Ch9 Prosocial Behaviour Exam Questions

Chapter 9

Prosocial Behaviour

1. A voluntary act performed to help someone when one is not expecting any kind of reward is an instance of:

a. prosocial behaviour

b. Machievellianism

c. social justice

d. empathy

e. natural justice

2. The concept of altruism is a difficult one because:

a. it is only a hypothetical construct

b. only self-rewarded behaviour can be considered altruistic and it is impossible to measure self-reward

c. it is almost impossible to ascertain whether a given behaviour was carried out without any anticipation of self-reward

d. it encompasses involuntary as well as voluntary behaviour

e. the concept is deeply mired in religious debate

3. The term ‘prosocial behaviour’ is preferred over ‘altruism’ because:

a. it is more readily understood

b. it encompasses involuntary as well as voluntary behaviour

c. it is applicable to animal and human behaviour

d. it is not tied to the criterion of absence of self-reward

e. it is not a philosophical concept

4. Attributions are important with respect to prosocial behaviour because:

a. attitude towards the recipient is an important indicator of whether or not the behaviour was prosocial

b. motivation is important in our assessment of whether or not a behaviour is prosocial and we can only make attributions about motivation

c. the actor's feelings about the recipient play a large role in whether or not help will be offered

d. the recipient's attributions about the actor's behaviour are important in understanding bystander apathy

e. religiosity is important in our assessment of whether or not a behaviour is prosocial and we make attributions about religiosity

5. Which of the following is true about prosocial behaviour in animals?

a. it is motivated by fear

b. it is directed both at members of their own species and at humans

c. it is the product of natural selection

d. it is difficult to assess the motivation behind an animal's activity, even if it appears to be altruistic

e. only mammals are capable of prosocial behaviour

6. The kin selection principle is explained in terms of:

a. archive data

b. sociobiology

c. genetics

d. evolution

e. arousal

7. The norm of social responsibility suggests that people will:

a. assume responsibility for helping their parents in old age

b. help those who have helped them

c. help those who need help

d. help those who had helped them in the past

e. assume responsibility for correcting past mistakes

8. The __________ norm suggests that people should help those who helped them in the past.

a. reciprocity

b. equity

c. social responsibility

d. social exchange

e. equality

9. __________ norms would motivate us to help a person who has lost everything in a hurricane but not one who lost everything in a gambling game.

a. Reciprocity

b. Equity

c. Social responsibility

d. Social exchange

e. Social comparison

10. Sally helped Harry fix a tire on his bicycle. Later that same day, Harry offered Sally a ride to the library on his bike. Harry's offer could be a result of:

a. the norm of equity

b. the norm of social responsibility

c. the norm of equality

d. the norm of reciprocity

e. the norm of equilibriated exchange

11. According to the kinship principle, we are more likely to help close relatives because:

a. we know them better

b. we feel obligated to help our relatives

c. they are more likely to respond negatively if we don’t help

d. we like them more

e. we share some genes with them

12. According to the _______ theory, personality traits associated with helpfulness may be favoured by natural selection.

a. kinship

b. evolution

c. gene-culture co-evolution

d. cognitive dissonance

e. relativity

13. The approach which considers prosocial behaviour to develop out of the values and attitudes that the child acquires through social experience is referred to as:

a. the social learning approach

b. the personal experiential approach

c. the cognitive-developmental approach

d. the abstract ethical principle approach

e. the value-expressive approach

14. According to the two-stage decision model of helping, ______ leads to emotional arousal while ______ is tied to a decision about how much help to give.

a. kinship, evolution

b. empathy, sympathy

c. sympathy, empathy

d. dissonance, appraisal

e. emotion, cognition

15. Cognitive-developmental theory suggests that:

a. people help others because of a personal set of values and attitudes which oblige them to provide assistance in certain situations

b. people behave prosocially only when their behaviour is judged by others

c. people behave prosocially to ensure that others will treat them in the same way

d. prosocial behaviour is acquired through reinforcement and self-attributions

e. people behave prosocially only to avoid punishment

16. Empathy has been linked to:

a. sympathy

b. mirror neurons

c. behavioural modelling

d. social norms

e. none of the above

17. The reluctance of many people to sign organ donor consent forms appears to be related to:

a. personality variables

b. fear of accidents

c. attitudes about life and death

d. lack of sympathy for others

e. both a and c

18. What neurochemical has been linked to trust, attachment and generosity?

a. dopamine

b. serotonin

c. oxytocin

d. mirror neurons

e. genetic kinship

19. A Dutch study found that people with a prosocial value orientation were found:

a. to have higher levels of secure attachment

b. to have had an unhappy childhood

c. to have had more siblings

d. to place no value on achievement

e. both a and c

20. The theory that explains the acquisition of prosocial behaviour as the

result of reinforcement and modelling is the __________ theory.

