Chapter 6 Test Questions & Answers Learning - Test Bank | Real World Psychology 3e by Catherine A. Sanderson. DOCX document preview.
Real World Psychology, 3e (Sanderson)
Chapter 6 Learning
1) A relatively permanent change in behavior or mental processes resulting from experience is called ________.
A) training
B) knowledge
C) intuition
D) learning
Diff: 1
Bloom's: Knowledge
Section Reference: 6.1 Classical Conditioning
APA: Goal 1: Knowledge Base in Psychology
APA: LO 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology
2) Marta, a first-year student at a large university, just arrived on campus. She was pretty sure she knew how to get around the campus, since she had a gone on a tour the previous spring, but, much to her embarrassment, got thoroughly lost several times on her first day, and was late for two classes. For the rest of the week, she carried a map with her, and soon found that she was able to find her way around campus without the map. What characteristic of learning does this demonstrate most clearly?
A) Learning causes a physiological change in the brain.
B) Learning requires some form of reinforcement.
C) Learning is only relatively permanent.
D) Learning leads to changes in behaviors or mental processes.
Diff: 2
Bloom's: Application
Section Reference: 6.1 Classical Conditioning
APA: Goal 1: Knowledge Base in Psychology
APA: LO 1.3 Describe applications of psychology
3) Which type of learning involves coming to understand that two events occur or happen together?
A) applied
B) correlational
C) conjunctive
D) associative
Diff: 1
Bloom's: Knowledge
Section Reference: 6.1 Classical Conditioning
APA: Goal 1: Knowledge Base in Psychology
APA: LO 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology
4) In the initial stage of classical conditioning, what is paired with the US to produce learning?
A) CS
B) UR
C) CR
D) NS
Diff: 2
Bloom's: Knowledge
Section Reference: 6.1 Classical Conditioning
APA: Goal 1: Knowledge Base in Psychology
APA: LO 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology
5) By academic training, Ivan Pavlov was a ________.
A) psychologist
B) medical doctor
C) physiologist
D) urologist
Diff: 1
Bloom's: Knowledge
Section Reference: 6.1 Classical Conditioning
APA: Goal 1: Knowledge Base in Psychology
APA: LO 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology
6) In Pavlov's original classical conditioning experiments, the ________ was the neutral stimulus, the ________ was the stimulus that would elicit a reflex, and ________ was the reflexive response.
A) meat powder; tone; salivation
B) salivation; meat powder; sounding the tone
C) tone; meat powder; salivation
D) meat powder; salivation; sounding the tone
Diff: 3
Bloom's: Application
Section Reference: 6.1 Classical Conditioning
APA: Goal 1: Knowledge Base in Psychology
APA: LO 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology
7) Which type of stimuli and responses, such as salivating at the sight of food, are unlearned?
A) unconditioned
B) conditioned
C) neutral
D) operant
Diff: 2
Bloom's: Comprehension
Section Reference: 6.1 Classical Conditioning
APA: Goal 1: Knowledge Base in Psychology
APA: LO 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology
8) Which of these is an unlearned, reflexive reaction evoked by an unconditioned stimulus that occurs without previous conditioning?
A) primary reaction
B) neutral response
C) unconditioned response
D) classical response
Diff: 2
Bloom's: Knowledge
Section Reference: 6.1 Classical Conditioning
APA: Goal 1: Knowledge Base in Psychology
APA: LO 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology
9) Any event that elicits an unconditioned response without previous conditioning is a(n) ________.
A) instinctive stimulus
B) unconditioned stimulus
C) operant stimulus
D) rewarding stimulus
Diff: 1
Bloom's: Knowledge
Section Reference: 6.1 Classical Conditioning
APA: Goal 1: Knowledge Base in Psychology
APA: LO 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology
10) An event that, before conditioning, does not naturally bring about the response of interest is called a(n) ________.
A) neutral stimulus
B) instinctive stimulus
C) unconditioned stimulus
D) conditioned stimulus
Diff: 2
Bloom's: Knowledge
Section Reference: 6.1 Classical Conditioning
APA: Goal 1: Knowledge Base in Psychology
APA: LO 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology
11) Which type of conditioning occurs when a neutral stimulus becomes associated with an unconditioned stimulus to elicit a conditioned response?
A) operant
B) instinctive
C) classical
D) latent
Diff: 3
Bloom's: Knowledge
Section Reference: 6.1 Classical Conditioning
APA: Goal 1: Knowledge Base in Psychology
APA: LO 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology
12) A previously neutral stimulus that, through repeated pairings with an unconditioned stimulus, produces a conditioned response is now called a(n) ________.
A) conditioned stimulus
B) primary stimulus
C) secondary stimulus
D) operant stimulus
Diff: 2
Bloom's: Knowledge
Section Reference: 6.1 Classical Conditioning
APA: Goal 1: Knowledge Base in Psychology
APA: LO 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology
13) After being shocked for the last ten days when kissing your wife, you now feel mildly anxious whenever you approach her to give her a kiss. In classical conditioning, your wife was a(n) ________ stimulus ten days ago and has now become a(n) ________ stimulus.
A) unconditioned; conditioned
B) unconditioned; neutral
C) neutral; unconditioned
D) neutral; conditioned
Diff: 3
Bloom's: Application
Section Reference: 6.1 Classical Conditioning
APA: Goal 1: Knowledge Base in Psychology
APA: LO 1.3 Describe applications of psychology
14) A new donut shop just opened up near campus and Lucius, who very much likes donuts, wants to try it, but he is somewhat put off by their bags and boxes, which have a neon-colored, tie-dyed pattern. He gets a small box of donuts anyway, and they are absolutely wonderful, so he picks more up every few days. Now, when Lucius sees the neon tie-dyed pattern, he actually salivates. Which term correctly describes his current response to the tie-dyed pattern?
A) secondary response
B) conditioned response
C) neutral reaction
D) operant response
Diff: 3
Bloom's: Application
Section Reference: 6.1 Classical Conditioning
APA: Goal 1: Knowledge Base in Psychology
APA: LO 1.3 Describe applications of psychology
15) In classical conditioning, which of these is considered to be the inborn response that does not require learning?
A) CR
B) UR
C) US
D) CS
Diff: 2
Bloom's: Comprehension
Section Reference: 6.1 Classical Conditioning
APA: Goal 1: Knowledge Base in Psychology
APA: LO 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology
16) Which of the following develops during the course of conditioning, and is similar to the unconditioned response?
A) US
B) CS
C) CR
D) NS
Diff: 3
Bloom's: Comprehension
Section Reference: 6.1 Classical Conditioning
APA: Goal 1: Knowledge Base in Psychology
APA: LO 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology
17) Eli's grandmother gives him a Tootsie Roll every time she visits. After several visits, Eli's mouth begins to water as soon as he sees his grandmother. In this example, the conditioned stimulus (CS) is ________.
A) hunger
B) grandmother
C) the Tootsie Roll
D) the watering mouth
Diff: 3
Bloom's: Application
Section Reference: 6.1 Classical Conditioning
APA: Goal 1: Knowledge Base in Psychology
APA: LO 1.3 Describe applications of psychology
18) In the pizza box conditioning example in the text, before conditioning, the box is the ________, the pizza is the ________, and the salivation is the ________.
A) CS; US; CR
B) US; CS; UR
C) NS; US; UR
D) CS; UR; CR
Diff: 2
Bloom's: Application
Section Reference: 6.1 Classical Conditioning
APA: Goal 1: Knowledge Base in Psychology
APA: LO 1.3 Describe applications of psychology
19) A conditioned emotional response, such as fear, is an emotion that is ________.
A) operantly conditioned
B) evoked by a previously neutral stimulus
C) repeatedly rewarded
D) evoked by an unconditional stimulus
Diff: 2
Bloom's: Knowledge
Section Reference: 6.1 Classical Conditioning
APA: Goal 1: Knowledge Base in Psychology
APA: LO 1.3 Describe applications of psychology
20) In John Watson's demonstration of classical conditioning with Little Albert, the unconditioned stimulus was ________.
