Chapter 5 Socialization And Gender Roles Test Bank Docx

Chapter 5: Socialization and Gender Roles

5.1 Quick Quiz

1. __________ refers to the chromosomal, hormonal, anatomical, and other physiological attributes of an individual.
2. Race
3. Ethnicity
4. Gender
5. Sex

Learning Objective: 5.1 Define and illustrate the following concepts: sex, gender, gender identity, gender roles, gender stereotypes and transgender.

Topic: How Women and Men Are Similar and Different

Difficulty Level: Easy

Skill Level: Remember the Facts

1. Which of the following is true about gender roles?
   1. They are determined through interactions with one’s society.
   2. They are determined by people’s genes.
   3. They are innate and unchangeable.
   4. They are the biological characteristics of people.

Learning Objective: 5.1 Define and illustrate the following concepts: sex, gender, gender identity, gender roles, gender stereotypes and transgender.

Topic: How Women and Men Are Similar and Different

Difficulty Level: Easy

Skill Level: Remember the Facts

1. The hormone that is dominant in females and is produced by the ovaries is known as __________.
   1. androstenedione
   2. estrogen
   3. testosterone
   4. androgen

Learning Objective: 5.2 Describe the nature–nurture debate and the evidence for each perspective.

Topic: The Nature–Nurture Debate

Difficulty Level: Easy

Skill Level: Remember the Facts

1. Which theory maintains that people learn new attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors through social interaction as a result of reinforcement, imitation, and modeling?
   1. the rational-choice theory
   2. the social learning theory
   3. the cognitive development theory
   4. the sociobiology theory

Learning Objective: 5.3 Compare and evaluate five theoretical perspectives that explain why gender roles differ.

Topic: Why Do Gender Roles Differ?

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Remember the Facts

1. Jack states that parents treat their children in the same manner, irrespective of the sex of the child. However, Daniel argues otherwise and states that parents usually create gender-based discriminations. Which of the following true statements will strengthen Daniel's argument?
   1. Mothers usually expect the eldest child to shoulder more responsibilities than the youngest child.
   2. Mothers often give sons a greater degree of freedom to explore their environment when compared to daughters.
   3. Research indicates that there is a rising trend of fathers teaching their children to play outdoor sports.
   4. Studies show that boys and girls in most households help out their mothers in performing household chores.

Learning Objective: 5.4 Describe and illustrate five sources of learning gender roles.

Topic: How Do We Learn Gender Roles?

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Analyze It

1. Gary believes in the idea of equality between genders. He states that men and women should have shared breadwinning roles in a family. In this scenario, Gary’s belief is an example of __________.
   1. egalitarian ideologies
   2. patriarchal ideologies
   3. traditional gender role ideologies
   4. matriarchal ideologies

Learning Objective: 5.5 Explain how gender ideologies affect traditional and nontraditional gender roles.

Topic: Gender Ideologies and Traditional Gender Roles

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Apply What You Know

1. Amy, who recently got married, often plays the role of a kin-keeper. While growing up, she used to observe her mother play the role and now performs this role efficiently in her new family. Which of the following is Amy most likely doing as a part of the kin-keeper role?
   1. Amy is keeping her new home clean and organized.
   2. Amy is maintaining relationships with relatives.
   3. Amy is ensuring her family’s safety.
   4. Amy is providing financial security for her family.

Learning Objective: 5.5 Explain how gender ideologies affect traditional and nontraditional gender roles.

Topic: Gender Ideologies and Traditional Gender Roles

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Apply What You Know

1. Which of the following is most likely a reason why women in America prevent themselves from running for office?
   1. They do not see themselves as leaders.
   2. They require greater educational qualifications than men.
   3. They have strong leadership and decision-making qualities.
   4. They do not have equal legislative rights.

Learning Objective: 5.6 Describe and illustrate how gender roles vary in adulthood

Topic: Gender Roles in Adulthood

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

1. Which of the following is a recent change in women’s political empowerment in Saudi Arabia?
   1. Saudi Arabia has seen a decline in women empowerment but is still above all African nations.
   2. Like Egypt and Yemen, Saudi Arabia provides restricted voting rights for women.
   3. Women have come to represent about 40 percent of those in high-level political positions in the country.
   4. Saudi Arabia began to allow women to run as candidates in municipal elections.