a. cognitive-developmental

b. sociobiological

c. social responsibility

d. social learning

e. equity

21. Self-attributions are important in the development of prosocial behaviour because:

a. they provide a standard of behaviour which we strive to maintain in order to avoid feeling negatively about ourselves

b. they allow us to rationalize our behaviour

c. they help us to empathize with others who are in distress

d. they produce a sense of social responsibility

e. all of the above

22. Prosocial behaviour is more likely to be found in children who:

a. are always reinforced for playing with children from other ethnic groups

b. are always punished for bad behaviour

c. attribute their behaviour to internal causes

d. attribute their behaviour to external causes

e. have been trained at an early age to respect social norms

23. According to the ____________ hypothesis, altruism is elicited as a result of feeling a connection with another person witnessed to be in distress.

a. image-repair

b. reparative

c. self-other overlap

d. warm glow of success

e. empathy–altruism

24. Studies on modelling and prosocial behaviour have shown that:

a. prosocial models produce imitative behaviour only for the specific activity

b. prosocial models have no influence on the prosocial behaviour of children

c. children's responses to charitable models are durable and can be generalized

d. only the emotion expressed by the model appears to have some effect on imitation

e. the modelled behaviour is usually short-lived

25. Those who have failed in some way are more likely to help those who know of their failure. This is about the _______ hypothesis.

a. warm glow of success

b. image repair

c. prosocial modeling

d. reparative altruism

e. reciprocity

26. People who have harmed another often resort to:

a. reparative altruism

b. warm glow of success

c. image repair

d. reciprocity

e. guilt

27. Watching prosocial behaviour on television:

a. leads to increases in prosocial behaviour by child viewers

b. leads to increases in prosocial behaviour by adult viewers, but not by children

c. has no demonstrable effect on prosocial behaviour of viewers

d. leads to decreases in aggressiveness by child viewers

e. produces a greater capacity for empathic responding

28. Which of the following is NOT one of the norms relevant to prosocial behaviour?

a. norm of social responsibility

b. norm of reciprocity

c. norm of equity

d. norm of altruism

e. all of the above are relevant

29. In relation to prosocial behaviour, cognitive processing capacity (the ability to notice what is going on around us) may increase when:

a. we are in a good mood

b. external rewards are available

c. a charitable model is present

d. helpful peers are present

e. self-rewards are available

30. The finding that participants who experience failure are more likely to help if the request for help or charity comes from a person who is aware of their failure indicates a support for:

a. the image-repair hypothesis

b. the need for approval hypothesis

c. the warm glow of success hypothesis

d. reparative altruism

e. the personal distress hypothesis

31. According to the text, people in a bad mood might be less likely to act prosocially because:

a. bad mood limits our ability to turn our attention to people's difficulties

b. bad mood might limit our ability to pay attention to the dictates of our conscience

c. they have weighed the costs of helping and have decided they are too high

d. bad mood brings out sadistic impulses that make people more callous

e. all of the above

32. One might suspect that people who make anonymous donations are lower than other donors in:

a. empathy

b. the need for approval

c. self-esteem

d. cognitive processing capacity

e. reparative altruism

33. In a study in which a confederate of the experimenter dropped a load of books, participants who were high in the need for social approval helped more when they:

a. knew they were being observed

b. had been made to feel guilty a few moments earlier

c. knew the person who dropped the books

d. had previously obtained a social reward for helping the experimenter

e. when they were in a good mood

34. Reparative altruism suggests that:

a. people with a high need for approval are more likely to make generous public donations if they have been made to feel selfish

b. after we have neglected to help a person in need, we are likely to go out of our way to help someone else

c. failure participants help more when the beneficiary is unaware of the failure

d. failure participants contribute more when the canvasser is aware of their failures

e. after having hurt someone, we may try to assuage our guilt or increase our self-esteem by helping others

35. According to research reviewed in the textbook, what are the main findings regarding video games and prosocial behavior?

