Chapter 13 Test Bank Answers Sexual Communication

Chapter 13 | Sexual Communication

Multiple Choice Questions

1. Which of the following negative communication behaviours is being described below? Carlotta’s long-time partner is bringing up her smoking habits... again. Carlotta has tried to quit to please her partner, but she just can’t do it, and she doesn’t really want to quit. As soon as her partner starts bringing up the health risk factors of smoking, Carlotta rolls her eyes.
   1. Contempt
   2. Criticism
   3. Defensiveness
   4. Stonewalling
2. Which of the following negative communication behaviours is being described below? Jimmy and Reya are arguing about whose turn it is to do the laundry over the weekend. Jimmy works a full-time job while Reya is a stay-at-home mom. Jimmy calls Reya lazy for not finding time to do the laundry during the week.
   1. Contempt
   2. Criticism
   3. Defensiveness
   4. Stonewalling
3. Which of the following negative communication behaviours is being described below? Donald is upset with his boyfriend Farouk for flirting with another man at a bar they went to last night. When he brings it up, Farouk brushes it off and says, “But you do it too.”
   1. Contempt
   2. Criticism
   3. Defensiveness
   4. Stonewalling
4. Which of the following is an example of contemptuous communicative behaviour?
   1. Saying “I can’t stand it when you go out with the guys and ignore me!”
   2. Storming out of the room during an argument
   3. Saying “That is the stupidest thing I have ever heard, but it shouldn’t surprise me because you said it!”
   4. Saying “Your constant criticism is the reason I’m angry all the time!”
5. Marie and Mohamed got into an argument, and Maria ran out of their apartment and turned off her phone. What negative communicative behaviour is Marie exhibiting?
   1. Criticism
   2. Contempt
   3. Defensiveness
   4. Stonewalling
6. Kyle and Yi-Hsiu are arguing and Kyle calls Yi-Hsiu a “bitch.” Yi-Hsiu is enraged and locks herself in the bedroom, crying. Kyle responds by going to the bedroom door and saying, “I wouldn’t have called you a bitch if you didn’t start this fight.” What communicative behaviour is Kyle exhibiting at the bedroom door?
   1. Criticism
   2. Contempt
   3. Defensiveness
   4. Stonewalling
7. Paul and Kate are in a distressed relationship. Jenna and Lisa are in a non-distressed relationship. Which of the following statements is likely to be true?
   1. Paul and Kate are more likely than Jenna and Lisa to have lower empathy for each other.
   2. Kate is less likely than Lisa to be defensive in an argument.
   3. Paul is more likely than Jenna to criticise his partner.
   4. Paul and Kate are less likely than Jenna and Lisa to have lower levels of validation towards each other.
8. Which of the following behaviours is likely to be most harmful during a couple’s argument?
   1. Shrugging the shoulders
   2. Using a dismissive tone
   3. Criticizing your partner
   4. All of the above could be equally harmful.
9. Dana is arguing with his wife. His arms are crossed and he refuses to make eye contact. Dana is ____________.
   1. stonewalling
   2. defensive
   3. offensive
   4. critical
10. Your friend has been having a lot of arguments with his boyfriend lately, but they always end the arguments by agreeing to disagree. He asks you if you think this is an indicator of a poor relationship. What can you tell him?
    1. If both partners are agreeing to disengage from the argument, than it is not necessarily a negative aspect of their relationship.
    2. Arguing too much is a definite indicator that there is something wrong with the relationship.
    3. If they have too many differences that are causing problems, then maybe they need to rethink the relationship.
    4. There are strategies the two of them can learn if they want to continue their relationship and argue less.
11. Margot and Harvey have been married for 10 years. Since they had children, they started fighting regularly about who does more work around the house and takes care of the kids. Margot feels that she does much more than Harvey, and every time she demands that he help her out more, he always has an excuse. What pattern of communication are Margot and Harvey displaying?