Learning Objective: 5.7 Compare gender inequality across cultures.

Topic: Gender Inequality Across Cultures

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Analyze It

1. The Global Gender Gap Index __________.
2. is an overall measure of a country’s development
3. is an overall measure of a country’s wealth
4. gauges the relative equality between men and women
5. gauges the sex ratio in a nation

Learning Objective: 5.7 Compare gender inequality across cultures.

Topic: Gender Inequality Across Cultures

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

5.2 Test Questions

1. __________ refers to biological characteristics that determine whether people have male or female genitalia, whether they menstruate, how much body hair they have, and whether they are able to bear children.
2. Sex
3. Gender
4. Ethnicity
5. Race

Learning Objective: 5.1 Define and illustrate the following concepts: sex, gender, gender identity, gender roles, gender stereotypes and transgender.

Topic: How Women and Men Are Similar and Different

Difficulty Level: Easy

Skill Level: Remember the Facts

1. Many Mexican baby girls—but not boys—have pierced ears, and hairstyles and clothing for

American toddlers differ by sex. This is an example of an aspect of __________, which is learned in early childhood and usually remains relatively fixed throughout life.

1. gender identity
2. sex
3. gender Stereotypes
4. transgender identity

Learning Objective: 5.1 Define and illustrate the following concepts: sex, gender, gender identity, gender roles, gender stereotypes and transgender.

Topic: How Women and Men Are Similar and Different

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Apply What You Know

1. Which of the following is true of sex?
   1. It does not determine how we act.
   2. It defines how people think.
   3. It determines how people feel.
   4. It does not influence people’s behavior.

Learning Objective: 5.1 Define and illustrate the following concepts: sex, gender, gender identity, gender roles, gender stereotypes and transgender.

Topic: How Women and Men Are Similar and Different

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

1. __________ are expectations about how people will look, act, think, and feel based on their sex.
2. Gender identities
3. Sexes
4. Gender stereotypes
5. Transgender identities

Learning Objective: 5.1 Define and illustrate the following concepts: sex, gender, gender identity, gender roles, gender stereotypes and transgender.

Topic: How Women and Men Are Similar and Different

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Apply What You Know

1. Which of the following is true of gender?
   1. It is based on physical traits.
   2. It is based on cultural expectations.
   3. It is associated with anatomical differences.
   4. It is determined by genetic characteristics.

Learning Objective: 5.1 Define and illustrate the following concepts: sex, gender, gender identity, gender roles, gender stereotypes and transgender

Topic: How Women and Men Are Similar and Different

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

1. __________ refers to a person's perception of themselves as either masculine or feminine.
   1. Gender identity
   2. Gender stereotype
   3. Gender role
   4. Sex

Learning Objective: 5.1 Define and illustrate the following concepts: sex, gender, gender identity, gender roles, gender stereotypes and transgender.

Topic: How Women and Men Are Similar and Different

Difficulty Level: Easy

Skill Level: Remember the Facts

1. __________ refers to characteristics, attitudes, feelings, and behaviors that society expects of males and females.
   1. Sex
   2. Gender identity
   3. Gender role
   4. Race

Learning Objective: 5.1 Define and illustrate the following concepts: sex, gender, gender identity, gender roles, gender stereotypes and transgender.

Topic: How Women and Men Are Similar and Different

Difficulty Level: Easy

Skill Level: Remember the Facts

1. __________ refers to behaving in ways that are consistent with traditional masculine or feminine-typed expectations.
   1. Biological categorization
   2. Gender continuity
   3. Gender marginalization
   4. Doing gender

Learning Objective: 5.1 Define and illustrate the following concepts: sex, gender, gender identity, gender roles, gender stereotypes and transgender.

Topic: How Women and Men Are Similar and Different

Difficulty Level: Easy

Skill Level: Remember the Facts

1. In the nature–nurture debate, which of the following differences between males and females do biologists propose?
   1. Boys mature faster than girls.
   2. Boys become ill less frequently than girls.
   3. The sense of smell is more acute in women than in men.
   4. Men have a higher risk of developing diabetes than do women.

Learning Objective: 5.2 Describe the nature–nurture debate and the evidence for each perspective.