a. prosocial games increase prosocial behaviour

b. playing violent video game decreases prosocial behaviour

c. prosocial games increase empathy

d. playing prosocial games decreases schadenfreude

e. all of the above

36. A field study of helping when an apparently blind researcher was about to cross a street found:

a. high rates of helping in Vienna

b. lower rates of helping in New York and Kuala Lumpur

c. very consistent rates of helping in 23 different countries

d. both a and b

e. none of the above

37. When Knafo et al (2009) reanalyzed the data in the above study, they found a negative correlation between offering help to a stranger and:

a. norm of reciprocity

b. norm of social responsibility

c. mood of the potential helper

d. embeddedness (emphasis on family unit, ignore strangers)

e. negative-state relief

38. The view that an observer's empathic response to a sufferer's distress produces personal sadness, and that the individual acts to help the sufferer because of the egotistic motivation to relieve his/her own sadness, is an example of:

a. the empathy–altruism hypothesis

b. the empathy-specific reward hypothesis

c. the negative-state relief hypothesis

d. the empathy-specific punishment hypothesis

e. the negative-state egoism hypothesis

39. Researchers using the lost letter technique in various neighbourhoods in London found that about ______ of the letters were returned in rich neighbourhoods, and 37% in poorest nieghbourhoods.

a. 50%, 50%

b. 37%, 87%

c. 87%, 37%

d. 37%, 37%

e. 87%, 87%

40. How does religion relate to helping behaviour?

a. highly religious people are more likely to help

b. intrinsically rented religious people help more

c. extrinsically oriented people help more

d. both a and b

e. both a and c

41. Cross-cultural studies of prosocial behaviour suggest that prosocial behaviour is most evident among children who:

a. grow up in cultures which have heroic folk legends involving altruism

b. live in societies which forbid personal ownership of property

c. are required to help, for example by sharing in the care and raising of younger children

d. have never been exposed to television

e. are taught religious values

42. Which of the following statements is supported by research, according to the textbook?

a. across many situations, women are more helpful than men

b. across many situations, men are more helpful than women

c. people who react to being help with gratitude are more likely to act prosocially

d. only women who react to being help with gratitude are more likely to act prosocially

e. gratitude has no effect on maintaining romantic relationships

43. According to the textbook:

a. women are on average more empathic than men and more willing to help others

b. women are on average less empathic than men, and are less willing to help others

c. there is no clear evidence that women are any more empathic than men

d. men seem more willing than women to help highly dependent people

e. men typically describe themselves as being more empathic than women

44. Research indicates that those who are __________ are more likely to act in a prosocial manner.

a. ‘internal’ in terms of locus of control

b. low in need for approval

c. high in propensity for feeling guilty

d. low in self-control

e. all of the above

45. Gender roles influence helping behaviour in that:

a. males are expected to be protective of subordinates

b. females are expected to be more nurturant and caring

c. men are considered to be responsible for rescuing people who are in difficulty

d. women are taught to avoid strangers

e. all of the above

46. What does research indicate regarding the role of gender differences in prosocial behaviour?

a. females are more helpful than males

b. gender is unrelated to helping

c. generally, males are more helpful than females, although there is a great deal of inconsistency in this regard from one study to another

d. on the whole, females are more helpful than males, although there is a great deal of inconsistency from study to study

e. males are less likely than females to help strangers

47. With regard to religious orientation and prosocial behavior:

a. intrinsically oriented religious people tend to help only those of the same faith

b. intrinsically oriented religious people help only when asked to help

c. intrinsically oriented religious people provide help even when it is not wanted

d. people who view religion as an open-ended quest for values provide help regardless of the circumstance

e. people who view religion as an open-ended quest for values tend to help those with similar values

48. One reason given in the text to explain why rural people may be more prone than city people to offer assistance to people in need is that:

a. city dwellers are used to having to take charge in emergencies, and become blase about it

b. it is more likely that the stranger needing assistance in a city will belong to an unfamiliar group, whereas there is less diversity among people in rural areas

c. country dwellers are less in a hurry

d. both a and b

e. both a and c

49. Why is forgiveness important?

a. allows people in groups to continue to cooperate

b. improves physical and mental health

c. promotes empathy

d. restores victims sense of empowerment

e. all of the above

50. Research shows that ____ can promote forgiveness.

a. begging forgiveness

b. norm of reciprocity

c. high levels of personal anxiety

d. acknowledging responsibility for the transgression

e. all of the above

51. Research indicates that what brain mechanism relates to forgiveness?

a. prefrontal cortex

b. hypothalamus

c. straite nucleus

d. executive functioning

e. none of the above

52. Which of the following is not a characteristic of an emergency situation?

a. they are typically situations where one needs considerable training in order to react appropriately

