Test Bank + Answers Ch.24 | Human Impacts, Biodiversity, and

Human Biology: Concepts and Current Issues, 8e (Johnson)

Chapter 24 Human Impacts, Biodiversity, and Environmental Issues

24.1 Multiple-Choice Questions

1) Rising atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gasses are causing which of the following two phenomena to occur?

A) global warming and global climate change

B) pollution and depletion of the ozone layer

C) smog and thermal inversion

D) global warming and desertification

E) heat and nutrient pollution

Topic: Current Issue

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 24.2a

GLO: G1

2) The two countries that are the largest emitters of greenhouse gasses are

A) Russia and the United States of America.

B) Canada and the United States of America.

C) China and the United States of America.

D) China and Mexico.

E) China and India.

Topic: Current Issue

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 24.1a

GLO: G1

3) The major concerns regarding the effects of air pollution fall into the areas of smog, acid rain, destruction of the ozone layer, and

A) pesticides.

B) sustainable development.

C) global warming.

D) chlorofluorocarbons.

E) denitrification.

Topic: Sec. 24.1

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 24.1a

GLO: G1

4) Gases such as nitrous oxide and carbon dioxide are called greenhouse gases because they

A) block sunlight from reaching Earth.

B) block specific wavelengths of sunlight from penetrating.

C) permit sunlight to enter but trap the heat energy in the atmosphere.

D) block both sunlight and heat energy from penetrating the atmosphere.

E) stimulate photosynthesis in most plants.

Topic: Sec. 24.1

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 24.1a

GLO: G1

5) The ozone layer can be destroyed by pollutants such as

A) sulfur dioxide.

B) CFCs.

C) carbon monoxide.

D) hydrocarbons and nitrogen oxides.

E) carbon dioxide and oxygen.

Topic: Sec. 24.1

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 24.1b

GLO: G1

6) The main human activities that have raised atmospheric CO2 levels are

A) succession and adaptive radiation.

B) home development on grasslands and wetlands.

C) drainage of wetlands along rivers and oceans.

D) deforestation and burning fossil fuels.

E) negligible because CO2 levels have risen and fallen naturally regardless of human activity.

Topic: Sec. 24.1

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 24.1a

GLO: G1

7) Certain gases in the upper atmosphere allow sunlight to pass through to Earth's surface, but prevent heat from escaping. This is known as

A) global positioning.

B) desertification.

C) the greenhouse effect.

D) thermal inversion.

E) eutrophication.

Topic: Sec. 24.1

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 24.1a

GLO: G1

8) The largest hole in the ozone layer occurs in the stratospheric layer over

A) the Amazon rainforests.

B) the eastern coast of the United States.

C) the western coast of the United States.

D) Africa and South America.

E) Antarctica.

Topic: Sec. 24.1

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 24.1b

GLO: G1

9) The greenhouse effect is a natural and important phenomenon because it

A) removes smog from affected areas.

B) maintains the surface temperature on Earth.

C) reverses the effect that CFCs have on the ozone layer.

D) decreases the amount of carbon dioxide in the stratosphere.

E) reverses the effects of deforestation.

Topic: Sec. 24.1

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 24.1a

GLO: G1

10) To reduce the extent of this damaging phenomenon, many power plants have been required to install systems to remove and capture sulfur dioxide from their emissions.

A) acid rain

B) eutrophication

C) deforestation

D) thermal inversion

E) ozone depletion

Topic: Sec. 24.1

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 24.1c

GLO: G1

11) Surface and aquifer freshwater sources hold what percent of the Earth's total water?

A) 2%

B) more than 97%

C) 10-12%

D) less than 1%

E) 20%

Topic: Sec. 24.2

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 24.2

GLO: G1

12) Eutrophication of a lake most likely is the result of

A) an increase in oxygen content of the water.

B) elevated nitrogen and oxygen gas levels in the water.

C) an increase in atmospheric pressure associated with surface waters.

D) competitive exclusion.

E) excessive concentrations of organic and inorganic nutrients.

Topic: Sec. 24.2

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 24.2

GLO: G1

13) Which one of the following statements is TRUE regarding the water on Earth?

A) When humans divert water from one region to another, they always ensure that it does not have an effect on normal migration patterns of other species.

B) Most of the water on Earth is frozen in glaciers and ice caps.

