30. Repeated experience in childhood, personal or observing models leads to the development of ________ regarding police officers.

a. aggressive tendencies

b. cognitive scripts

c. reinforcement of aggression

d. cognitive appraisal

e. career choices

31. Bullying has been linked to being raised in a home characterized by:

a. family conflict

b. punitive parenting

c. participation in aggressive ports

d. both a and b

e. both b and c

32. Who of the following are more at risk of being bullied?

a. children with developmental difficulties

b. students identified as lesbian, gay or bisexual

c. boys perceived as not ‘masculine enough’

d. all of the above

e. both b and c

33. Who are most likely to have aggressive children?

a. hostile parents

b. parents who are cold and rejecting

c. permissive parents

d. parents who use physical punishment

e. frustrated parents

34. In a study in several European countries, about what percent of adolescents reported themselves as having been bullied?

a. 3%–7%

b. 13%–17%

c. 23%–27%

d. 33%–37%

e. 93%–97%

35. Longitudinal research has shown that:

a. children from aggressive families are more likely to marry aggressive individuals

b. children from aggressive families are more likely to be aggressive than those from non-aggressive families

c. children from aggressive families are less likely to be aggressive than those from non-aggressive families

d. a and b

e. none of the above

36. In their longitudinal study of aggression, Nagin and Tremblay (1999) found that:

a. most of the boys who were particularly aggressive in kindergarten were still aggressive in high school

b. few of the boys who were particularly aggressive in kindergarten were still aggressive in high school

c. girls who were aggressive in kindergarten were still aggressive in high school

d. children who were aggressive in kindergarten and came from aggressive families but not those who came from more peaceful families became more aggressive in high school

e. continued aggression from kindergarten through secondary school depended on genetic factor

37. The differential susceptibility model refers to:

a. greater sensitivity to stimulation in the social environment

b. genetic variation in brain plasticity

c. harsh treatment from parents

d. both a and b

e. both b and c

38. Research (Tolan, Gorman-Smith & Henry, 2006) indicates that _______ accounts for the majority of violent acts in any given society.

a. sexual assaults

b. domestic violence

c. bullying

d. terrorism

e. ice hockey

39. Which of the following is best supported by research evidence?

a. every child who has been abused will become an abusive parent

b. every child who grew up watching family violence will become a harsh and abusive parent

c. most child abusers were themselves abused as children

d. greater likelihood of child abuse if parent had been abused as a child

e. most abused children become delinquents

40. From the results of longitudinal research, which of the following statements is false?

a. the aggressive propensity of males tends to stabilize at the age of three

b. it is more difficult for children with a low IQ to learn aggressive behaviours

c. the aggressiveness of children decreases as they learn coping strategies

d. aggression is perpetuated within the family

e. it is more difficult to predict how aggressive a female will be as an adult based on her aggressiveness as a child

41. In a 15-year study of over 1000 boys in Montreal, about how many who were rated as aggressive as children were aggressive as adolescents?

a. about 1 in 10

b. about 1 in 8

c. about 1 in 6

d. about 1 in 4

e about 50%

42. A person who lacks empathy, remorse, has little concern for the feelings of others and exhibits weak self-control is referred to as:

a. an authoritarian person

b. a sadist

c. a lunatic

d. a psychopath

e. an uncontrolled person

43. Individuals who have a psychopathic personality:

a. have little concern for the feelings and well-being of others

b. exhibit weak self-control and impulsiveness

c. show little fear of punishment

d. receive more convictions for violent crimes and behave more violently in prison than do other inmates

e. all of the above

44. Which of the following are methods to study the effects of violent television?

a. laboratory experiments

b. field studies, participants assigned to a television ‘diet’ high or low in violence

c. correlational studies

d. longitudinal studies

e. all of the above

45. Research in Western countries and Japan shows what about the effects of violent video games on aggressive behaviour?

a. exposure to violent games is a causal risk factor on aggressive thoughts and behaviours

b. exposure to violent games is a causal risk factor on aggressive thoughts but not on behaviour

c. exposure to violent games is caused by previously established aggressive behaviour

d. exposure to violent games is a causal risk factor on aggressive thoughts and behaviours in Western countries but not in Japan

e. exposure to violent games is a causal risk factor on aggressive behaviours but not on aggressive thoughts