    1. Demand-withdraw
    2. Stonewalling
    3. Defensiveness
    4. Negative reciprocity
12. Which of the following behaviours is likely to be most harmful during a couple’s argument?
    1. Saying “I do care about your opinion,” in a dismissive tone
    2. Ending the conflict for the time being without coming to a resolution
    3. Telling your partner you are embarrassed by the way they treat you in public sometimes
    4. All of the above could be equally harmful.
13. You are a researcher studying the emotions displayed during couples’ discussions about sexual topics, and you are currently conducting a study using the observational method. What can you do to ensure the most reliable data possible?
    1. Use blind coders
    2. Don’t impose time limits on couples’ discussions
    3. Follow research protocols to ask the couples to identify problems they are currently facing
    4. Screen your participants before starting
14. What percentage of communication in a conversation comes from words instead of actions?
    1. 35–40 per cent
    2. 45–60 per cent
    3. 65–80 per cent
    4. 85–100 per cent
15. Which of the following is the strongest predictor of relationship satisfaction?
    1. The quality of verbal communication
    2. The quality of non-verbal communication
    3. The number of criticisms exchanged on an average day
    4. The frequency of defensive remarks by either partner
16. Ning and Fiona have had problems in their relationship ever since Ning admitted that he had visited a strip club in Las Vegas. Fiona constantly comments about Ning’s “stripper obsession” and accuses him of not caring about her or their son. Ning refuses to engage in an argument with Fiona and stands behind what he has always said, which is “nothing happened.” When Fiona brings up the fact that “he doesn’t care about anyone but himself,” Ning simply leaves the room. What type of communication best describes what is going on between Ning and Fiona?
    1. Defensiveness
    2. Negative reciprocity
    3. Demand-withdraw
    4. Contempt
17. You are a researcher using the observational method to study the emotions expressed between same-sex couples when they are discussing sexual matters versus when they are not. Which of the following would your coding system focus on?
    1. Gottman’s Specific Affect Coding System
    2. A coding system that focusses specifically on identifying different types of influence techniques
    3. A coding system you created specifically for this study based on your hypothesis
    4. None of the above
18. Which of the following techniques is an important part of good observational research into couples’ communication?
    1. Double-blind coding procedures
    2. Having the researcher code the behaviour
    3. Blind coding
    4. Controlling for interrater reliability
19. When reviewing research completed by his colleague, Dr. Kelly questions his colleague’s use of a lab setting to observe couples arguing. What aspect of the research is Dr. Kelly questioning?
    1. The ecological validity
    2. The interrater reliability
    3. The coding of the observations
    4. The internal validity
20. When asked about the similarities between the conversations couples have in a lab and the conversations they would have at home (when not being observed) what do most couples say?
    1. Conversations in the lab are much different from conversations they would have at home.
    2. Conversations in the lab tend to be more negative than conversations they would have at home.
    3. Conversations in the lab are very similar to conversations they have at home.
    4. Conversations in the lab are very different than conversations they would have at home because of the time limits that researchers put on discussion topics.
21. Dr. Singh is interested in whether couples’ perception of negativity from their partner is consistent with how often their partner makes a negative comment. What is the best methodology to use in this case?
    1. A questionnaire
    2. Self-report and observation
    3. Observation
    4. An experiment
22. When couples were asked to “fake good” or “fake bad” during a discussion about sex in a laboratory setting, what did researchers find?
    1. Couples were always able to fool observers.
    2. The couples “faking good” were able to fool observers but the couples “faking bad” were not.
    3. The couples “faking bad” were able to fool observers but the couples “faking good” were not.
    4. Couples were not able to fool observers.
23. Your family starts making jokes along the lines of, “men are from Mars, women are from Venus.” What can you tell them about the reality of gender differences in heterosexual couples?
    1. Actually, there are very few gender differences between men and women, and there are many more similarities.
    2. Men are more likely to make demands and women are more likely to withdraw from conflict.
    3. Women are more likely to be more passive, and men are likely to be more aggressive.
    4. All of the above
24. You are examining possible reasons for gender differences in heterosexual couples’ communication from a theoretical perspective of socialization. Which of the following ideas are you most likely to back?