Topic: The Nature–Nurture Debate

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Remember the Facts

1. Social scientists and biologists attribute different factors for the differences in men and women’s behavior. Which of the following is a difference between their points of view?
   1. Social scientists believe that human development is innate, whereas biologists do not.
   2. Biologists state that human development is fairly fixed, whereas social scientists do not.
   3. Social scientists argue that human development is influenced by heredity, whereas biologists do not.
   4. Biologists state that human development is learned, whereas social scientists do not.

Learning Objective: 5.2 Describe the nature–nurture debate and the evidence for each perspective.

Topic: The Nature–Nurture Debate

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Analyze It

1. During a discussion about the effect of hormones, Carl states that hormones are more likely to be responsible for long-term ailments in men as opposed to women. Which of the following is a fact that that is likely to strengthen Carl's argument?
   1. Women are four times more likely than men to suffer from autism, attention deficit disorder, and dyslexia.
   2. Women undergo higher levels of stress than men.
   3. Testosterone in men strengthens muscles but also threatens the heart by clogging arteries.
   4. Research indicates that hormones have little or no impact on long-term ailments in men and women.

Learning Objective: 5.2 Describe the nature–nurture debate and the evidence for each perspective.

Topic: The Nature–Nurture Debate

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Analyze It

1. James believes that male violence rates across the world are determined by cultural attributes of a society. Which of the following is a fact that is most likely to strengthen James’s argument?
   1. Men are innately more violent and aggressive than women.
   2. Societies in which men are cooperative and sensitive, rarely engage in violence or warfare.
   3. Studies have shown that societies in which men are physiologically stronger have higher rates of crime.
   4. Research indicates that deviant behavior in individuals is determined by biological factors.

Learning Objective: 5.2 Describe the nature–nurture debate and the evidence for each perspective.

Topic: The Nature–Nurture Debate

Skill Level: Analyze It

Difficulty Level: Difficult

1. Male violence is more likely to occur in __________ societies.
   1. matriarchal
   2. patriarchal
   3. egalitarian
   4. classless

Learning Objective: 5.2 Describe the nature–nurture debate and the evidence for each perspective.

Topic: The Nature–Nurture Debate

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

1. Avery was born with both male and female sex organs. During early childhood, Avery’s parents decided to treat Avery as a boy. As an adult, Avery identified as a woman rather than as a man and underwent sex reassignment surgery. In this scenario, Avery is __________.
   1. a transvestite
   2. homosexual
   3. transsexual
   4. transgender

Learning Objective: 5.2 Describe the nature–nurture debate and the evidence for each perspective.

Topic: The Nature–Nurture Debate

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Apply What You Know

1. __________ argue that evolution and genetic factors can explain why men are generally more aggressive than women.
   1. Symbolic interactionists
   2. Feminists
   3. Sociobiologists
   4. Social learning theorists

Learning Objective: 5.3 Compare and evaluate five theoretical perspectives that explain why gender roles differ.

Topic: Why Do Gender Roles Differ?

Difficulty Level: Easy

Skill Level: Remember the Facts

1. Which of the following is a reason why sociobiological explanations of behavioral differences between males and females are controversial?
   1. They assume that male and female behaviors will vary considerably across cultures.
   2. They overlook the effect of evolution and genetic factors on human behavior.
   3. They ignore that practically every behavior is influenced by socialization and culture.
   4. They focus excessively on the effect of imitation and reinforcement on social interaction.

Learning Objective: 5.3 Compare and evaluate five theoretical perspectives that explain why gender roles differ.

Topic: Why Do Gender Roles Differ?

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

1. Dorothy, a teenager, is often expected to help out her mother with household chores. Her mother often scolds her when she does not help out. However, she notices that Harold, her brother, is never expected to perform any domestic chores. Dorothy soon learns that girls need to perform domestic chores whereas boys need not. Which of the following best represents this scenario?
   1. direct reinforcement
   2. indirect reinforcement
   3. role modeling
   4. imitation

Learning Objective: 5.3 Compare and evaluate five theoretical perspectives that explain why gender roles differ.

Topic: Why Do Gender Roles Differ?

Difficulty Level: Difficult

Skill Level: Apply What You Know

1. At school, Timothy notices that his friend Albert is teased by his classmates because he wore pink colored pants. They tease him saying, “Boys don’t wear pink. Don’t you know that?” After the incident, Timothy refuses to wear pink clothes. According to the social learning theory, Timothy is learning gender roles through __________.
   1. direct reinforcement
   2. indirect reinforcement
   3. role modeling
   4. imitation

Learning Objective: 5.3 Compare and evaluate five theoretical perspectives that explain why gender roles differ.