A) symptoms of fear
B) a rat
C) a bath towel
D) a loud noise
Diff: 2
Bloom's: Application
Section Reference: 6.1 Classical Conditioning
APA: Goal 1: Knowledge Base in Psychology
APA: LO 1.3 Describe applications of psychology
21) Approximately how many times in the Little Albert experiment was the rat paired with the loud noise to effectively evoke a conditioned emotional response?
A) 2
B) 7
C) 15
D) 27
Diff: 3
Bloom's: Knowledge
Section Reference: 6.1 Classical Conditioning
APA: Goal 1: Knowledge Base in Psychology
APA: LO 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology
22) Which of the following is a criticism of Watson and Rayner's Little Albert study?
A) They violated several of APA's ethnical guidelines for research.
B) They extinguished Little Albert's fear of the rat too soon.
C) Watson and Rayner did not measure Little Albert's fear of the rat subjectively.
D) The researchers had to pay Little Albert's parents, which reduced the validity.
Diff: 2
Bloom's: Evaluation
Section Reference: 6.1 Classical Conditioning
APA: Goal 3: Ethical & Social Responsibility in a Diverse World
APA: LO 3.1 Apply ethical standards to evaluate psychological science and practice
23) The findings of the Little Albert experiment helped make advancements in the treatment of what psychological disorder?
A) panic disorder
B) schizophrenia
C) phobias
D) generalized anxiety disorder
Diff: 1
Bloom's: Application
Section Reference: 6.1 Classical Conditioning
APA: Goal 1: Knowledge Base in Psychology
APA: LO 1.3 Describe applications of psychology
24) A combat veteran experiences an intense emotional reaction to a clap of thunder. His emotional response is an example of a ________.
A) CS
B) US
C) CER
D) UR
Diff: 3
Bloom's: Application
Section Reference: 6.1 Classical Conditioning
APA: Goal 1: Knowledge Base in Psychology
APA: LO 1.3 Describe applications of psychology
25) Which of the following describes an exaggerated and irrational fear of a specific object or situation?
A) compulsion
B) obsession
C) phobia
D) avoidance
Diff: 1
Bloom's: Knowledge
Section Reference: 6.1 Classical Conditioning
APA: Goal 1: Knowledge Base in Psychology
APA: LO 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology
26) A phobia is an exaggerated, irrational fear of an object or situation, which may also be thought of as a(n) ________.
A) unconditioned emotional response
B) conditioned anxiety response
C) conditioned emotional response
D) unconditional expressive response
Diff: 2
Bloom's: Comprehension
Section Reference: 6.1 Classical Conditioning
APA: Goal 1: Knowledge Base in Psychology
APA: LO 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology
27) When companies use attractive models to sell products, the attractive model acts as the ________.
A) CS
B) US
C) CR
D) UR
Diff: 2
Bloom's: Application
Section Reference: 6.1 Classical Conditioning
APA: Goal 1: Knowledge Base in Psychology
APA: LO 1.3 Describe applications of psychology
28) If wartime propaganda depicts the enemy as ugly, cruel, and somewhat less than human, then this type of propaganda would create ________.
A) a negative conditioned emotional response toward the enemy
B) a negative social learning environment toward the enemy
C) positive punishment toward the enemy
D) unconditional negative regard toward the enemy
Diff: 3
Bloom's: Application
Section Reference: 6.1 Classical Conditioning
APA: Goal 1: Knowledge Base in Psychology
APA: LO 1.3 Describe applications of psychology
29) In a Nike commercial that uses classical conditioning to increase sales, a famous, well-liked athlete is wearing a new brand of sneakers, in hopes that people will feel more positive toward the sneakers when seeing them in the store. What is the unconditioned stimulus in this situation?
A) sneakers
B) the athlete
C) being liked
D) increased sales
Diff: 3
Bloom's: Application
Section Reference: 6.1 Classical Conditioning
APA: Goal 1: Knowledge Base in Psychology
APA: LO 1.3 Describe applications of psychology
30) The occurrence of a learned response to stimuli that are similar to the original conditioned stimulus is called stimulus ________.
A) reconditioning
B) discrimination
C) generalization
D) extinction
Diff: 2
Bloom's: Knowledge
Section Reference: 6.1 Classical Conditioning
APA: Goal 1: Knowledge Base in Psychology
APA: LO 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology
31) A young child is bitten by a dog and then is afraid of all small animals that are the dog's approximate size. Which of the following describes this situation?
A) stimulus discrimination
B) extinction
C) reinforcement
D) stimulus generalization
Diff: 2
Bloom's: Application
Section Reference: 6.1 Classical Conditioning
APA: Goal 1: Knowledge Base in Psychology
APA: LO 1.3 Describe applications of psychology
32) When Little Albert learned to fear all small white animals and not only the white rat he was conditioned to fear, he was demonstrating ________.
A) stimulus generalization
B) extinction
C) reinforcement
D) stimulus discrimination
Diff: 3
Bloom's: Comprehension
Section Reference: 6.1 Classical Conditioning
APA: Goal 1: Knowledge Base in Psychology
APA: LO 1.3 Describe applications of psychology
33) Stimulus generalization can be accurately thought of as being the opposite of ________.
A) higher order conditioning
B) spontaneous recovery
C) extinction
D) stimulus discrimination
Diff: 2
Bloom's: Comprehension
Section Reference: 6.1 Classical Conditioning
APA: Goal 1: Knowledge Base in Psychology
APA: LO 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology
34) The occurrence of a learned response only to a specific stimulus, but not to other, similar stimuli is called stimulus ________.
A) generalization
B) extinction
C) differentiation
D) discrimination
Diff: 1
Bloom's: Knowledge
Section Reference: 6.1 Classical Conditioning
APA: Goal 1: Knowledge Base in Psychology
APA: LO 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology
35) Which of the following is an example of stimulus discrimination in classical conditioning?
A) Hank thinks all elderly drivers are slow and leave their blinkers on.
B) Sung-lee believes that everyone should wear their seat belts because she was hurt in an accident when she wasn't wearing one.
C) After an accident with a red car last month, Giorgio gets nervous when he sees a red car, but not when he sees a red truck or van.
D) Phoung is an aggressive driver and doesn't stop for yellow or red lights, even though she got a ticket for running one several months ago.
Diff: 3
Bloom's: Application
Section Reference: 6.1 Classical Conditioning
APA: Goal 1: Knowledge Base in Psychology
APA: LO 1.3 Describe applications of psychology
36) John was bitten by a German shepherd, and is now afraid of them, but he is not afraid of other types of dogs. John's experience is an example of ________.
A) stimulus discrimination
B) extinction
C) reinforcement
D) stimulus generalization
Diff: 2
Bloom's: Application
Section Reference: 6.1 Classical Conditioning
APA: Goal 1: Knowledge Base in Psychology
APA: LO 1.3 Describe applications of psychology
37) In classical conditioning, extinction ________.
A) is the gradual disappearance of a conditioned response
B) occurs when a CS is repeatedly presented without the NS
C) is the weakening of the association between the US and the UR
D) occurs when the NS disappears
Diff: 3
Bloom's: Knowledge
Section Reference: 6.1 Classical Conditioning
APA: Goal 1: Knowledge Base in Psychology
APA: LO 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology
38) If your dog was classically conditioned to wag his tail when you pick up a leash to go for a walk, what would extinguish this behavior?
A) taking him for a walk without his leash
B) repeatedly picking up the leash without taking him for a walk
C) using operant conditioning to teach him to recognize the word "walk"
D) Once learned, this behavior cannot be extinguished.
Diff: 1
Bloom's: Application
Section Reference: 6.1 Classical Conditioning
APA: Goal 1: Knowledge Base in Psychology
APA: LO 1.3 Describe applications of psychology
39) The reappearance of a previously extinguished conditioned response after a period of time without exposure to the conditioned stimulus is called ________.
A) a flashback
B) immediate recall
C) spontaneous recovery
D) sudden recall
Diff: 1
Bloom's: Knowledge
Section Reference: 6.1 Classical Conditioning
APA: Goal 1: Knowledge Base in Psychology
APA: LO 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology
40) Suppose you had extinguished your fear of spiders for a few months and then this week you suddenly gasped in horror and felt your heart pounding when you saw a small spider on your desk. Which of the following best describes the experience?