b. they are rare

c. the external rewards for intervening are often non-existent

d. they are unpredictable and therefore difficult to prepare for

e. they vary widely in their form and in terms of what response is appropriate

53. According to the ‘volunteer process model’ developed by Omato and Snyder, the following factors influence the original decision to volunteer:

a. personal motives

b. social needs

c. current circumstances

d. both a and b

e. all of the above

54. The bystander effect is brought about in an emergency situation by:

a. the presence of others

b. increased galvanic skin response

c. apathy

d. vicarious gratification of sadistic impulses

e. insufficient reinforcement

55. With regard to emergency situations:

a. because norms are vague and conflicting, they are not useful guides to how to respond

b. the bystander effect is produced in part by the norm that tells people to mind their own business

c. norms have a major influence on the way bystanders react

d. the bystander effect reflects a breakdown in social norms

e. both b and c

56. The more people there are present (up to a point), the less likely it is that anyone will help. This is known as:

a. depersonalization

b. negative empathy

c. deindividuation

d. responsibility diffusion

e. the bystander effect

57. In the Latané and Rodin (1969) experiment in which participants apparently heard a woman in an adjacent room fall from a chair, it was found that the bystander effect was reduced when:

a. the participants were strangers to one another

b. an authority figure was among the participants

c. the participants were friends

d. the participants were of the same sex

e. the magnitude of the victim's apparent distress was increased

58. In the Latané and Rodin (1969) experiment in which participants apparently heard a woman in an adjacent room fall from a chair, most participants who did not intervene later indicated that:

a. they badly wanted to help but were afraid they might look foolish

b. they felt that it was not their business to do anything

c. they thought that someone else would react appropriately

d. they were unsure about what had happened, or believed that nothing serious had occurred

e. both a and b

59. In Latané and Darley's experiment in which smoke seeped into the room:

a. participants ignored the smoke at first, and then in just about every case, once the smoke was relatively dense, went to report it

b. even in the condition in which each subject was alone in the room, not all participants left the room

c. participants did not leave the room, but took action to try to block the entry of the smoke

d. when two or more participants were together in the room, they quickly took appropriate action

e. no bystander effect was observed because each subject was personally in a state of possible risk, rather than simply being an observer

60. When Ross and Braband (1973) used a blind confederate in an experiment in which the confederate and the subject worked in a room into which smoke was introduced:

a. when the smoke was odourless, the subject responded just as quickly on average as did participants in a control condition working alone

b. when the smoke was accompanied by a scream from outside the room, the participants were inhibited to the same extent as were participants working with a sighted confederate

c. there was no bystander effect because the participants were not concerned about acting inappropriately because the blind man could not see them

d. both a and c

e. both a and b

61. We are less likely to help when there are non-responding others around because:

a. we want to do what others do

b. we do not care about the victim

c. we do not have the time to help

d. we are looking for an excuse not to help

e. their inaction suggests to us that this is not an emergency

62. In the experiment in which a subject was apparently having an epileptic seizure, Darley and Latané (1968) found that:

a. the fewer people there were present, the more likely it was that someone would try to help

b. the fewer people there were present, the longer it took for someone to offer help

c. the more people there were present, the more likely it was that someone would offer help

d. the more people there were present, the more likely it was that people became apathetic

e. people with experience in helping people with epilepsy were most likely to help

63. In the study in which a confederate pretended to be having an epileptic seizure:

a. participants in the three person groups reported the emergency more often and more quickly than did participants in the six person groups

b. participants in the three person groups reported the emergency more often and more quickly than did participants in the two person groups

c. there was no effect of group size on response rate, since all participants interacted only through an intercom, and therefore there was no bystander effect

d. lack of responding was attributed to ambiguity of the situation

e. lack of responding was attributed to fear of looking foolish

64. Which of the following is not suggested by the text as being a possible explanation for the bystander effect?

a. misperceiving the emergency situation as a non-emergency

b. diffusion of responsibility

c. fear of looking foolish

d. apathy

e. both apathy and fear of looking foolish

65. With regard to the bystander effect, what has been suggested as the most likely factor increasing the ambiguity of the situation?