Topic: Why Do Gender Roles Differ?

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Apply What You Know

1. Kimberly watches her mother vacuum the house and asks for a toy vacuum so that she can also clean the house. According to the social learning theory, Kimberly is learning gender roles through __________.
   1. reinforcement
   2. imitation
   3. modeling
   4. maturation

Learning Objective: 5.3 Compare and evaluate five theoretical perspectives that explain why gender roles differ.

Topic: Why Do Gender Roles Differ?

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Apply What You Know

1. Which theory argues that children acquire male or female values on their own by thinking, reasoning, and interpreting information in their environment?
   1. the social learning theory
   2. the cognitive development theory
   3. the gender-schema theory
   4. the feminist theory

Learning Objective: 5.3 Compare and evaluate five theoretical perspectives that explain why gender roles differ.

Topic: Why Do Gender Roles Differ?

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

1. __________ explanations are less widely accepted because practically every behavior is influenced by a combination of environment, socialization, and culture.
2. Feminist
3. Sociobiological
4. Symbolic interactionist
5. Cognitive development

Learning Objective: 5.3 Compare and evaluate five theoretical perspectives that explain why gender roles differ Topic: Why Do Gender Roles Differ?

Difficulty Level: Easy

Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

1. Which of the following is an example of indirect reinforcement?
2. Joey observes a male friend being punished for crying, so he learns that boys do not cry.
3. Joey is punished for crying, so he learns that boys do not cry.
4. Joey observes his father working on cars and so he mimics him.
5. Joey’s mother takes away his sisters’ dolls when Joey tries to play with them.

Learning Objective: 5.3 Compare and evaluate five theoretical perspectives that explain why gender roles differ.

Topic: Why Do Gender Roles Differ?

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Apply What You Know

1. Which of the following is true according to the cognitive development theory?
   1. Children use cues to evaluate the behavior of others as either gender appropriate or not.
   2. Individual differences among children are more important than the relationship between maturation and learning gender roles.
   3. Sex typing tends to be most rigid during childhood as opposed to during adolescence.
   4. Children acquire female or male values based on evolution and genetic factors.

Learning Objective: 5.3 Compare and evaluate five theoretical perspectives that explain why gender roles differ.

Topic: Why Do Gender Roles Differ?

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

1. Which of the following is a limitation of the cognitive development theory?
   1. It focuses excessively on the cultural context of behavior.
   2. It overlooks the relationship between maturation and learning gender roles.
   3. It ignores childhood behaviors and concentrates primarily on adult behaviors.
   4. It exaggerates gender learning as something that children do themselves.

Learning Objective: 5.3 Compare and evaluate five theoretical perspectives that explain why gender roles differ.

Topic: Why Do Gender Roles Differ?

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

1. According to __________, gender roles are socially constructed categories that emerge in social situations.
   1. sociobiology
   2. evolutionary psychology
   3. the cognitive development theory
   4. the symbolic interaction theory

Learning Objective: 5.3 Compare and evaluate five theoretical perspectives that explain why gender roles differ.

Topic: Why Do Gender Roles Differ?

Difficulty Level: Easy

Skill Level: Remember the Facts

1. Sociologist Erving Goffman refers to __________ as a process in which we provide information and cues to others to present ourselves in a favorable light while downplaying or concealing our less appealing qualities.
   1. gender scripting
   2. cognitive development
   3. impression management
   4. stereotyping

Learning Objective: 5.3 Compare and evaluate five theoretical perspectives that explain why gender roles differ.

Topic: Why Do Gender Roles Differ?

Difficulty Level: Easy

Skill Level: Remember the Facts

1. Which of the following is a similarity between the feminist theories and symbolic interactionist theories with respect to gender?
   1. Both propose that children acquire female or male values on their own by thinking.
   2. Both view gender as a socially constructed role.
   3. Both state that children go through a series of developmental stages in learning gender-appropriate behavior.
   4. Both consider genetic factors responsible for the differences between male and female behavior.

Learning Objective: 5.3 Compare and evaluate five theoretical perspectives that explain why gender roles differ.

Topic: Why Do Gender Roles Differ?