A) stimulus discrimination
B) stimulus generalization
C) phobic acquisition
D) spontaneous recovery
Diff: 1
Bloom's: Application
Section Reference: 6.1 Classical Conditioning
APA: Goal 1: Knowledge Base in Psychology
APA: LO 1.3 Describe applications of psychology
41) A couple broke up several years ago and, after time, no longer had any romantic feelings toward one another. However, last week the couple ran into each other at a concert and the romantic feelings started to reappear. This is an example of ________.
A) extinction
B) stimulus generalization
C) stimulus discrimination
D) spontaneous recovery
Diff: 2
Bloom's: Application
Section Reference: 6.1 Classical Conditioning
APA: Goal 1: Knowledge Base in Psychology
APA: LO 1.3 Describe applications of psychology
42) If a conditioned stimulus is reintroduced after a period of extinction, conditioning occurs much faster the second time. This is an example of ________.
A) reconditioning
B) classical conditioning
C) operant conditioning
D) stimulus generalization
Diff: 3
Bloom's: Knowledge
Section Reference: 6.1 Classical Conditioning
APA: Goal 1: Knowledge Base in Psychology
APA: LO 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology
43) When a neutral stimulus is paired with a previously conditioned stimulus to become a conditioned stimulus as well, this is called ________.
A) operant conditioning
B) vicarious conditioning
C) higher-order conditioning
D) tertiary conditioning
Diff: 2
Bloom's: Knowledge
Section Reference: 6.1 Classical Conditioning
APA: Goal 1: Knowledge Base in Psychology
APA: LO 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology
44) Which one of the following pairs occurs in higher-order conditioning?
A) NS-US
B) US-NS
C) NS-previously conditioned CS
D) NS-US-UR
Diff: 3
Bloom's: Comprehension
Section Reference: 6.1 Classical Conditioning
APA: Goal 1: Knowledge Base in Psychology
APA: LO 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology
45) If you wanted to use higher-order conditioning to get Little Albert to fear baby dolls, you would show him a baby doll with the ________.
A) loud noise
B) original unconditioned response
C) white rat
D) original conditioned response
Diff: 3
Bloom's: Application
Section Reference: 6.1 Classical Conditioning
APA: Goal 1: Knowledge Base in Psychology
APA: LO 1.3 Describe applications of psychology
46) Learning in which voluntary responses are controlled by their consequences is called ________.
A) cognitive conditioning
B) classical conditioning
C) operant conditioning
D) learning conditioning
Diff: 1
Bloom's: Knowledge
Section Reference: 6.2 Operant Conditioning
APA: Goal 1: Knowledge Base in Psychology
APA: LO 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology
47) The consequences that follow a given behavior are a critical element in ________.
A) operant conditioning
B) classical conditioning
C) cognitive conditioning
D) operant and classical conditioning
Diff: 2
Bloom's: Comprehension
Section Reference: 6.2 Operant Conditioning
APA: Goal 1: Knowledge Base in Psychology
APA: LO 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology
48) When you add or remove a stimulus after a behavior and the result is an increase in that behavior, you have used ________.
A) a positive operation
B) reinforcement
C) an operational directive
D) a discriminative stimulus
Diff: 1
Bloom's: Comprehension
Section Reference: 6.2 Operant Conditioning
APA: Goal 1: Knowledge Base in Psychology
APA: LO 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology
49) An event that increases the probability that a response will be repeated is called ________.
A) a positive operation
B) reinforcement
C) an operational directive
D) a discriminative stimulus
Diff: 1
Bloom's: Knowledge
Section Reference: 6.2 Operant Conditioning
APA: Goal 1: Knowledge Base in Psychology
APA: LO 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology
50) An event that decreases the likelihood that a response will be repeated is called ________.
A) a negative operant
B) punishment
C) negative reinforcement
D) a discriminative stimulus
Diff: 1
Bloom's: Knowledge
Section Reference: 6.2 Operant Conditioning
APA: Goal 1: Knowledge Base in Psychology
APA: LO 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology
51) When you add or remove a stimulus after a behavior and the result is a decrease in that behavior, you have used ________.
A) a negative operant
B) punishment
C) negative reinforcement
D) a discriminative stimulus
Diff: 1
Bloom's: Comprehension
Section Reference: 6.2 Operant Conditioning
APA: Goal 1: Knowledge Base in Psychology
APA: LO 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology
52) Which of the following is an example of Thorndike's law of effect?
A) A chicken keeps poking a bar with its beak even though it is shocked afterward.
B) A teenager's grades improve when he receives money for good grades.
C) A ball keeps rolling downhill because of the pull of gravity.
D) A cat keeps clawing the sofa despite being squirted with water every time it does this.
Diff: 1
Bloom's: Application
Section Reference: 6.2 Operant Conditioning
APA: Goal 1: Knowledge Base in Psychology
APA: LO 1.3 Describe applications of psychology
53) According to Thorndike's law of effect, the frequency of an action is ________.
A) decreased when followed by pleasant consequences
B) increased when followed by pleasant consequences
C) increased when followed by unpleasant consequences
D) increased with repetition
Diff: 1
Bloom's: Comprehension
Section Reference: 6.2 Operant Conditioning
APA: Goal 1: Knowledge Base in Psychology
APA: LO 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology
54) According to Skinner's view of operant conditioning, reinforcement and punishment must come ________.
A) after the response
B) before the response
C) at the same time as the response
D) before, during, or after the response
Diff: 2
Bloom's: Comprehension
Section Reference: 6.2 Operant Conditioning
APA: Goal 1: Knowledge Base in Psychology
APA: LO 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology
55) ________ increases the likelihood that a behavior will occur, whereas ________ decreases that likelihood.
A) Operant conditioning; classical conditioning
B) Higher-order conditioning; operant conditioning
C) Positive reinforcement; negative reinforcement
D) Reinforcement; punishment
Diff: 2
Bloom's: Comprehension
Section Reference: 6.2 Operant Conditioning
APA: Goal 1: Knowledge Base in Psychology
APA: LO 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology
56) Reinforcement and punishment are defined in terms of ________.
A) whether they are caused by intrinsic or extrinsic motives
B) whether they cause pleasure and pain
C) their adaptive significance
D) whether they increase or decrease responses that they follow
Diff: 3
Bloom's: Comprehension
Section Reference: 6.2 Operant Conditioning
APA: Goal 1: Knowledge Base in Psychology
APA: LO 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology
57) Tarani's father offered her a trip to Disney World if she got a 3.5 grade point average this year. In this example, the trip to Disney World is ________.
A) a negative reinforcer
B) a punishment
C) a primary reinforcer
D) a secondary reinforcer
Diff: 3
Bloom's: Application
Section Reference: 6.2 Operant Conditioning
APA: Goal 1: Knowledge Base in Psychology
APA: LO 1.3 Describe applications of psychology
58) Primary reinforcers ________.
A) are unlearned
B) rarely satisfy a biological need
C) decrease the probability of a response
D) are the same for all species
Diff: 2
Bloom's: Comprehension
Section Reference: 6.2 Operant Conditioning
APA: Goal 1: Knowledge Base in Psychology
APA: LO 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology
59) For most nonhuman animals, offering food after a desired response is usually a ________.
A) negative and secondary reinforcer
B) positive and secondary reinforcer
C) negative and primary reinforcer
D) positive and primary reinforcer
Diff: 3
Bloom's: Application
Section Reference: 6.2 Operant Conditioning
APA: Goal 1: Knowledge Base in Psychology
APA: LO 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology
60) Secondary reinforcers increase the probability of a response, and ________.
A) are learned stimuli that are rewarding
B) are less reinforcing than primary reinforcers
C) lose their reinforcing value over time
D) are more reinforcing than primary reinforcers
Diff: 2
Bloom's: Knowledge
Section Reference: 6.2 Operant Conditioning
APA: Goal 1: Knowledge Base in Psychology
APA: LO 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology
61) For most people, money and praise are ________.