C) Residents of the less industrialized countries typically use more water than residents in industrialized countries.

D) Some semiarid and desert regions of the world have reached carrying capacity for humans due to the shortage of water.

E) Water is considered a renewable resource because it is plentiful in all regions of Earth.

Topic: Sec. 24.2

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 24.2

GLO: G1

14) Toxicants occurring in aquatic ecosystems are highly subjected to biological magnification, meaning the

A) pollutants take a long time to break down.

B) pollutants occur in higher concentrations in tissues of organisms higher up the food chain.

C) toxic chemicals specifically target primary producers, disrupting the entire food web.

D) chemicals are converted to more toxic compounds once in the water.

E) toxic chemicals accumulate in the upper (photic) zones of the water.

Topic: Sec. 24.2

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 24.2

GLO: G1

15) All of the following statements accurately describe eutrophication EXCEPT which one?

A) Eutrophication may be accelerated by agricultural runoff containing fertilizers.

B) Eutrophication can be part of a natural process that converts freshwater to marsh to dry land.

C) Eutrophication is beneficial and enhances the diversity of life-forms in a body of water.

D) Eutrophication accelerates plant and algal growth at the expense of animal diversity.

E) Sewage and other organic nutrient pollutants can enhance eutrophication.

Topic: Sec. 24.2

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 24.2

GLO: G1

16) According to public health officials, all of the following may be caused by water pollutants EXCEPT which one?

A) birth defects

B) nervous disorders

C) miscarriages

D) skin rashes

E) autoimmune disorders

Topic: Sec. 24.2

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 24.2

GLO: G1

17) Which of the following pollutants is generally stored in dry locations because they remain a potential problem for thousands of years?

A) radioactive waste

B) PANs (peroxyacyl nitrates)

C) CFCs

D) heavy metals

E) gasoline and oil

Topic: Sec. 24.2

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 24.2

GLO: G1

18) Freshwater is most likely to be polluted

A) by oil spills in ocean water moving inland.

B) as a result of eutrophication.

C) by contaminants from aquifers moving to surface waters.

D) from organic solvents and farming chemicals in surface water runoff.

E) by radioactive waste seeping from nuclear reactors.

Topic: Sec. 24.2

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 24.2

GLO: G1

19) Which one of the following statements is TRUE regarding rural poverty?

A) Less than 25% of the world's population lives in rural poverty.

B) The problems of land use in rural areas are similar to those in cities.

C) Those in impoverished rural communities will often cut down all trees for fuel and shelter.

D) The use of communal lands in impoverished rural areas is carefully monitored.

E) Few individuals living in rural areas depend on the local environment for sustenance.

Topic: Sec. 24.3

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 24.3

GLO: G1

20) More than half the world's human population lives in rural poverty. Which of the following environmental issues is most likely to be associated with these populations?

A) desertification

B) acid rain

C) oil pollution

D) smog

E) ozone depletion

Topic: Sec. 24.3

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 24.3

GLO: G1

21) A renewable energy source that taps into heat produced deep below ground is called

A) hydroelectric.

B) geothermal.

C) solar.

D) "subterranean" wind.

E) fossil fuel.

Topic: Sec. 24.4

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 24.4

GLO: G1

22) Which one of the following energy sources is NOT an alternative to fossil fuels?

A) hydroelectric power

B) wind farms

C) biomass fuels

D) nuclear energy

E) offshore drilling

Topic: Sec. 24.4

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 24.4

GLO: G1

23) Most of the energy used by humans comes from which one of the following sources?

A) solar energy

B) nuclear energy

C) fossil fuels

D) hydroelectric power

E) geothermal power

Topic: Sec. 24.4

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 24.4

GLO: G1

24) Biomass fuels are least likely to be used in which one of the following countries?

A) United States

B) Brazil

C) Iceland

D) Vietnam

E) England

Topic: Sec. 24.4

Bloom's: Applying/Analyzing

LO: 24.4

GLO: G2

25) Commercial logging by European countries in the Ivory Coast has reduced the pristine 70 million acres of forests that once existed to about

A) fewer than 1 million acres.

B) 5-7 million acres.

C) 15-20 million acres.

D) 30 million acres.

E) 50 million acres.