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Analyze It

1. Which of the following is a limitation of symbolic interactionism?
   1. It credits people with more free will than they have.
   2. It tends to focus excessively on structural factors.
   3. It fails to explain how gender roles shape people’s everyday lives.
   4. It focuses on childhood socialization rather than development across life courses.

Learning Objective: 5.3 Compare and evaluate five theoretical perspectives that explain why gender roles differ.

Topic: Why Do Gender Roles Differ?

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

1. Which of the following is a similarity between cognitive development and social learning theories?
   1. Both argue that children undergo gender learning themselves, without the influence of external factors.
   2. Both believe that differences between gender roles are a result of genetic factors.
   3. Both state that gender scripts result, over time, in valuing women more than men.
   4. Both view gender as existing in a relationship between cognition and behavior.

Learning Objective: 5.3 Compare and evaluate five theoretical perspectives that explain why gender roles differ.

Topic: Why Do Gender Roles Differ?

Difficulty Level: Difficult

Skill Level: Analyze It

1. __________ is an attitude or behavior that discriminates against one sex, usually females, based on the assumed superiority of the other sex.
   1. Genderism
   2. Homophobia
   3. Sexism
   4. Heterosexism

Learning Objective: 5.3 Compare and evaluate five theoretical perspectives that explain why gender roles differ.

Topic: Why Do Gender Roles Differ?

Difficulty Level: Easy

Skill Level: Remember the Facts

1. During a debate about feminism, Ben states that feminist theories are too narrow and focus solely on women’s rights. However, Judith argues that feminist theories take a balanced approach toward men and women. Which of the following statements is likely to weaken Judith's argument?
   1. Feminists focus on a wide variety of issues that range from poverty and gender discrimination to wages and education.
   2. Feminists overlook cases of women in upper classes who have more freedom than men in lower classes.
   3. Feminist theorists focus on how gender roles and sexist stereotypes harm men and women.
   4. Feminist theorists use egalitarian gender ideologies to explain gender roles.

Learning Objective: 5.3 Compare and evaluate five theoretical perspectives that explain why gender roles differ.

Topic: Why Do Gender Roles Differ?

Difficulty Level: Difficult

Skill Level: Analyze It

1. If a father gives his son advice on how to play soccer and a mother teaches her daughter how to be a good cook, the parents’ expectations can be described as __________.
   1. gender typed
   2. sexist
   3. sex segregated
   4. gender stratified

Learning Objective: 5.4 Describe and illustrate five sources of learning gender roles.

Topic: How Do We Learn Gender Roles?

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Apply What You Know

1. A(n) __________ can be described as a group of people who are similar in age, social status, and interests.
   1. family
   2. local community
   3. peer group
   4. outgroup

Learning Objective: 5.4 Describe and illustrate five sources of learning gender roles.

Topic: How Do We Learn Gender Roles?

Difficulty Level: Easy

Skill Level: Remember the Facts

1. Charles's family lives in a suburban neighborhood. He plays and socializes with kids of his age living in the neighborhood. His parents often discourage him from playing with kids outside the neighborhood, who belong to a different socio-economic group. In this scenario, the kids Charles plays with can be referred to as his __________.
   1. peer group
   2. family
   3. outgroup
   4. interest group

Learning Objective: 5.4 Describe and illustrate five sources of learning gender roles.

Topic: How Do We Learn Gender Roles?

Difficulty Level: Difficult

Skill Level: Apply What You Know

1. Which of the following is true of peer influences as socialization agents?
   1. It reduces when children enter their adolescent years.
   2. Peers, not siblings, serve as role models.
   3. They are especially influential until people reach their mid-twenties.
   4. Peer influences are always negative.

Learning Objective: 5.4 Describe and illustrate five sources of learning gender roles.

Topic: How Do We Learn Gender Roles?

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

1. Which of the following is true of the role that schools play as socialization agents?
   1. Teachers become a part of a child’s peer group when he or she joins school.
   2. Teachers encourage gender stereotypes solely in high school.
   3. Teachers are among the most important socialization agents.
   4. Schools are always a child’s first socialization agent.

Learning Objective: 5.4 Describe and illustrate five sources of learning gender roles.

Topic: How Do We Learn Gender Roles?