A) primary reinforcers
B) anticipatory reinforcers
C) unnecessary reinforcers
D) secondary reinforcers
Diff: 2
Bloom's: Application
Section Reference: 6.2 Operant Conditioning
APA: Goal 1: Knowledge Base in Psychology
APA: LO 1.3 Describe applications of psychology
62) Adding a stimulus that strengthens or increases a response is called ________.
A) positive reinforcement
B) positive conditioning
C) primary reinforcement
D) operant reinforcement
Diff: 1
Bloom's: Knowledge
Section Reference: 6.2 Operant Conditioning
APA: Goal 1: Knowledge Base in Psychology
APA: LO 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology
63) Taking away a stimulus in order to strengthen or increases a response is called ________.
A) secondary punishment
B) primary punishment
C) negative reinforcement
D) primary reinforcement
Diff: 2
Bloom's: Knowledge
Section Reference: 6.2 Operant Conditioning
APA: Goal 1: Knowledge Base in Psychology
APA: LO 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology
64) The addition of a(n) ________ stimulus results in positive reinforcement; whereas the removal of a(n) ________ stimulus results in negative reinforcement.
A) desirable; unpleasant
B) primary; secondary
C) operant; classical
D) higher-order; lower-order
Diff: 3
Bloom's: Comprehension
Section Reference: 6.2 Operant Conditioning
APA: Goal 1: Knowledge Base in Psychology
APA: LO 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology
65) When you take aspirin to decrease the symptoms of a headache, the removal of pain is ________.
A) ineffective
B) secondary reinforcement
C) positive reinforcement
D) negative reinforcement
Diff: 3
Bloom's: Application
Section Reference: 6.2 Operant Conditioning
APA: Goal 1: Knowledge Base in Psychology
APA: LO 1.3 Describe applications of psychology
66) How are negative reinforcement and punishment related?
A) They are completely the same process and have the same intended outcome.
B) They are mostly the same process and have mostly similar outcomes.
C) They are somewhat the same process and have somewhat the same outcomes.
D) They are not the same process and have different outcomes.
Diff: 3
Bloom's: Comprehension
Section Reference: 6.2 Operant Conditioning
APA: Goal 1: Knowledge Base in Psychology
APA: LO 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology
67) Negative punishment ________ and negative reinforcement ________ the likelihood the response will continue.
A) decreases; decreases
B) increases; decreases
C) decreases; increases
D) increases; increases
Diff: 3
Bloom's: Comprehension
Section Reference: 6.2 Operant Conditioning
APA: Goal 1: Knowledge Base in Psychology
APA: LO 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology
68) A rat presses on a lever, and the electric shock to his feet is terminated. The rat continues to press on the lever. This is an example of ________.
A) positive reinforcement
B) negative reinforcement
C) positive punishment
D) negative punishment
Diff: 3
Bloom's: Application
Section Reference: 6.2 Operant Conditioning
APA: Goal 1: Knowledge Base in Psychology
APA: LO 1.3 Describe applications of psychology
69) When you add a stimulus that decreases the likelihood of a response recurring, you are engaged in ________. If you subtract a stimulus and the likelihood of a response is also decreased, you are engaged in ________.
A) negative reinforcement; negative punishment
B) positive reinforcement; negative punishment
C) positive punishment; negative punishment
D) positive punishment; negative reinforcement
Diff: 2
Bloom's: Comprehension
Section Reference: 6.2 Operant Conditioning
APA: Goal 1: Knowledge Base in Psychology
APA: LO 1.3 Describe applications of psychology
70) A Skinner box is the ________.
A) laboratory used by B. F. Skinner
B) classical conditioning container used by Pavlov
C) apparatus used to study classical conditioning
D) apparatus used to study the effects of reinforcement on animal behavior
Diff: 1
Bloom's: Knowledge
Section Reference: 6.2 Operant Conditioning
APA: Goal 1: Knowledge Base in Psychology
APA: LO 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology
71) George wants his son to stop pulling the dog's tail so George spanks his son every time his son pulls the dog's tail. What kind of operant conditioning is George using?
A) negative punishment
B) negative reinforcement
C) positive punishment
D) positive reinforcement
Diff: 2
Bloom's: Application
Section Reference: 6.2 Operant Conditioning
APA: Goal 1: Knowledge Base in Psychology
APA: LO 1.3 Describe applications of psychology
72) To prevent your children from swimming in the pool when you are not home, you inform them that they will lose television time for a week if they are caught in the pool when no adults are home. If you actually employ this punishment, you are using ________.
A) negative punishment
B) negative reinforcement
C) positive punishment
D) positive reinforcement
Diff: 2
Bloom's: Application
Section Reference: 6.2 Operant Conditioning
APA: Goal 1: Knowledge Base in Psychology
APA: LO 1.3 Describe applications of psychology
73) A child is given time-out away from toys and videos because she had a temper tantrum. This demonstrates ________.
A) negative punishment
B) negative reinforcement
C) positive punishment
D) positive reinforcement
Diff: 2
Bloom's: Application
Section Reference: 6.2 Operant Conditioning
APA: Goal 1: Knowledge Base in Psychology
APA: LO 1.3 Describe applications of psychology
74) Punishment can result in a(n)________.
A) increase in the target behavior
B) increase in aggression or passive aggressiveness
C) decrease in avoidance behavior
D) decrease in learned helplessness
Diff: 1
Bloom's: Comprehension
Section Reference: 6.2 Operant Conditioning
APA: Goal 1: Knowledge Base in Psychology
APA: LO 1.3 Describe applications of psychology
75) To be effective, punishment must be ________ and ________.
A) immediate; consistent
B) aggressive; immediate
C) varied; consistent
D) partial; intense
Diff: 1
Bloom's: Comprehension
Section Reference: 6.2 Operant Conditioning
APA: Goal 1: Knowledge Base in Psychology
APA: LO 1.3 Describe applications of psychology
76) The best motto for the timing of reinforcement or punishment is ________.
A) wait 'til your father gets home
B) haste makes waste
C) the sooner the better
D) you only live once
Diff: 2
Bloom's: Comprehension
Section Reference: 6.2 Operant Conditioning
APA: Goal 1: Knowledge Base in Psychology
APA: LO 1.3 Describe applications of psychology
77) Leslie has a problem with a coworker and dislikes them intensely. After the coworker misses a team meeting because of sickness, Leslie "accidentally" forgets to provide the team member with important updates about submitting travel and other reimbursement forms. This is an example of ________.
A) delayed aggression
B) learned aggression
C) passive aggressiveness
D) reaction formation
Diff: 3
Bloom's: Application
Section Reference: 6.2 Operant Conditioning
APA: Goal 1: Knowledge Base in Psychology
APA: LO 1.3 Describe applications of psychology
78) Simon repeatedly fails in his attempts to control his environment and makes no attempts to make his environment better. This is an example of ________.
A) grandiosity
B) learned helplessness
C) submissive behavior
D) underachievement
Diff: 1
Bloom's: Knowledge
Section Reference: 6.2 Operant Conditioning
APA: Goal 1: Knowledge Base in Psychology
APA: LO 1.3 Describe applications of psychology
79) Because Diane is unhappy, she often yells at her spouse, who now stays away from Diane as much as possible, staying late at work and making up errands to get out of the house. The spouse's actions are an example of ________.
A) avoidance behavior
B) temporary suppression
C) learned helplessness
D) passive aggressiveness
Diff: 1
Bloom's: Comprehension
Section Reference: 6.2 Operant Conditioning
APA: Goal 1: Knowledge Base in Psychology
APA: LO 1.3 Describe applications of psychology
80) Some parents use physical punishment of their children when the child hits, bites, or otherwise deliberately harms another child. The problem with such an approach is that by using physical force to get a desired response, the parents are ________.
A) shaping aggression
B) modeling aggression
C) chaining aggression
D) trialing aggression
Diff: 3
Bloom's: Application
Section Reference: 6.2 Operant Conditioning
APA: Goal 1: Knowledge Base in Psychology
APA: LO 1.3 Describe applications of psychology
81) The fact that drivers slow down when they see a police car and then speed up again after it has passed is an example of ________.