46. What is a methodological problem in studies of the effects of video games on aggressive behaviour?

a. the effect may be due to excitement rather than violence

b. the effect may be due to competitiveness rather than violence

c. the effect may be due to prior preferences for violence

d. both a and b

e. both b and c

47. Studies by Bushman and Gibson (2011), in which participants played a violent or non-violent video game and were tested for aggression next day, found that those who played the violent game:

a. were more aggressive next day

b. were not more aggressive next day

c. were more aggressive if they have ruminated (thought) about the game

d. were more aggressive if they had not ruminated about the game

e. were more aggressive only if tested on the same game

48. Studies by Bushman and Gibson (2011), in which participants played a violent or non-violent video game and were tested for aggression next day, found that those who played the violent game:

1. were more aggressive next day if female
2. were more aggressive if ruminating and female
3. were more aggressive next day if ruminating and male
4. were more aggressive next day if male
5. were less aggressive next day in all conditions

49. Violence perpetrated in the hope of gaining media attention is called:

a. the Jack the Ripper effect

b. copycat aggression

c. stimulus pairing effect

d. all of the above

e none of the above

50. The weapons effect is an example of:

a. stimulus pairing

b. social modelling

c. copycat aggression

d. stimulus response

e. all of the above

51. The type of procedure used in the study in which Eron et al. (1972) examined the relationship between viewing of violence at age eight and aggression at age 18, and the relationship between aggression at age eight and violence viewing at 18 is known as:

a. a longitudinal study

b. a cross-lagged procedure

c. a cross-sectional study

d. a field experiment

e. a correlational study

52. Habitual exposure to media violence can lead to greater tolerance for violence through:

a. stimulus pairing

b. sensitization

c. desensitization

d. resensitization

e. sensory deprivation

53. Which category of people is usually used to study the effects of media violence?

a. children

b. women

c. prisoners

d. college students

e. TV addicts

54. Which of the following is a major source of social psychological evidence on the effects of viewing violent television?

a. field studies

b. laboratory experiments

c. correlational studies

d. both a and c

e. all of the above

55. Research on the relationship between viewing TV violence and violent behaviour suggests that:

a. individuals already prone to aggression are more likely to choose to watch violence

b. personality differences may influence individual cognitive responses to TV violence

c. personality differences may affect individual emotional responses to portrayals of violence

d. all of the above

e. b and c

56. In a study by Carnagey, Anderson & Bushman (2007), participants played a violent video game for 20 minutes and then watched a violent film. Compared to participants who did not play the game. They showed:

a. more aggression after the film

b. less aggression after the film

c. their heart rates and galvanic skin responses were lower during the film

d. their heart rates and galvanic skin responses were higher during the film

e. their hearts stopped beating

57. A decrease in emotional response due to repeated exposure to aggression is known as:

a. habituation

b. priming

c. desensitization

d. catharsis

e. saturation

58. When repeated exposure to aggression leads to lowered autonomic responses to aggression, this is referred to as:

a. extinction

b. desensitization

c. catharsis

d. immunity

e. saturation

59. In the context of Berkowitz' studies of aggression, ‘stimulus pairing’ refers to:

a. a generalized emotional reaction to aggression-related stimuli

b. a specific emotional response to pairs of aggressive stimuli

c. the activation of a series of aggression-related thoughts and feelings by a certain stimulus such as a gun

d. an increase in emotional response due to repeated exposure to aggression

e. a diversity of emotional responses which have been paired with particular stimuli

60. Male participants view a series of violent films over several days. Both self-reports and measures of arousal decreased over that time. Three days after viewing the last film, participants:

a. were less aggressive towards a victim

b. expressed greater sympathy towards victims of domestic violence

c. expressed less sympathy towards victims of domestic violence

d. were less violent themselves in a domestic situation

e. were less aroused

61. The contagion view of aggression suggests that:

a. aggressiveness can be transferred from person to person

b. when certain emotions are released, a person becomes frustrated and acts aggressively

c. there is a generalization of desensitization to violence in many forms

d. publicized acts of violence result in an increased incidence of such acts

e. none of the above

62. When President Kennedy was assassinated, there was an increase in violent crimes in the US. This supports the concept of:

a. social norms

b. instrumental aggression

c. the bandwagon effect

d. deindividuation

e. contagion

63. Media violence cultivates a perception of the world as a dangerous place. How does this correspond to reality?

a. media accurately reflect what is happening in society

b. media accurately reflect the society and serve a useful purpose in encouraging people to be on guard

c. the rate of violent crime in most Western nations has declined over the past two decades

d. the rate of violent crime in most Western nations has increased over the past two decades

e. both a and d

64. If a weapon is either real or viewed in films, and is repeatedly observed to be used in a violent context, this can lead to the weapon by itself eliciting thoughts and feelings associated with violence. This is known as:

a. sensitization

b. semantic meaning

c. stimulus pairing

d. active attributions

e. desensitization

65. The desensitization explanation of aggression postulates that:

a. repeated exposure to aggression leads to an increased acceptance of aggressive behaviour

b. repeated exposure to aggression primes aggressive behaviour

c. repeated exposure to aggression can be beneficial if carefully monitored

d. repeated exposure to aggression leads to imitation of the aggressive acts

e. repeated exposure to aggression leads to lowered autonomic responses to aggression

66. A publicized crime results in an increased incidence of the crime. This is an example of:

a. cognitive neo-associationism

b. contagion

c. desensitization

d. generalization

e. authoritarianism

67. Televised violence may have indirect effect(s) such as:

a. increased apprehension

b. imitation

c. desensitization

d. stimulus pairing

e. all of the above

68. Pornography in which women are portrayed as enjoying being sexually victimized has been shown in research to:

a. promotes rape myths

b. instigate sexual violence

c. has no effect on sexual callousness

d. all of the above

e. none of the above

69. A large meta-analysis of studies on adolescent sexual offenders shows that they were more likely than others to have:

a. experienced sexual violence

b. experienced abuse or neglect

c. social isolation

d. early exposure to pornography

e. all of the above

70. Participants watched neutral or sexually explicit videos with strong or subordinate female characters. When the female character was subordinate, female participants reported ______ and male participants more _______.

a. anxiety, depression

b. anxiety, sexist attitudes

c. anxiety, anxiety

d. depression, sexual arousal

e. sexual arousal, sexual arousal

71. According to the text, most firearms deaths were:

a. suicides

b. homicides

c. accidental deaths

d. suspects fleeing police

e. intruders committing robberies

72. In the film Crash (Cronenberg, 1996), people amplified their sexual arousal by deliberately being in car crashes. This portrays what social psychology principle?

a. stimulus pairing

b. modified frustration–aggression

c. excitation transfer

d. excitation pairing

e. none of the above

73. The intensity of ‘make-up’ sec following a quarrel illustrates:

a. frustration–aggression

b. excitation transfer

c. stimulus pairing

d. resensitization

e. all of the above

74. According to the text, in 1997 __________ of all homicides were committed with a firearm.

a. one-quarter

b. one-third

c. one-half

d. two-thirds

e. three-quarters

75. Some cultures maintain a _________ that insists on violent retribution against someone who brings dishonor to the self or family.

a. patriarchy

b. low frustration tolerance

c. code of honour

d. glorification of violence

e. stimulus pairing

76. Neighbourhoods that are low in ______ are more prone to violence.

a. social support

b. social capital

c. cultural resources

d. effective policing

e. all of the above

77. Kawachi et al (1999) found that the strongest correlate of violent crime across various communities were measures of:

a. social support

b. access to violent media presentations

c. peer pressures

d. social capital

e. societal capitalism

78. Studies of violent crimes show that both the perpetrator and victim tend strongly to be:

a. male

b. female

c. both genders

d. rich

e. poor

79. The fact that androgens are related to male aggression:

a. means that men cannot be expected to learn to be peaceful

b. applies only to animals and not to humans

c. indicates that aggression is caused to some degree by hormones

d. may reflect the fact that androgens enhance musculature and increase available energy, thus increasing the likelihood that aggression will be useful in attaining certain goals

e. may reflect the fact that androgens produce a strong tendency to react quickly to any stimulation and to experience a heightened level of fear