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

1. During a discussion about the effects of media advertising on women, David states that the media has a very limited effect on audiences. However, his colleague, Jane, argues that exposure to unrealistic advertisements can create an adverse effect on women. Which of the following is a fact that is likely to support Jane's argument?
   1. Recent surveys have indicated that over 90 percent of the public do not pay attention to marketing activities and advertisements.
   2. Print media advertisements reinforce sex stereotyping twice as much as Internet media.
   3. Media advertising portraying women often encourage audiences to eat healthy and be fit.
   4. Studies show that there’s a direct correlation between unhealthy eating habits and ads depicting ultrathin models.

Learning Objective: 5.4 Describe and illustrate five sources of learning gender roles.

Topic: How Do We Learn Gender Roles?

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Analyze It

1. __________ gender ideologies endorse women’s and men’s shared breadwinning and nurturing family roles.
   1. Egalitarian
   2. Matriarchal
   3. Patriarchal
   4. Traditional

Learning Objective: 5.5 Explain how gender ideologies affect traditional and nontraditional gender roles.

Topic: Gender Ideologies and Traditional Gender Roles

Difficulty Level: Easy

Skill Level: Remember the Facts

1. A father who is the sole breadwinner for his family is performing a(n) __________ role.
   1. expressive
   2. instrumental
   3. institutional
   4. nurturing

Learning Objective: 5.5 Explain how gender ideologies affect traditional and nontraditional gender roles.

Topic: Gender Ideologies and Traditional Gender Roles

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Apply What You Know

1. The person, usually the mother or a daughter, who spends a lot of time emailing family members, visiting friends and families, and organizing family gatherings during special events like birthdays and anniversaries is called a(n) __________.
   1. kin-keeper
   2. protector
   3. instrumental role player
   4. breadwinner

Learning Objective: 5.5 Explain how gender ideologies affect traditional and nontraditional gender roles.

Topic: Gender Ideologies and Traditional Gender Roles

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Apply What You Know

1. Which of the following is a benefit of traditional gender roles?
   1. They provide stability and continuity.
   2. They encourage men to help out with household chores.
   3. They allow men to spend lots of time with their children.
   4. They encourage women to take part in activities other than domestic work.

Learning Objective: 5.5 Explain how gender ideologies affect traditional and nontraditional gender roles.

Topic: Gender Ideologies and Traditional Gender Roles

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

1. Research indicates that stay-at-home mothers are more likely than employed mothers to report experiencing negative emotions such as sadness, anger, and depression. Which of the following is most likely to strengthen this statement?
   1. Studies show that children of stay-at-home mothers tend to be happier and more well-rounded than those of working mothers.
   2. Most stay-at-home mothers have the time to nurture and strengthen the husband-wife relationship.
   3. Most women in traditional relationships have to juggle between domestic work and employment tasks which prevent them from giving sufficient time to their families.
   4. Many husbands in traditional relationships take their wives for granted which makes them feel unappreciated.

Learning Objective: 5.5 Explain how gender ideologies affect traditional and nontraditional gender roles.

Topic: Gender Ideologies and Traditional Gender Roles

Difficulty Level: Difficult

Skill Level: Analyze It

1. During a debate about gender roles, Keith states that traditional gender roles are profitable for businesses. However, James disagrees and states that egalitarian and not traditional gender roles are profitable for businesses. Which of the following statements is most likely to strengthen Keith's argument?
   1. Companies have a wider pool of employees to choose from when traditional gender roles exist.
   2. Traditional gender roles can provide a sense of accomplishment in meeting a family’s needs.
   3. Traditional roles allow companies to pay lesser salary packages and benefits to men in comparison to those provided to women.
   4. Companies do not have to provide their employees child care services because of the unpaid work that stay-at-home mothers do.

Learning Objective: 5.5 Explain how gender ideologies affect traditional and nontraditional gender roles.

Topic: Gender Ideologies and Traditional Gender Roles

Difficulty Level: Difficult

Skill Level: Analyze It

1. __________ refers to people's unequal access to wealth, power, status, opportunity, and other valued resources because of their sex.
   1. Gender stratification
   2. Status accentuation
   3. Gender classification
   4. Economic differentiation

Learning Objective: 5.6 Describe and illustrate how gender roles vary in adulthood.