A) avoidance behavior
B) learned helplessness
C) temporary suppression
D) passive aggressiveness
Diff: 1
Bloom's: Application
Section Reference: 6.2 Operant Conditioning
APA: Goal 1: Knowledge Base in Psychology
APA: LO 1.3 Describe applications of psychology
82) Sarah misses her curfew and decides it is best not to enter her house using the front door, where her parents will be waiting for her, but to sneak in through the back door. This is an example of ________.
A) avoidance behavior
B) learned helplessness
C) temporary suppression
D) passive aggressiveness
Diff: 2
Bloom's: Application
Section Reference: 6.2 Operant Conditioning
APA: Goal 1: Knowledge Base in Psychology
APA: LO 1.3 Describe applications of psychology
83) The certain senior faculty member has been giving a junior faculty member a hard time, criticizing their research and teaching both to their face and behind their back. The junior faculty member doesn't want to say anything, fearing negative repercussions. However, when the senior faculty member gives a seminar, the junior shows up very late and is somewhat disruptive when entering. This is an example of ________.
A) avoidance behavior
B) learned helplessness
C) temporary suppression
D) passive aggressiveness
Diff: 1
Bloom's: Application
Section Reference: 6.2 Operant Conditioning
APA: Goal 1: Knowledge Base in Psychology
APA: LO 1.3 Describe applications of psychology
84) Two-year-old Rumiko started whining at the grocery store. The best way for her parents to extinguish this behavior is to praise her ________ when she is not whining at the store and leave the store ________.
A) consistently; every time she whines
B) most of the time; every other time she whines
C) some of the time; when they are done shopping
D) at home only; and never take her there again
Diff: 3
Bloom's: Application
Section Reference: 6.2 Operant Conditioning
APA: Goal 1: Knowledge Base in Psychology
APA: LO 1.3 Describe applications of psychology
85) The BEST method parents can use to get their children to do their chores is to ________.
A) punish them if they refuse
B) reward them before they do the chores
C) reward them after they do the chores
D) do the chores for them at first, so they can observe a model
Diff: 1
Bloom's: Application
Section Reference: 6.2 Operant Conditioning
APA: Goal 1: Knowledge Base in Psychology
APA: LO 1.3 Describe applications of psychology
86) Which of the following situations is the BEST example of prejudice being operantly conditioned?
A) Spencer's mother screamed at a homeless person, which scared Spencer.
B) Vidmar had a panic attack while taking an exam he had not studied for.
C) Cara's friends laugh when Cara tells a homeless woman to get a job.
D) James applies for a minority scholarship to a school that has mostly white students.
Diff: 2
Bloom's: Application
Section Reference: 6.2 Operant Conditioning
APA: Goal 1: Knowledge Base in Psychology
APA: LO 1.3 Describe applications of psychology
87) A program that designates the rate or interval at which a response is reinforced is called a ________.
A) schedule of reinforcement
B) reinforcement calendar
C) conditioning timetable
D) schedule of response
Diff: 2
Bloom's: Knowledge
Section Reference: 6.2 Operant Conditioning
APA: Goal 1: Knowledge Base in Psychology
APA: LO 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology
88) When someone reinforces a series of successive approximations of the desired response, they are engaged in ________.
A) the continuous reinforcement of a behavior
B) generalizing a behavior
C) discriminating a behavior
D) shaping a behavior
Diff: 3
Bloom's: Knowledge
Section Reference: 6.2 Operant Conditioning
APA: Goal 1: Knowledge Base in Psychology
APA: LO 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology
89) When your young son picks up a spoon, you clap. You laugh and applaud when he later brings the spoon toward his mouth. When he places the spoon in his mouth you hug and kiss him all over. It is MOST likely that you are ________.
A) using a variable ratio reinforcement technique
B) reinforcing learned helplessness
C) excited to see your son hasn't spilled any food
D) using shaping to teach your son to eat with a spoon
Diff: 2
Bloom's: Application
Section Reference: 6.2 Operant Conditioning
APA: Goal 1: Knowledge Base in Psychology
APA: LO 1.3 Describe applications of psychology
90) Continuous reinforcement occurs when ________.
A) all responses are rewarded
B) every incorrect response is ignored
C) every correct response is rewarded
D) all responses are conditioned
Diff: 1
Bloom's: Knowledge
Section Reference: 6.2 Operant Conditioning
APA: Goal 1: Knowledge Base in Psychology
APA: LO 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology
91) Partial reinforcement occurs when ________.
A) a reward is only partially reinforcing
B) rewards are alternated with punishment
C) some, but not all, correct responses are rewarded
D) some correct and some incorrect responses are rewarded
Diff: 3
Bloom's: Knowledge
Section Reference: 6.2 Operant Conditioning
APA: Goal 1: Knowledge Base in Psychology
APA: LO 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology
92) Continuous reinforcement is "better" when it comes to ________; partial reinforcement is "better" when it comes to ________.
A) initial learning of a behavior; resistance to extinction
B) spontaneous recovery; initial learning of a behavior
C) resistance to extinction; spontaneous recovery
D) resistance to extinction; initial learning of a behavior
Diff: 3
Bloom's: Comprehension
Section Reference: 6.2 Operant Conditioning
APA: Goal 1: Knowledge Base in Psychology
APA: LO 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology
93) The best way to get your son to take out the trash without being told would be to reward your son on a ________ schedule of reinforcement at first, then change to a ________ schedule.
A) fixed; variable
B) continuous; partial
C) ratio; interval
D) fixed; interval
Diff: 3
Bloom's: Application
Section Reference: 6.2 Operant Conditioning
APA: Goal 1: Knowledge Base in Psychology
APA: LO 1.3 Describe applications of psychology
94) When you put a quarter in a gum-ball machine, you receive ________ reinforcement; when you a quarter in a casino slot machine, you receive ________ reinforcement.
A) continuous; continuous
B) continuous; partial
C) partial; continuous
D) partial; partial
Diff: 2
Bloom's: Application
Section Reference: 6.2 Operant Conditioning
APA: Goal 1: Knowledge Base in Psychology
APA: LO 1.3 Describe applications of psychology
95) When reinforcement follows a predetermined number of responses, it is a ________ schedule of reinforcement; in a ________ schedule, reinforcement follows the first response after a predetermined period of time has elapsed.
A) fixed ratio; fixed interval
B) variable ratio; fixed interval
C) fixed interval; fixed ratio
D) partial; continuous
Diff: 3
Bloom's: Comprehension
Section Reference: 6.2 Operant Conditioning
APA: Goal 1: Knowledge Base in Psychology
APA: LO 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology
96) Which schedule of reinforcement provides reinforcement for a behavior in an unpredictable manner?
A) variable ratio
B) fixed interval
C) average interval
D) average ratio
Diff: 2
Bloom's: Knowledge
Section Reference: 6.2 Operant Conditioning
APA: Goal 1: Knowledge Base in Psychology
APA: LO 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology
97) A schedule of reinforcement in which rewards are received after an unpredictable amount of time has passed is called a ________.
A) mixed interval schedule
B) variable interval schedule
C) rotating interval schedule
D) variable ratio schedule
Diff: 1
Bloom's: Knowledge
Section Reference: 6.2 Operant Conditioning
APA: Goal 1: Knowledge Base in Psychology
APA: LO 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology
98) A professor gives a quiz, on average once a week, but he never tells students in advance when the quiz will be given. This is a ________.
A) fixed ratio schedule
B) variable ratio schedule
C) fixed interval schedule
D) variable interval schedule
Diff: 2
Bloom's: Application
Section Reference: 6.2 Operant Conditioning
APA: Goal 1: Knowledge Base in Psychology
APA: LO 1.3 Describe applications of psychology
99) A weekly paycheck is an example of which schedule of reinforcement?
A) fixed ratio schedule
B) variable ratio schedule
C) fixed interval schedule
D) variable interval schedule
Diff: 2
Bloom's: Application
Section Reference: 6.2 Operant Conditioning
APA: Goal 1: Knowledge Base in Psychology
APA: LO 1.3 Describe applications of psychology
100) Sometimes (but not always) Ellen receives a bonus after doing her job well. However, this keeps her maintaining maximum performance on the job. What type of schedule does this illustrate?