    1. Men typically benefit more from a traditional marital relationship; they are often less responsible for housework and childcare in Western society, so they don’t make demands for change.
    2. Women are often encouraged to promote unity in interpersonal relationships while men are encouraged to be independent.
    3. Women’s identities are developed in the context of relationships, and men’s identities are developed in the context of separation.
    4. All of the above
25. You are examining possible reasons for gender differences in heterosexual couples’ communication from a theoretical perspective of biology. Which of the following ideas are you most likely to back?
    1. Men react with stronger physiological responses to extreme emotions, so they are more averse to conflict.
    2. Women react with stronger physiological responses to extreme emotions, so they are more likely to make demands.
    3. Women have more at stake in a relationship since they want to make sure they have a stable caregiver, so they are more likely to demand change.
    4. All of the above
26. When looking at gender differences in communication, which of the following is an important fact to keep in mind?
    1. Men and women are extremely different in their communication styles and need to be coded completely differently as a result.
    2. Men and women are very different in their motivations and emotions, so a single explanation as to why a communicative event happened will never be adequate.
    3. Men and women are more similar than they are different; perceived differences between men and women are often the result of stereotypes and not fact.
    4. Men and women are somewhat different, and it is likely that men will be less willing to talk about their feelings than women.
27. Which of the following statements supports the “gender stereotype hypothesis”?
    1. When arguing, women will be passive and men will be aggressive.
    2. When arguing, women will be irrational and men will be rational.
    3. When arguing, women will be aggressive and men will be passive.
    4. When arguing, women will be rational and men will be irrational.
28. Which of the following is true about gender differences in communication behaviour between partners in a relationship?
    1. Men are more likely than women to make demands.
    2. Women are more likely than men to make demands.
    3. Women are more likely than men to withdraw communication.
    4. Women and men are equally likely to make demands in a relationship.
29. In relationships, what are women expected to do?
    1. Be dull
    2. Be independent
    3. Promote unity
    4. Avoid being emotionally stifled
30. Dr. Cai believes that the demand-withdraw pattern of communication in male–female relationships is a result of women’s low status in society. Which of the following is consistent with Dr. Cai’s view?
    1. Men withdraw because they don’t want change, since society is already structured in their favour.
    2. Men withdraw because they look down on women and therefore don’t want to behave like women.
    3. Men withdraw because they are expected to withdraw as part of their sexual role.
    4. Men withdraw because they are genetically predisposed to avoid conflict.
31. Which of the following perspectives on the reason behind the demand-withdraw communication pattern frequently observed in Western couples is based on personality differences?
    1. The theory that women are more demanding because they are encouraged to be more expressive as children.
    2. The theory that men are more demanding because they are in a position of power in society.
    3. The theory that women are more demanding because they are in a social position with little power.
    4. The theory that demand-withdraw patterns are context-dependent.
32. Which of the following situations best describes the context where the husband has been observed taking on the demand role in a demand-withdraw dynamic?
    1. When the husband has a history of infidelity
    2. When the wife refuses to be the demander
    3. When the husband is the breadwinner
    4. When the husband is the one who wants the change
33. In your human sexuality class, you are asked to debate with a partner about the gender differences in heterosexual communication. Your partner takes a biological theoretical perspective and argues that demanding and withdrawing behaviours are intrinsically male and female. You take a social theoretical perspective, arguing that demanding and withdrawing behaviours are context dependent. Which of the following reasons could you use to back your argument?
    1. In countries such as Pakistan, men were more likely than women to make direct demands, while in countries such as Germany, women were more likely than men to make demands.
    2. Some studies have shown that in married couples, sometimes the wife takes on the role of the demander, while sometimes the husband does, depending on who wanted change.
    3. In Western society, women initiate conversations about potential conflict 80 per cent of the time, which suggests that they benefit less from a traditional marital relationship.
    4. Any of the above
34. Pepito and Daria have been in a relationship for two years. Pepito often wants to spice up their sex life by trying out new things, but Daria is reluctant to do so. Whenever Pepito tries to discuss it with her, he finds it very difficult to get Daria to be open about it. Instead she gets very shy and withdrawn. What argument could Pepito make to try and convince Daria about the importance of talking through their issues?