a. the inability of the victim to explain what has happened

b. the presence of other witnesses who do not respond

c. the characteristics of the victim

d. a steady diet of television violence

e. the person needing help is not from the bystander's own ethnic group

66. When there is diffusion of responsibility:

a. helping behaviour is more likely to occur

b. people tend to be more generous

c. a bystander may assume that someone else has already taken necessary action

d. the responsibility lies squarely with the individual

e. people in groups then become more willing to help

67. When many people watch a person being attacked, no one person bears the guilt for not helping. This relates to:

a. deindividuation

b. diffusion of responsibility

c. the norm of equity

d. apathy

e. depersonalization

68. You are running to catch a bus and happen to trip and fall, breaking your leg. According to research on the bystander effect, a stranger who sees your plight will be more likely to offer help if there are __________ others present.

a. two

b. four

c. no

d. ten

e. six

69. Latané and Darley attempted to explain people's failure to intervene in cases like that of Kitty Genovese in terms of:

a. a mood factor

b. time constraints

c. personality traits

d. situational influences

e. selfish genes

70. Which of the following is not one of the steps in Darley and Latané 's model of the intervention process?

a. noticing the situation

b. interpreting the situation as an emergency

c. weighing the costs and benefits of helping

d. selecting an appropriate action

e. deciding whether or not one has a responsibility to intervene

71. In the study conducted in New York in which a confederate of the experimenter collapsed on a moving subway car, it was found that:

a. the bystander effect occurred in all conditions

b. the ‘ill’ person received help in 95% of the trials

c. in the ‘drunk’ condition, almost no one offered help

d. the bystander effect was unexpectedly found only in the ‘ill’ condition

e. both the ‘ill’ and ‘drunk’ persons received help equally often

72. According to the text, why was there a difference between the results of Darley and Latané's laboratory research and Piliavin's field experiment?

a. in the Piliavin study, the victim was in full view

b. the natural groups were considerably larger than the laboratory groups

c. it was much more difficult for the participants in the Piliavin study to leave the area than it was for participants in the Latané and Darley studies

d. all of the above

e. none of the above

73. Amanda is on her way to the cinema. Near the cinema, she sees a man fall over at the edge of the sidewalk. Given the research discussed in the textbook, she is more likely to try to be of assistance if:

a. she thinks the man has had a heart attack than if she thinks he has simply tripped

b. if she thinks the man is drunk rather than if she thinks he has simply tripped

c. she sees the man from across the street

d. there are other people who also witness the fall

e. she is a keen movie-goer, but knows that she can see the movie another time, if she has to

74. In a study in which a confederate collapsed, holding either his chest or his knees, and either in the pathway of a pedestrian or across the street from the pedestrian, it was found that:

a. more people approached to offer assistance in the apparent coronary condition

b. a fat confederate who clutched his chest was more likely to receive aid than a non-obese confederate

c. almost no one offered help in the bad knee condition, regardless of whether the fall occurred in their pathway or across the street

d. both a and b

e. a, b, and c

75. Which model involves weighing the costs and rewards of helping against the costs and rewards of not helping?

a. the Piliavin model of intervention

b. the Latané -Darley intervention model

c. the diffusion of responsibility model

d. the norm of reciprocity model

e. the cognitive processing model

76. According to the rewards-costs analysis of helping behavior:

a. the characteristics of the person in distress play no role in influencing our arousal level

b. the degree of closeness between the person in need and the bystander plays no role in whether or not help will be given

c. emotional arousal is a significant factor in determining the reaction of the bystander

d. costs play a more important role than rewards

e. people with high empathy are unaffected by considerations of rewards and costs

77. Which of the following may well be a cost of helping in some situations?

a. embarrassment or unpleasantness

b. lowered self-esteem

c. physical threat or pain

d. guilt

e. both a and c

78. The Piliavin model of intervention predicts that:

a. the probability of helping increases as a function of the cost of not helping

b. the probability of taking action of some kind increases as arousal increases

c. the probability of helping is positively related to the cost of helping

d. a and b

e. b and c

79. People tend to help each other when:

a. it is easy to escape the situation

b. it is difficult to escape the situation

c. the victim is drunk

d. in ambiguous situations

e. the victim does not want help

80. What makes teaching children how to respond in case of an emergency difficult?

a. emergencies are difficult to plan for

b. it is difficult to define what an emergency is

c. children would rather play

d. children do not listen to their parents

e. a and b

81. According to the Piliavin intervention model, when the net costs for not helping are low and the net costs for helping are also low you might expect from a bystander:

a. direct help

b. indirect help

c. response as a function of personality

d. running away or apparently ignoring

e. none of the above

82. In certain conditions may actually promote bystander helping, such as:

a. when the bystanders are all friends

b. when the bystanders are all strangers

c. when the bystanders are all men

d. when the bystanders are all women

e. when diffusion of responsibility occurs

83. According to the textbook, which of the following is a way that we can encourage more bystander intervention?

a. removing legal risks to those who help

b. giving children the responsibility for helping others in the home

c. giving children practice at being leaders

d. teaching children that it is all right to break the rules in some circumstances

e. all of the above

84. According to the experiment by Fischer et al. (2006), what happened to the bystander effect if there is danger or personal risk?