A) fixed ratio
B) variable ratio
C) fixed interval
D) variable interval
Diff: 3
Bloom's: Application
Section Reference: 6.2 Operant Conditioning
APA: Goal 1: Knowledge Base in Psychology
APA: LO 1.3 Describe applications of psychology
101) George gets paid on Fridays for a week's work; Mai Ling gets paid for every five wedding veils she completes. George is on a(n) ________ schedule of reinforcement, whereas Mai Ling is on a(n) ________ schedule.
A) fixed ratio; average interval
B) average ratio; variable ratio
C) average interval; variable interval
D) fixed interval; fixed ratio
Diff: 3
Bloom's: Application
Section Reference: 6.2 Operant Conditioning
APA: Goal 1: Knowledge Base in Psychology
APA: LO 1.3 Describe applications of psychology
102) Which reinforcement schedules produce the lowest levels of responding?
A) fixed ratio
B) variable ratio
C) fixed interval
D) variable interval
Diff: 3
Bloom's: Comprehension
Section Reference: 6.2 Operant Conditioning
APA: Goal 1: Knowledge Base in Psychology
APA: LO 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology
103) Which schedule produces the highest rates of responding?
A) fixed ratio
B) continuous
C) fixed interval
D) variable interval
Diff: 3
Bloom's: Comprehension
Section Reference: 6.2 Operant Conditioning
APA: Goal 1: Knowledge Base in Psychology
APA: LO 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology
104) Which schedule is most effective for maintaining behavior over the long term?
A) fixed ratio
B) variable ratio
C) fixed interval
D) variable interval
Diff: 3
Bloom's: Comprehension
Section Reference: 6.2 Operant Conditioning
APA: Goal 1: Knowledge Base in Psychology
APA: LO 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology
105) Generally, classical conditioning is ________; operant conditioning is ________.
A) active; passive
B) active; voluntary
C) passive; involuntary
D) passive; active
Diff: 2
Bloom's: Comprehension
Section Reference: 6.2 Operant Conditioning
APA: Goal 1: Knowledge Base in Psychology
APA: LO 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology
106) People who play slot machines keep playing even when they are losing money because reinforcement is being delivered on a ________.
A) variable interval schedule
B) fixed interval schedule
C) fixed ratio schedule
D) variable ratio schedule
Diff: 2
Bloom's: Application
Section Reference: 6.2 Operant Conditioning
APA: Goal 1: Knowledge Base in Psychology
APA: LO 1.3 Describe applications of psychology
107) Which of the following relies on operant conditioning to treat conditions like pain by allowing the patient to gauge their progress as they try various methods for alleviating the condition?
A) programmed instruction
B) biofeedback
C) biological monitoring
D) the law of effect
Diff: 1
Bloom's: Knowledge
Section Reference: 6.2 Operant Conditioning
APA: Goal 1: Knowledge Base in Psychology
APA: LO 1.3 Describe applications of psychology
108) Since biofeedback reinforces desired physiological changes that have beneficial results, the tone that indicates the desired physiological changes have occurred serves as a(n) ________.
A) secondary reinforcer
B) negative punisher
C) operant conditioner
D) programmed instruction
Diff: 3
Bloom's: Application
Section Reference: 6.2 Operant Conditioning
APA: Goal 1: Knowledge Base in Psychology
APA: LO 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology
109) Before Jamie takes a test in school he taps his pencil ten times on his head, then crosses his fingers for one minute. He believes this will help him get an "A" on his test. What is this type of behavior called?
A) redundant
B) ineffectual
C) supercilious
D) superstitious
Diff: 1
Bloom's: Application
Section Reference: 6.2 Operant Conditioning
APA: Goal 1: Knowledge Base in Psychology
APA: LO 1.3 Describe applications of psychology
110) One of the major differences between classical conditioning and operant conditioning is that operant conditioning is ________.
A) able to cause extinction of a behavior, which classical conditioning does not do
B) when the subject is engaged in passive learning
C) based on reinforcement being given prior to the desired response
D) subject to active learning based on voluntary responses and consequences
Diff: 2
Bloom's: Analysis
Section Reference: 6.2 Operant Conditioning
APA: Goal 1: Knowledge Base in Psychology
APA: LO 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology
111) Which theory of learning emphasizes the role of thinking and social learning in behavior?
A) social cognition theory
B) cognitive-social learning theory
C) social-behavioral theory
D) insight and thinking learning theory
Diff: 2
Bloom's: Knowledge
Section Reference: 6.3 Cognitive-Social Learning
APA: Goal 1: Knowledge Base in Psychology
APA: LO 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology's content domains
112) Cognitive-social theory emphasizes the connection between ________.
A) stimulus and response
B) stimulus, organism, and response
C) organism and response
D) stimulus and organism
Diff: 3
Bloom's: Comprehension
Section Reference: 6.3 Cognitive-Social Learning
APA: Goal 1: Knowledge Base in Psychology
APA: LO 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology's content domains
113) The chimpanzee in Köhler's insight experiment ________.
A) used trial and error to reach a banana placed just out of reach
B) turned its back on the banana out of frustration
C) sat for a while, then used a stick to bring the banana within reach
D) didn't like bananas and chose another fruit
Diff: 1
Bloom's: Knowledge
Section Reference: 6.3 Cognitive-Social Learning
APA: Goal 1: Knowledge Base in Psychology
APA: LO 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology
114) The sudden understanding of how a problem can be solved is called a(n) ________.
A) idea
B) inspiration
C) insight
D) awakening
Diff: 1
Bloom's: Knowledge
Section Reference: 6.3 Cognitive-Social Learning
APA: Goal 1: Knowledge Base in Psychology
APA: LO 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology
115) Which researchers were influential in early studies of cognitive learning?
A) William James and Ivan Pavlov
B) B. F. Skinner and Edward Thorndike
C) Wolfgang Köhler and Edward C. Tolman
D) Albert Bandura and John Watson
Diff: 1
Bloom's: Knowledge
Section Reference: 6.3 Cognitive-Social Learning
APA: Goal 1: Knowledge Base in Psychology
APA: LO 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology
116) The BEST definition of a cognitive map is ________.
A) a map that you describe using words rather than drawings
B) a mental image of a three-dimensional space that an organism has navigated
C) neuronal pathways produced when you think or learn something new
D) a method of studying that maps your thoughts in a logical manner
Diff: 1
Bloom's: Knowledge
Section Reference: 6.3 Cognitive-Social Learning
APA: Goal 1: Knowledge Base in Psychology
APA: LO 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology
117) Hidden learning that exists without behavioral signs until there is some reason to demonstrate it is called ________.
A) subliminal learning
B) subconscious learning
C) lucid learning
D) latent learning
Diff: 2
Bloom's: Knowledge
Section Reference: 6.3 Cognitive-Social Learning
APA: Goal 1: Knowledge Base in Psychology
APA: LO 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology
118) Almost every weekend you wander aimlessly through the mall not paying too much attention to the stores. When another shopper asks you where a particular store is and you know exactly where to direct them, you have demonstrated ________.
A) Köhler's insight learning
B) Tolman's latent learning
C) operant conditioning
D) social learning
Diff: 3
Bloom's: Application
Section Reference: 6.3 Cognitive-Social Learning
APA: Goal 1: Knowledge Base in Psychology
APA: LO 1.3 Describe applications of psychology
119) If you have never used the emergency exits in a theater, yet you know where they are located, you have experienced ________.
A) insight learning
B) latent learning
C) imitation
D) the law of effect
Diff: 2
Bloom's: Application
Section Reference: 6.3 Cognitive-Social Learning
APA: Goal 1: Knowledge Base in Psychology
APA: LO 1.3 Describe applications of psychology
120) When you learn something by watching others, you have experienced ________.
A) cognitive learning
B) social-cognitive learning
C) observational learning
D) operant learning
Diff: 1
Bloom's: Knowledge
Section Reference: 6.3 Cognitive-Social Learning
APA: Goal 1: Knowledge Base in Psychology
APA: LO 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology
121) Observational learning is also sometimes called ________.