Topic: Gender Roles in Adulthood

Difficulty Level: Easy

Skill Level: Remember the Facts

1. Dr. Jackson conducted a study on families which found that families who embrace traditional gender roles fare worse than those who engage in more egalitarian gender role behavior. Which of the following is a fact that supports Dr. Jackson’s findings?
   1. Mothers in traditional families have clear rights and responsibilities.
   2. Fathers in traditional families are at high risk for mental health problems when facing economic problems.
   3. In egalitarian families, men and women do not have equal responsibilities in childcare, nurturing, and sustaining a family.
   4. Most fathers in traditional relationships feel it is important to prioritize the nurturer role over the breadwinner role.

Learning Objective: 5.6 Describe and illustrate how gender roles vary in adulthood.

Topic: Gender Roles in Adulthood

Difficulty Level: Difficult

Skill Level: Analyze It

1. Sexual harassment includes verbal behavior, nonverbal behavior, and physical contact. Which of the following is an example of verbal behavior?
   1. demands for sexual favors in return for promotions
   2. indecent gestures
   3. sharing posters, photos, or drawings of a sexual nature
   4. touching inappropriately

Learning Objective: 5.6 Describe and illustrate how gender roles vary in adulthood.

Topic: Gender Roles in Adulthood

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

1. Gary offers to take Susan, his manager, out on a date. However, Susan declines his offer, stating that she is married. Despite her refusal to go out with him, Gary constantly asks her out. This scenario is an example of __________.
   1. verbal harassment
   2. nonverbal harassment
   3. physical harassment
   4. power harassment

Learning Objective: 5.6 Describe and illustrate how gender roles vary in adulthood.

Topic: Gender Roles in Adulthood

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Apply What You Know

1. Which of the following is an example of nonverbal sexual harassment?
   1. Yoko’s colleague, Jack often passes lewd comments at her during work.
   2. Ava sends a note to her colleague, Muhammad, asking him to join her for a drink.
   3. Howard calls Phil for a meeting, and offers to promote him in return for a sexual favor.
   4. Peter stares and leers at Lupita while she works at her desk.

Learning Objective: 5.6 Describe and illustrate how gender roles vary in adulthood.

Topic: Gender Roles in Adulthood

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Apply What You Know

1. Paul has been researching women’s role in politics. During his research, he observes that women often spend many hours organizing support for a candidate instead of running for political office themselves. Which of the following best explains the reason behind this?
   1. Women are more likely than men to receive encouragement to run for office.
   2. Women see themselves as supporters rather than leaders.
   3. The public prefers women candidates over men candidates to run for office.
   4. Women believe that they have strong leadership qualities.

Learning Objective: 5.6 Describe and illustrate how gender roles vary in adulthood.

Topic: Gender Roles in Adulthood

Difficulty Level: Difficult

Skill Level: Analyze It

1. Which of the following best describes “the feminization of higher education”?
   1. Women are more likely than men to have doctoral degrees.
   2. Men tend to score higher in exams than women.
   3. Women are more likely than men to teach in high schools.
   4. Women are more likely than men to finish college.

Learning Objective: 5.6 Describe and illustrate how gender roles vary in adulthood.

Topic: Gender Roles in Adulthood

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

1. Studies have shown that women across all racial groups are far more likely to finish their higher education than men. Moreover, one-third of all doctoral recipients are women. However, the percentage of women found in STEM fields is relatively poor. Which of the following is likely to be a reason for this?
   1. Women working in STEM fields are discouraged from devoting time to their family.
   2. Women are less likely than men to be hired in STEM fields.
   3. Women tend to see themselves as overqualified and prefer to avoid STEM fields.
   4. There is a higher percentage of women earning professional degrees in comparison to men.

Learning Objective: 5.6 Describe and illustrate how gender roles vary in adulthood.

Topic: Gender Roles in Adulthood

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Analyze It

1. Harry believes that men are more likely than women to pass religious values to their children. However, Steven disagrees and argues that religious values are most often passed down by women. Which of the following is a fact that is likely to weaken Harry's argument?
2. Fathers with a religious affiliation are more likely to spend time with their children than fathers with no religious affiliation.
3. Men are expected by the society to be more pious and spiritual than women.
4. Men are proactively involved in public life that demands more of their time and energy than their families.
5. Research indicates that over 85 percent of men across 145 countries believe that religion is an important part of their lives.