Topic: Sec. 24.5

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 24.5

GLO: G1

26) Which one of the following actions of humans has not contributed to the worldwide reduction in biodiversity?

A) pollution

B) growth of cities

C) logging

D) clear-cutting of rain forests

E) biomass energy sources

Topic: Sec. 24.5

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 24.5

GLO: G1

27) Creation of sustainable ecosystems CANNOT be achieved through

A) decreased human consumption of everything, and thus a lower production of waste.

B) developing practices of recycling reusable materials.

C) a reduction in world population growth.

D) decreasing poverty so that people are not consumed by immediate needs (food, shelter) and can focus more on human's long-term impact on the environment.

E) increased use of natural resources.

Topic: Sec. 24.6

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 24.6

GLO: G1

28) ________ is a biomass fuel.

A) Coal

B) Oil

C) Wood

D) Gas

E) Water

Topic: Sec. 24.6

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 24.6

GLO: G1

24.2 True/False Questions

1) Humans breathe in air that contains nitrogen, oxygen, carbon dioxide, and trace amounts of thousands of pollutants.

Topic: Sec. 24.1

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 24.1c

GLO: G1

2) Despite an international agreement signed in 1987 to phase out the production of CFCs, depletion of the ozone will continue to affect Earth and its atmosphere for at least another one hundred years.

Topic: Sec. 24.1

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 24.1b

GLO: G1

3) Thinning of the ozone has already been detected in the stratospheric ozone layer.

Topic: Sec. 24.1

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 24.1b

GLO: G1

4) A thermal inversion occurs when a warm stagnant air mass traps a cooler air mass containing smog beneath it.

Topic: Sec. 24.1

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 24.1c

GLO: G1

5) Destruction of the ozone due to pollutants is limited to layers located only above the South American continent.

Topic: Sec. 24.1

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 24.1b

GLO: G1

6) Smog forms when pollutants in the air react with each other in the presence of sunlight and carbon dioxide.

Topic: Sec. 24.2

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 24.2

GLO: G1

7) Heat is considered a type of water pollution because it increases the amount of oxygen in the water, which leads to the death of plants and the overpopulation of animals.

Topic: Sec. 24.2

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 24.2

GLO: G1

8) Pollution of groundwater is generally a more serious concern, in part because groundwater is a slowly exchanging pool.

Topic: Sec. 24.2

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 24.2

GLO: G1

9) Pollutants of water include both living organisms and nonliving materials.

Topic: Sec. 24.2

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 24.2

GLO: G1

10) Human activities have resulted in at least one-third of the landmass of Earth being altered in some way.

Topic: Sec. 24.3

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 24.3

GLO: G1

11) Increasing population density on marginal lands in rural areas has resulted in desertification, which reduces the ability of the land to sustain the population.

Topic: Sec. 24.3

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 24.3

GLO: G1

12) Although it was one time hoped that nuclear energy would meet most human energy needs, this has not occurred due to expense and safeguards necessary to prevent meltdowns.

Topic: Sec. 24.4

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 24.4

GLO: G1

13) The use of biomass fuels is generally non-polluting.

Topic: Sec. 24.4

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 24.4

GLO: G1

14) Biodiversity refers to the variety of richness of species on Earth.

Topic: Sec. 24.5

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 24.5

GLO: G1

15) Urbanization typically increases the extent of biodiversity.

Topic: Sec. 24.5

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 24.5

GLO: G1

16) Twenty-five percent of all prescription drugs sold in the United States are based on substances derived from fewer than 50 species of plants.

Topic: Sec. 24.5

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 24.5

GLO: G1

17) Although humans have had a negative impact on biodiversity in the past, the present global extinction rate is 20 times lower now than at any other time in the past.

Topic: Sec. 24.6

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 24.6

GLO: G1

18) An increase in the current fertility rate of the human species will increase the human carrying capacity of Earth.

Topic: Sec. 24.6

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 24.6

GLO: G1

19) Creating a sustainable world will require stabilizing the human population growth rate and the global environment.

Topic: Sec. 24.6

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 24.6

GLO: G1

24.3 Matching Questions

Match the following air pollutants to their description.