A) modeling
B) social-cognitive learning
C) observational insight
D) observational cognition
Diff: 1
Bloom's: Knowledge
Section Reference: 6.3 Cognitive-Social Learning
APA: Goal 1: Knowledge Base in Psychology
APA: LO 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology
122) If a parent acts fearful when meeting people from a particular ethnic group, it is likely that their child will be upset when exposed to people from the same ethnic group. This is an example of how prejudice is acquired through ________.
A) shaping
B) classical conditioning
C) observational learning
D) latent learning
Diff: 2
Bloom's: Application
Section Reference: 6.3 Cognitive-Social Learning
APA: Goal 1: Knowledge Base in Psychology
APA: LO 1.3 Describe applications of psychology
123) Bandura's observational learning studies focused on how ________.
A) rats learn cognitive maps through exploration
B) children learn aggressive behaviors by observing aggressive models
C) cats learn problem solving through trial and error
D) chimpanzees learn problem solving through reasoning
Diff: 2
Bloom's: Knowledge
Section Reference: 6.3 Cognitive-Social Learning
APA: Goal 1: Knowledge Base in Psychology
APA: LO 1.3 Describe applications of psychology
124) A parent spanks their older child for hitting a younger sibling. According to observational learning principles, the parent is ________.
A) extinguishing a response by applying an unpleasant consequence
B) acting as a model for aggressive behavior
C) using negative reinforcement
D) conditioning the younger child vicariously
Diff: 3
Bloom's: Application
Section Reference: 6.3 Cognitive-Social Learning
APA: Goal 1: Knowledge Base in Psychology
APA: LO 1.3 Describe applications of psychology
125) Based on observational learning theory, which of the following is the BEST slogan for parents who want their children to adopt their standards of behavior?
A) Silence is golden.
B) Do as I say, not as I do.
C) Because I said so.
D) Follow my lead.
Diff: 2
Bloom's: Comprehension
Section Reference: 6.3 Cognitive-Social Learning
APA: Goal 1: Knowledge Base in Psychology
APA: LO 1.3 Describe applications of psychology
126) Based on observational learning research, which of the following is true?
A) Children who watch aggression are less likely to aggress because they have gotten it out of their systems.
B) Children will imitate an aggressive model who appears to receive a reinforcer as a result of the behavior.
C) Television aggression is not related to real-life aggression in children because they can tell the difference between fantasy and reality.
D) If you watched aggressive television when you were a child and it didn't make you more aggressive, this is evidence that aggressive TV does not influence children's behavior.
Diff: 2
Bloom's: Comprehension
Section Reference: 6.3 Cognitive-Social Learning
APA: Goal 1: Knowledge Base in Psychology
APA: LO 1.3 Describe applications of psychology
127) In Bandura's model of observational learning, the first step required for learning to take place is ________.
A) attention
B) retention
C) reproduction
D) motivation
Diff: 2
Bloom's: Knowledge
Section Reference: 6.3 Cognitive-Social Learning
APA: Goal 1: Knowledge Base in Psychology
APA: LO 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology
128) Four-year-old Matthew is very amused as he watches his cat Lucy rolling back and forth on the floor. He laughs out loud after watching, then drops to the ground and begins to imitate her playful behaviors. Which stage of Bandura's observational learning is occurring as Matthew reproduces the kitty's behavior?
A) the first stage
B) the second stage
C) the third stage
D) the fourth stage
Diff: 3
Bloom's: Application
Section Reference: 6.3 Cognitive-Social Learning
APA: Goal 1: Knowledge Base in Psychology
APA: LO 1.3 Describe applications of psychology
129) Compared to a rat raised in a deprived environment, a rat raised in an enriched environment typically develops ________.
A) pathological behavior patterns
B) a thicker cerebral cortex
C) more aggressive behavior
D) difficulties learning
Diff: 3
Bloom's: Knowledge
Section Reference: 6.4 Biology of Learning
APA: Goal 1: Knowledge Base in Psychology
APA: LO 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology
130) Compared to rats raised in deprives environment, rats raised in an enriched environment typically develop which one of the following?
A) predictable behavior patterns
B) more dendritic branching
C) decreased performance on learning tasks
D) fewer neurons
Diff: 3
Bloom's: Knowledge
Section Reference: 6.4 Biology of Learning
APA: Goal 1: Knowledge Base in Psychology
APA: LO 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology
131) Which neurons in the brain are known to fire when we watch someone else perform, and when we perform a movement we have watched someone else perform?
A) performance
B) imitation
C) latent
D) mirror
Diff: 1
Bloom's: Knowledge
Section Reference: 6.4 Biology of Learning
APA: Goal 1: Knowledge Base in Psychology
APA: LO 1.3 Describe applications of psychology
132) Mirror neurons in the brain are believed to be importantly involved in which of the following?
A) operant conditioning
B) superstitious behavior
C) aggressive acting out
D) imitation
Diff: 2
Bloom's: Knowledge
Section Reference: 6.4 Biology of Learning
APA: Goal 1: Knowledge Base in Psychology
APA: LO 1.3 Describe applications of psychology
133) Deficiencies in mirror neurons may explain some of the emotional issues associated with ________.
A) autism
B) depression
C) anxiety
D) dissociative personality disorder
Diff: 2
Bloom's: Comprehension
Section Reference: 6.4 Biology of Learning
APA: Goal 1: Knowledge Base in Psychology
APA: LO 1.3 Describe applications of psychology
134) Deficiencies in mirror neurons may explain some of the issues associated with ________.
A) schizophrenia
B) bipolar disorder
C) sexual dysfunctions
D) eating disorders
Diff: 2
Bloom's: Comprehension
Section Reference: 6.4 Biology of Learning
APA: Goal 1: Knowledge Base in Psychology
APA: LO 1.3 Describe applications of psychology
135) From an evolutionary perspective, which of these is an adaptation that enables us to survive and prosper in a constantly changing world?
A) optimism
B) learning
C) pessimism
D) hope
Diff: 3
Bloom's: Comprehension
Section Reference: 6.4 Biology of Learning
APA: Goal 1: Knowledge Base in Psychology
APA: LO 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology's content domains
136) A classically conditioned negative reaction to a particular taste that has been associated with nausea or other illness is known as ________.
A) a conditioned taste aversion
B) taste operancy
C) a negative taste response
D) a taste contingency
Diff: 3
Bloom's: Knowledge
Section Reference: 6.4 Biology of Learning
APA: Goal 1: Knowledge Base in Psychology
APA: LO 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology
137) Suppose you taught coyotes to avoid sheep by pairing a nausea-inducing drug with freshly killed sheep eaten by the coyotes. If you were able to save your flock of sheep using this method, you would probably want to give credit to the researchers who studied taste aversion, ________.
A) Garcia and Koelling
B) Watson and Rayner
C) Skinner and Thorndike
D) Bandura and Pavlov
Diff: 3
Bloom's: Application
Section Reference: 6.4 Biology of Learning
APA: Goal 1: Knowledge Base in Psychology
APA: LO 1.3 Describe applications of psychology
138) Which of the following refers to the idea that an organism has a built-in readiness to form associations between certain stimuli and responses?
A) learned disposition
B) biological preparedness
C) predispositional association
D) biological association
Diff: 1
Bloom's: Knowledge
Section Reference: 6.4 Biology of Learning
APA: Goal 1: Knowledge Base in Psychology
APA: LO 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology
139) Biological preparedness suggests that we would be MOST likely to develop a classically conditioned aversion to ________.
A) snakes
B) flowers
C) cats
D) sugar
Diff: 1
Bloom's: Comprehension
Section Reference: 6.4 Biology of Learning
APA: Goal 1: Knowledge Base in Psychology
APA: LO 1.3 Describe applications of psychology
140) Instinctive drift suggests that a species will favor natural instinctive behaviors to those being reinforced and, as a result, some behaviors cannot be ________.
A) positively conditioned for any lasting amount of time
B) negatively conditioned for any lasting amount of time
C) classically conditioned for any lasting amount of time
D) operantly conditioned for any lasting amount of time
Diff: 3
Bloom's: Comprehension
Section Reference: 6.4 Biology of Learning
APA: Goal 1: Knowledge Base in Psychology
APA: LO 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology
141) A biological constraint that occurs when an animal's conditioned responses revert back toward innate response patterns is called ________.