Learning Objective: 5.6 Describe and illustrate how gender roles vary in adulthood.

Topic: Gender Roles in Adulthood

Difficulty Level: Difficult

Skill Level: Analyze It

1. Generally, men are able to speak more frequently and for longer periods without being interrupted by others. This trait is referred to as __________.
   1. conversational analysis
   2. conversational maintenance work
   3. discourse analysis
   4. conversational dominance

Learning Objective: 5.6 Describe and illustrate how gender roles vary in adulthood.

Topic: Gender Roles in Adulthood

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

1. Women are much more likely than men to engage in which of the following behaviors?
2. conversational maintenance
3. conversational dominance
4. interrupting others
5. rerouting the conversation

Learning Objective: 5.6 Describe and illustrate how gender roles vary in adulthood.

Topic: Gender Roles in Adulthood

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Analyze It

1. Which of the following is true of the Global Gender Gap Index?
   1. It is a complete measure of a country’s development.
   2. It is based on key indicators in two main categories: social status and cultural development
   3. It gauges the relative equality between men and women.
   4. It indicates a country’s overall wealth.

Learning Objective: 5.7 Compare gender inequality across cultures.

Topic: Gender Inequality Across Cultures

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Remember the Facts

1. What are the key components of cognitive development theory?

An ideal answer will include:

1. The cognitive development theory states that children acquire female or male values on their own.
2. This occurs by children engaging in thinking, reasoning, and interpreting information in their environment.
3. By age 5, most children anticipate disapproval from their peers for playing with opposite- sex toys, and they avoid those toys as a result.
4. After acquiring masculine or feminine values, children tend to identify with people of the same sex as their own.

Learning Objective: 5.3 Compare and evaluate five theoretical perspectives that explain why gender roles differ.

Topic: Why Do Gender Roles Differ?

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Apply What You Know

1. What are the key elements of a gender script, according to the text?

An ideal answer will include:

1. Gender script refers to how society says someone is supposed to act because of her or his sex.
2. Gender scripts often feel very “natural” to people.
3. Gender scripts are social constructions that are taught carefully to both men and women.
4. Gender scripts result, over time, in valuing men more than women.

Learning Objective: 5.3 Compare and evaluate five theoretical perspectives that explain why gender roles differ.

Topic: Why Do Gender Roles Differ?

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

1. Ethan is the proprietor of a clothing retail company. He believes that men are better workers and prefers to hire only men. He often rejects highly qualified female candidates without deliberation. How would feminist theorists explain Ethan’s behavior?

An ideal answer will include:

1. Feminist scholars would say that Ethan is demonstrating sexism.
2. Sexism is an attitude or behavior that discriminates against one sex, usually females, based on the assumed superiority of the other sex.
3. This kind of individual behavior is discriminatory according to feminist theorists.
4. Feminists would also argue that this kind of behavior is the result of idealization of traditional gender roles.

Learning Objective: 5.3 Compare and evaluate five theoretical perspectives that explain why gender roles differ.

Topic: Why Do Gender Roles Differ?

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Apply What You Know

1. What benefits do men have over women with respect to traditional gender roles?

An ideal answer will include:

1. Men have a positive self-image in being the provider, whereas women do not because they are not employed.
2. There is little marital stress for men in climbing a career ladder because the wife takes care of the kids and the home.
3. Men are generally financially stable and maintain marketability in their careers, which can be an advantage if they lose their spouse to death or divorce.
4. Husbands have a sexual partner who isn’t stressed out by having a job and caring for the family simultaneously.

Learning Objective: 5.5 Explain how gender ideologies affect traditional and nontraditional gender roles.

Topic: Gender Ideologies and Traditional Gender Roles

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Analyze It

1. What are the costs of traditional gender roles?

An ideal answer will include:

1. A sole breadwinner is under a lot of economic pressure to provide for the family.
2. Losing a job can send a man into severe depression, frustrated rages that end in violence, and even suicide.
3. Traditional wives get little relief from household tasks that may be exhausting and monotonous.
4. Traditional values such as being nurturing, dependent, and submissive can discourage some women from leaving abusive relationships.

Learning Objective: 5.5 Explain how gender ideologies affect traditional and nontraditional gender roles.

Topic: Gender Ideologies and Traditional Gender Roles

Difficulty Level: Difficult

Skill Level: Analyze It