80. Female aggression tends to be:

a. proactive

b. reactive

c. impulsive

d. indirect

e. rare

81. Gender differences in aggression may be the result of:

a. differences in physiology

b. differences in attitudes about aggression

c. sex-role differentiation

d. child-rearing techniques

e. all of the above

82. Research on the relationship between gender and aggression has shown:

a. relatively small differences in aggression related to gender

b. women are as aggressive as men in some circumstances

c. the relationship between gender and aggression is not straightforward

d. gender differences in aggression are greatly diminished when provocation is taken into account

e. all of the above

83. Often, the victim of rape (sexual assault) is blamed for her victimization, reflecting:

a. different cultural standards

b. levels of testosterone

c. belief in a just world

d. stimulus pairing

e. none of the above

84. According to Puente & Cohen (2003), one of the major triggers of domestic violence is:

a. culture

b. jealousy

c. loneliness

d. testosterone

e. estrogen

85. Low intelligence (IQ) has been linked to aggression through lack of ability to:

a. get a good job

b. learn coping skills

c. learn verbal conflict resolution skills

d. all of above

e. both a and b

86. Which of the following has been linked to aggression?

a. low self-esteem

b. inflated self-esteem

c. low self-importance

d. all of above

e. none of above

87. After completing personality tests, participants were given some time to mingle with one another, then each was led to a different room. Some were led to believe that they had been well-received by the others, and the rest were told that nobody wanted any further interaction with them. What personality variable was related to anger in the latter group?

a. hostility

b. self-esteem

c. narcissism

d. intelligence

e. friendliness

88. Which component of the excitation transfer theory refers to skeletal-motor behaviour which is largely under the control of stimuli and reinforcements?

a. imitative component

b. priming component

c. excitatory component

d. experiential component

e. dispositional component

89. The excitatory component of Zillman's (1984) excitation transfer theory refers to:

a. the response-energizing mechanism which prepares the organism for vigorous action

b. the skeletal-motor behaviour which is largely under the control of stimuli and reinforcements

c. the conscious experience of emotion

d. the irrational response to physical or psychological attack on the organism

e. none of the above

90. Which of the following is not a component of the excitation transfer theory?

a. experiential

b. dispositional

c. imitative

d. excitatory

e. all of the above

91. The view that emotional residues from an aggressive situation may persist in the absence of the eliciting stimulus, and be associated subsequently with other stimuli is proposed by:

a. the theory of instincts

b. the excitation transfer theory

c. the social learning theory

d. the frustration–aggression hypothesis

e. the psychoanalytic approach

92. In the experiment in which participants who had previously been provoked by a confederate of the experimenter were shown either a sexually arousing film, an aggressive film or a neutral film, it was found that:

a. physiological arousal was smallest in the sexual film condition

b. physiological arousal was greatest in the aggressive film condition

c. participants who watched the aggressive film were more aggressive than participants who watched the sexual film

d. participants in the sexual film condition were more aggressive than those in the aggressive film and neutral conditions

e. there was no difference in aggressiveness across treatments

93. Aggressive arousal may be misinterpreted as:

a. masculinity

b. assertiveness

c. survival of the fittest

d. sexual arousal

e. frustration

94. The finding that aggression may be sexually stimulating for a minority of the general male population is an example of:

a. excitation transfer

b. a heterosexuality subschema

c. habituation

d. sexual callousness

e. hostile masculinity

95. Which of the following is NOT part of the ‘dark triad’ of personality?

a. narcissism

b. belief in a just world

c. psychopathy

d. Machiavellianism

e. all are parts of the triad

96. The General Aggression Model includes:

a. biological factors

b. personality factors

c. cognitive processes

d. social leaning

e. all of the above

97. Which theory integrates much of what has been reviewed in this chapter?

a. excitation transfer

b. modified frustration aggression

c. social leaning theory

d. general aggression model

e. all of the above

98. The textbook suggests that violence can be reduced by:

a. deglorifying violence on the media

b. educate parents in child-rearing styles that reduce aggression

c. interventions with at-risk children

d. all of the above

e. both b and c

99. What would be an example of a cognitive script that leads to aggression?

a. people make mistakes

b. it’s not personal, it’s business

c. don’t let people take advantage of you

d. write a letter of complaint

e. don’t make another reservation at this restaurant

100. Research shows that repeated exposure to pornography leads to:

a. habituation and a taste for more extreme forms of pornography

b. boredom and a loss of interest in any kind of pornography

c. greater sensitivity to the concerns of women in society

d. sexual depravity

e. difficulty in maintaining normal sexual relationships