A) biological shift
B) instinctive drift
C) learned aversion
D) innate reflexive conversion
Diff: 3
Bloom's: Knowledge
Section Reference: 6.4 Biology of Learning
APA: Goal 1: Knowledge Base in Psychology
APA: LO 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology
142) In research, a chicken's innate pattern of running after food took precedence over its learned tendency to run toward a stationary object. This is an example of ________.
A) an autonomic reflex
B) classical conditioning
C) operant conditioning
D) instinctive drift
Diff: 2
Bloom's: Comprehension
Section Reference: 6.4 Biology of Learning
APA: Goal 1: Knowledge Base in Psychology
APA: LO 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology
143) For ten days in a row Frank felt a static electric shock when he walked across his carpeted office to switch on a light. Now he feels mildly anxious whenever he approaches the light switch. In classical conditioning, the light switch was a(n) ________ stimulus ten days ago, and has now become a(n) ________ stimulus.
A) unconditioned; conditioned
B) unconditioned; neutral
C) neutral; unconditioned
D) neutral; conditioned
Diff: 3
Bloom's: Application
Section Reference: 6.1 Classical Conditioning
APA: Goal 1: Knowledge Base in Psychology
APA: LO 1.3 Describe applications of psychology
144) ________ is an exaggerated, irrational fear of an object or situation, which may sometimes be thought of as a(n) ________.
A) A nightmare; conditioned dream response
B) An anxiety attack; immature response
C) A phobia; conditioned emotional response
D) Anxiety; unconditional expressive response
Diff: 3
Bloom's: Comprehension
Section Reference: 6.1 Classical Conditioning
APA: Goal 1: Knowledge Base in Psychology
APA: LO 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology
145) Mark and Kathy take their 2-year-old son to the supermarket every Saturday. Each week, the same sequence of events unfolds: Their son screams, demanding that they buy him treats. Although they refuse to give in to his demands, he continues to scream. Finally, either Mark or Kathy gets in their son's face and yells at the top of their lungs "Shut up!" He stops screaming instantly. What operant conditioning concepts are illustrated in this story?
A) The parents are using negative reinforcement to increase their son's screaming.
B) The parents are in a very dysfunctional marriage; their child's screaming is his way of trying to get his parents to remain married.
C) The parents are using punishment to suppress the screaming; their use of punishment is negatively reinforced by the cessation of screaming.
D) Their son probably learned how to scream by observing his parents at home, and now he is reinforced on a variable-interval schedule of reinforcement.
Diff: 3
Bloom's: Application
Section Reference: 6.2 Operant Conditioning
APA: Goal 1: Knowledge Base in Psychology
APA: LO 1.3 Describe applications of psychology
146) Tony sees a little boy crying and he begins to feels sad. At a biological level, what is the BEST explanation of what is happening?
A) Mirror neurons are firing.
B) Sensory neurons have been stimulated.
C) Dopamine is being released.
D) There is no biological explanation of empathy.
Diff: 3
Bloom's: Application
Section Reference: 6.4 Biology of Learning
APA: Goal 1: Knowledge Base in Psychology
APA: LO 1.3 Describe applications of psychology
147) Psychologists define ________ as any relatively permanent change in behavior or mental processes caused by experience.
Diff: 1
Bloom's: Knowledge
Section Reference: 6.1 Classical Conditioning
APA: Goal 1: Knowledge Base in Psychology
APA: LO 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology
148) When an organism involuntarily links a neutral stimulus to an unconditioned stimulus, they are in the ________ stage of classical conditioning.
Diff: 3
Bloom's: Knowledge
Section Reference: 6.1 Classical Conditioning
APA: Goal 1: Knowledge Base in Psychology
APA: LO 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology
149) In his Law of ________, Thorndike posited that behaviors that are followed by pleasant outcomes would be repeated, while those that were followed by unpleasant outcomes would not be repeated.
Diff: 2
Bloom's: Comprehension
Section Reference: 6.2 Operant Conditioning
APA: Goal 1: Knowledge Base in Psychology
APA: LO 1.3 Describe applications of psychology
150) Reina has been diagnosed with ________. Her physician explains to Reina's parents that part of the condition, a decreased ability to relate to others and to experience empathy, may come from a malfunctioning of mirror neurons.
Diff: 3
Bloom's: Application
Section Reference: 6.4 Biology of Learning
APA: Goal 1: Knowledge Base in Psychology
APA: LO 1.3 Describe applications of psychology
151) An innate readiness to form associations between certain stimuli and responses is called biological ________.
Diff: 3
Bloom's: Knowledge
Section Reference: 6.4 Biology of Learning
APA: Goal 1: Knowledge Base in Psychology
APA: LO 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology
152) Lauryn has an irrational fear of flying. Use classical conditioning theory to explain how she learned this fear. Provide a definition of each of the terms used in this theory, and indicate each term in Lauryn's conditioning.
Diff: 3
Bloom's: Application
Section Reference: 6.1 Classical Conditioning
APA: Goal 1: Knowledge Base in Psychology
APA: LO 1.3 Describe applications of psychology
153) Describe the processes of generalization, discrimination, extinction, spontaneous recovery, and higher-order conditioning in classical conditioning and operant conditioning. Use an example of each type of conditioning to illustrate your comparison.
Diff: 3
Bloom's: Knowledge
Section Reference: 6.1 Classical Conditioning
APA: Goal 1: Knowledge Base in Psychology
APA: LO 1.3 Describe applications of psychology
154) Imagine that you are a behavioral psychologist who wants to help parents increase their daughter's compliance in doing chores without being reminded. Develop a plan that will include both positive and negative reinforcement, and positive and negative punishment. Your plan must demonstrate your understanding of the effects of reinforcement and punishment on specific behavior.
Diff: 2
Bloom's: Application
Section Reference: 6.2 Operant Conditioning
APA: Goal 1: Knowledge Base in Psychology
APA: LO 1.3 Describe applications of psychology
155) Explain the importance of schedules of reinforcement in the effective use of reinforcement and punishment. Provide an example of each to illustrate your explanation. Which schedule is most effective, and why?
Diff: 3
Bloom's: Knowledge
Section Reference: 6.2 Operant Conditioning
APA: Goal 1: Knowledge Base in Psychology
APA: LO 1.3 Describe applications of psychology
156) Imagine that you want to teach your dog to "shake hands" with visitors. Design a program based on shaping to accomplish your goal.
Diff: 1
Bloom's: Application
Section Reference: 6.2 Operant Conditioning
APA: Goal 1: Knowledge Base in Psychology
APA: LO 1.3 Describe applications of psychology
157) Contrast classical and operant conditioning with regard to consequences, types of responses, and order of behaviors, illustrating your answer with an example of why someone in each learning condition would stop flying in airplanes.
Diff: 2
Bloom's: Comprehension
Section Reference: 6.2 Operant Conditioning
APA: Goal 1: Knowledge Base in Psychology
APA: LO 1.3 Describe applications of psychology
158) Explain the importance of Köhler and Tolman's research to human learning, and provide an example of how you might use insight and latent learning in your everyday life.
Diff: 3
Bloom's: Comprehension
Section Reference: 6.3 Cognitive-Social Learning
APA: Goal 1: Knowledge Base in Psychology
APA: LO 1.3 Describe applications of psychology
159) Define observational learning, including a description of the four processes that are essential for it to work, and note an example of observational learning from your own life.
Diff: 3
Bloom's: Evaluation
Section Reference: 6.3 Cognitive-Social Learning
APA: Goal 1: Knowledge Base in Psychology
APA: LO 1.3 Describe applications of psychology
160) Define biological preparedness and describe how it is related to classical and operant conditioning.
Diff: 3
Bloom's: Knowledge
Section Reference: 6.4 Biology of Learning
APA: Goal 1: Knowledge Base in Psychology
APA: LO 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology
161) Describe how the principles of classical conditioning, operant conditioning, and cognitive-social learning are involved in the acquisition of prejudice.
Diff: 3
Bloom's: Application
Section Reference: 6.1 Classical Conditioning; 6.2 Operant Conditioning; 6.3 Cognitive-Social Learning
APA: Goal 1: Knowledge Base in Psychology
APA: LO 1.3 Describe applications of psychology
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