A) nitrogen oxides and hydrocarbons reacting with each other in the presence of water vapor and sunlight

B) produced by burning of fossil fuels and deforestation; contribute(s) to global warming

C) pollutant that can be derived from pesticides used in agriculture settings

D) formed as water vapor reacts with sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides

1) smog

Topic: Sec. 24.1

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 24.1c

GLO: G1

2) hydrocarbons

Topic: Sec. 24.2

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 24.2

GLO: G1

3) acid rain

Topic: Sec. 24.1

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 24.1c

GLO: G1

4) greenhouse gases

Topic: Sec. 24.1

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 24.1a

GLO: G1

Answers: 1) A 2) C 3) D 4) B

24.4 Short Answer Questions

1) Prolific growth of algae as a result of pollutants in a lake is an example of ________.

Topic: Sec. 24.2

Bloom's: Applying/Analyzing

LO: 24.2

GLO: G1

2) As DDT accumulates in the tissues of carnivores at increasing trophic levels, the concentration increases; this is representative of ________.

Topic: Sec. 24.2

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 24.2

GLO: G1

3) Ozone in the ________ comprises a thin layer that protects the surface of Earth from ultraviolet radiation.

Topic: Sec. 24.1

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 24.1b

GLO: G1

4) Hydrocarbons and nitrogen oxides combine with water vapor in the presence of sunlight to form a gray layer of ________.

Topic: Sec. 24.1

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 24.1c

GLO: G1

5) A(n) ________ occurs when a warm, stagnant layer of air traps a cooler mass of air containing smog below it.

Topic: Sec. 24.1

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 24.1c

GLO: G1

6) CFCs are the primary air pollutants that destroy the ________.

Topic: Sec. 24.1

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 24.1b

GLO: G1

7) Freshwater is most likely to become contaminated or polluted by ________ from urban and rural environments.

Topic: Sec. 24.2

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 24.2

GLO: G1

8) The death of animal life in a shallow body of water in conjunction with a rapid increase in plant life is known as ________.

Topic: Sec. 24.2

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 24.2

GLO: G1

9) Sources of energy that are renewable and derived from plants are called ________.

Topic: Sec. 24.4

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 24.4

GLO: G1

10) The Environmental Protection Agency estimates that approximately ________% of rural wells and water systems have some type of pollutant in them.

Topic: Sec. 24.2

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 24.2

GLO: G1

11) ________ water is a slowly exchanging pool, and once it becomes polluted it is difficult to clean up.

Topic: Sec. 24.2

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 24.2

GLO: G1

12) Over 97% of Earth’s total water may be found in the ________.

Topic: Sec. 24.2

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 24.2

GLO: G1

13) ________ require large quantities of water and power and generate waste and pollution in a relatively small area.

Topic: Sec. 24.3

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 24.3

GLO: G1

14) The transformation of marginal lands into near-desert conditions unsuitable for future agriculture is referred to as ________.

Topic: Sec. 24.3

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 24.3

GLO: G1

15) Subsistence farming in tropical regions of the world results in habitat loss because of the practices of ________ and ________.

Topic: Sec. 24.5

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 24.5

GLO: G1

16) ________ refers to heat from deep underground sources used as a source of energy.

Topic: Sec. 24.4

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 24.4

GLO: G1

17) Scientists have identified approximately ________ million species of organisms, but millions more are thought to exist.

Topic: Sec. 24.5

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 24.5

GLO: G1

18) Despite abundant vegetation, ________ make poor farmland because of little topsoil and scant soil nutrients.

Topic: Sec. 24.5

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 24.5

GLO: G1

19) ________ provide valuable flood control because they can hold large volumes of water.

Topic: Sec. 24.5

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 24.5

GLO: G1

20) One way to reduce the amount of raw materials consumed by humans is by ________ useable materials.

Topic: Sec. 24.6

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 24.6

GLO: G1

24.5 Essay Questions

1) Humans have become so dependent on fossil fuels that despite an increasing body of evidence that indicates burning these fuels is destroying aspects of the environment, little change in the sources of fuels has occurred. What types of alternative fuels can be used to reduce negative impacts on the environment?

Topic: Sec. 24.4

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 24.4

GLO: G1, G8

2) Explain how emissions of carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide create the greenhouse effect.

Topic: Sec. 24.1

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 24.1a

GLO: G1, G8

3) Humans must work together to create a sustainable world. What can you do to contribute to this cause?

Topic: Sec. 24.6

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 24.6

GLO: G1, G2, G8