Chapter 14 Test Questions & Answers A Meaningful Life

Chapter 14:

A Meaningful Life

1. When we talk to a friend about an emotion, we narrate a story. Bruner (1986) has contrasted the narrative mode of thinking with what he calls the _______________ mode, which is used in explanations, for instance, in science.

a. logical

b. rational

c. paradigmatic

d. deductive

Source: Page 384.

2. Hogan (2003) surveyed stories from all around the world, from before the age of European colonization. He reported that the following type of story seems to be universal:

a. the love story

b. the story describing angry conflict

c. the story of a community

d. all of the above.

Source: Page 386.

3. Transference is:

a. a set of emotional attitudes toward significant others from the past.

b. a set of attitudes and emotions projected onto people in the present.

c. the manifestation of habitual emotion schemas.

d. all of the above.

Source: Page 375.

4. An innovative form of psychodynamic therapy that has been pioneered by Fonagy and Luyten (2009) and that is particularly useful for people with borderline personality disorders is called __________. This type of therapy is based on attachment, and helps to promote empathy and theory-of-mind.

a. mindfulness meditation

b. mentalizing therapy

c. insight-oriented therapy

d. nondirective therapy

Source: Page 375.

5. The aim of person-centered therapy is for the client to experience what type of relationship with their therapist?

a. a professional relationship where the therapist is emotionally neutral and objective.

b. a genuine and non-judgmental relationship where the therapist is emotionally warm and listens to the client empathetically.

c. a hierarchical relationship where the therapist’s role is to challenge the client to make healthier interpretations about themselves and to adopt a more adaptive style of living.

d. a scripted relationship where the therapist asks a pre-determined set of questions and encourages the client to engage in a particular sequence of self-exploratory exercises.

Source: Page 376.

6. Beck (1976, 1979) found that patterns of appraisal that cause anxiety and depression tend to involve evaluations that are:

a. absolute

b. ambiguous

c. local

d. external

Source: Page 377.

7. Dialectical-behavioral therapy:

a. is a combination of mindfulness and cognitive-behavioral therapy.

b. helps people learn to disconnect emotions from urges to act.

c. has been particularly useful with patients who are suicidal and/or self-injuring.

d. all of the above.

Source: Page 377.

8. Part of the task of emotion-focused therapy consists of encouraging a fuller experience of:

a. emotions that we have not allowed ourselves to experience fully enough.

b. negative emotions.

c. positive emotions.

d. emotions that prioritize others over the self.

Source: Page 377.

9. According to emotion-focused therapy, there are some emotions that we have learned will help us get what we want. These emotions are known as:

a. primary emotions

b. secondary emotions

c. instrumental emotions

d. social commerce emotions

Source: Page 378.

10. Evidence suggests that __________________ therapy is _______________ therapy.

a. client-centered; less effective than cognitive-behavioral

b. emotion-focused; equally as effective as cognitive-behavioral

c. emotion-focused; more effective than client-centered

d. all of the above.

Source: Page 380

11. Kallestad et al. (2010) conducted a randomized controlled trial in which cognitive therapy was compared with psychodynamic therapy in 49 patients with personality disorders of the anxious or fearful type. Among those in psychodynamic therapy __________________; whereas among patients assigned to cognitive therapy ________________.

a. insight was found to increase and to predict improvement of symptoms and of interpersonal functioning during a two-year follow-up period; measures of insight did not improve substantially during therapy and insight did not predict improvement.

b. measures of insight did not improve substantially during therapy and insight did not predict improvement; insight was found to increase and to predict improvement of symptoms and of interpersonal functioning during a two-year follow-up period.

c. insight was found to decrease and to predict a worsening of symptoms and of interpersonal functioning during a two-year follow-up period; insight was found to increase and to predict improvement of symptoms and of interpersonal functioning during a two-year follow-up period.

d. insight was found to increase and to predict only a short-term improvement in symptoms; insight was found to increase and to predict an improvement in symptoms in the short-term and long-term.

Source: Page 381.

12. According to the text, which of the following is NOT one of the modes of meaning in life?

a. cooperation

b. relatedness

c. well-being

d. emotional awareness

Source: Page 366

13. Lyubomirsky et al. (2005) suggested three factors in thinking about well-being. The first is _________ that accounts for about 50% of the variation in well-being.

a. a set of circumstances

b. a genetic set point

c. intentional activity

d. unintentional activity

Source: Page 370

14. According to Kahneman and colleagues’ (2006) study, if one were to compare individuals earning $50,000-$89,999 with those in the $90,000+ income bracket, what trend would be observed and how might one account for this trend?

a. Well-being would be higher in the $90,000+ group because these individuals have more leisure time.

b. Well-being would be higher in the $50,000-$89,999 group because these individuals have a healthier work-life balance than their wealthier counterparts.

c. Well-being would be equal in the two groups because judgments of relative wealth as well as increased tension moderate the effects of increased income in the $90,000 group.

d. Well-being would be equal in the two groups because social isolation limits the potential benefits to well-being of an income greater than $90,000.

Source: Page 371.

15. What types of therapy options exist for individuals who do not have access to sessions with mental health professionals?

a. self-analysis

b. cognitive-behavioral therapy delivered by computer or mobile phone

c. group meetings with individuals dealing with similar emotional issues

d. all of the above

Source: Page 382

16. Which of the following is NOT a way to practice mindfulness?

a. body scanning

b. showing self-compassion

c. taking a savoring walk

d. self-criticism

Source: Page 385

17. Free will involves:

a. acting for reasons that are meaningful.

b. acting outside the laws of neural causality.

c. acting in ways to conform with others.

d. both a and b.

Source: Page 389

18. When can happiness be harmful?

a. It is never harmful.

b. It can be harmful if an individual strives to be happy all the time.

c. It can be harmful if experienced too little.

d. all of the above

Source: Page 368

19. Csikszentmihalyi suggests that the state of flow, or optimal experience, can be cultivated by:

a. being patient and trusting that good things will happen if one behaves in a moral fashion.

b. living creatively.

c. taking one day at a time rather than attempting to achieve long-term goals.

d. building meaningful social relationships above all else.

Source: Pages 369.

20. According to Clark and Oswald (1994), found that among severe stressors that include divorce, being ___________ is the greater depressor of well-being.

a. self-conscious

b. widowed

c. unemployed

d. ill

Source: Page 365