a. participant more likely to help if alone

b. participant more likely to help if with another person

c. the bystander effect was eliminated

d. participant more likely to run away if with other people

e. participant more likely to help if armed

85. According to the meta-analysis by Fischer et al. (2011) of bystander intervention research, what happens when the situation is clearly dangerous to the potential bystander?

a. intervention decreases as the number of bystanders increases

b. intervention increases as the number of bystanders increases

c. arousal is increased if there is actual risk to the bystander

d. arousal is decreased if there is actual risk to the bystander

e. both b and c

86. Which factor is NOT included in the Piliavin reward/cost model?

a. number of other people present

b. reactions of other bystanders

c. characteristics of the person in distress

d. degree of closeness between the person in distress and the bystander

e. external rewards offered by society

87. Which of the following is a factor in determining who will or will not be helped?

a. physical attractiveness of the beneficiary

b. attributions of the helper about the person in need

c. degree of apparent need

d. perceived similarity between the helper and the beneficiary

e. all of the above

88. Which of the following are types of heroism defined by Franco, Blau & Zimbardo (2011)

a. martial

b. civil, not associated with the individual’s normal activities

c. social, not physical danger but risk of other negative consequences

d. all of above

e. both a and b

89. Feeling obliged to help someone:

a. makes us resent the help we give

b. increases our desire to help

c. makes us happy to help

d. makes no difference in help given

e. makes us refuse to help

90. A recipient of a donation may feel negatively towards the donor if:

a. the donor obliges repayment

b. the cost to the donor is perceived to be low

c. the donor's actions threaten the recipient's self-esteem

d. the donor is a friend

e. both a and c

91. Participants have been found to give more positive evaluations to ‘donors’ who:

a. oblige them to repay the donation

b. do not expect any pay back

c. show more emotion in reaction to the subject's plight

d. give them more than they have requested

e. who give them less than they have requested

92. In a study of heroes who rescued Jews from the Nazis, Oliner & Oliner (1988) found which of the following motivations involved?

a. empathy for the suffering of the Jews

b. social norms of their church or other group

c. a moral code of social responsibility

d. all of the above

e. both a and c, not b

93. Why is heroism difficult to define?

a. it is difficult to assess actual risk in any given situation

b. not all societies have notions of heroism

c. it is difficult to distinguish between heroism and attention-seeking

d. the concept is based on perceptions and attributions rather than any specific behaviour

e. all of the above

94. With regard to heroism:

a. heroism has been a male concept, defined in stereotypically male terms

b. women's role pushes them to be particularly concerned with their children's welfare, and they are not considered heroic if they risk their lives in rescue of their children

c. women are just as heroic as men, but typically try to avoid taking credit

d. both a and b

e. both a and c

95. Which of the following is true about heroism?

a. almost all recognized acts of heroism have been carried out by men

b. heroism tends to be defined in terms of the male gender role

c. females are more likely to take indirect rather than direct action

d. in a majority of cases, heroes act alone

e. all of the above

96. The ‘Scarlet Pimpernel phenomenon’ refers to:

a. individuals who risk their lives to save strangers from state tyranny

b. people who are embarrassed by public recognition of their heroics

c. people who go into hiding rather than take risks in trying to save other people in the face of state tyranny

d. bystander apathy

e. both c and d

97. A medal from the Carnegie Hero Commission will probably not be given to:

a. someone who rescues a family member

b. someone who dies while attempting a rescue

c. emergency personnel

d. a person acting alone

e. a and c

98. London (1970) identified some personal characteristics shared by those who rescued Jews from the Nazis, including which of the following?

a. fondness for adventure and excitement

b. social marginality

c. strong identification with a very moralistic parent

d. all of the above

e. none of the above

99. A ‘morally motivated rescuer’ rescued people whom:

a. they liked

b. they did not like

c. they knew

d. they did not know

e. all of the above

100. An important characteristic of ‘fully committed’ American civil rights workers in the 50s and 60s was

a. empathy based on emotional attachment to specific victims

b. the desire to see oneself as a hero

c. being taught to believe in certain principles

d. being taught by parents to act on their principles

e. c and d