    1. Being open when discussing their sex lives could bring them closer together emotionally.
    2. If they keep avoiding their sexual incompatibilities, they might start to resent each other.
    3. Exploring each other’s sexual desires can increase sexual satisfaction for both of them.
    4. Any of the above
35. What role does incompatibility play in sexual relationships?
    1. Incompatibility is part of every relationship.
    2. Incompatibility exists in about 75 per cent of relationships.
    3. Incompatibility is an issue for about 50 per cent of relationships.
    4. Incompatibility occurs mostly in long-term relationships.
36. In a cross cultural study, which behaviour was more common in German couples than Australian couples?
    1. Negative statements about the other person when the relationship was distressed or non-distressed
    2. Positive statements about the other person when the relationship was distressed
    3. Positive statements about the other person when the relationship was non-distressed
    4. Negative statements about the other person when the relationship was distressed but not when the relationship was non-distressed
37. A study of demand-withdraw patterns among Pakistani couples found which of the following?
    1. Similar results to North American studies
    2. More demands from the female, more withdrawal from the male
    3. Indirect demands from the female, more demands from the male
    4. Indirect demands from the male, more withdrawal from the female
38. What is one outcome of cross-cultural research into the use of demand-withdraw communication styles?
    1. When women have less power, they are more likely to be demanding.
    2. When men have more power, they are less likely to be demanding.
    3. When women have less power, they are more likely to be less direct with their demands.
    4. When women have less power, the man is demanding and the woman withdrawn.
39. Which of the following couples is most likely to have a distressed relationship?
    1. Amina and Carl; Amina wishes they had sex more often and often criticizes Carl for being “unmanly” when they argue about it.
    2. Theodore and Roger; Roger makes less money than Theodore and often walks away when Theodore tells him he is spending too much.
    3. Singh and Leslie; whenever they get into an argument, Leslie brings up how much she hates Singh’s family.
    4. All of the above couples are equally likely to have a distressed relationship
40. Which of the following disagreements most accurately predicts relationship distress?
    1. An argument over spending habits
    2. An argument where one spouse accuses the other of being “too passive” when arguing
    3. An argument about child rearing
    4. An argument about a couple’s sexual relationship
41. According to Sanford’s 2003 study, which of the following topics do couples report having the most difficulty discussing?
    1. Divorce and separation
    2. Sexual conflict or dissatisfaction
    3. Money
    4. Extramarital affairs
42. What has research shown to be true regarding the ability of an individual to discuss sex in a research setting?
    1. Women with identified sexual problems are less receptive to comments from their partner than women without identified sexual problems.
    2. Men are more likely to take on a blaming role than women when the woman is identified as having a sexual problem.
    3. Women with an identified sexual problem were more blaming of their partner but men were not.
    4. Men whose partner had an identified sexual problem were more receptive to comments from their partner than men whose partner did not have an identified sexual partner.
43. Researchers know that couples find discussing sex difficult. How has this affected research on the topic of sexual communication?
    1. It has encouraged researchers to pursue the topic in hopes of changing attitudes of couples.
    2. It has made many researchers reluctant to study the topic.
    3. It has led many researchers to use observation instead of self-report as their means of collecting data.
    4. It has led researchers to use covert methods of investigation, such as eavesdropping in bars and getting roommates to report on the conversations of their roommates.
44. You and a classmate are working together on an assignment for your human sexuality class where you need to design a study about sexual communication. You and your partner have decided you want to examine how same-sex couples and mixed-sex couples, where one partner has a sexual dysfunction, communicate with each other, and if there is any difference. Which research method should you and your classmate use?
    1. The observational method, because you will be able to notice very nuanced behaviours that the couples may not even be aware they are engaging in
    2. The observational method, because you want to avoid self-deceptive enhancement
    3. The self-report method, because the individuals participating in the study may hold back if they don’t want to upset their partner
    4. The self-report method, because more couples will be willing to participate
45. Which of the following is more of a problem in observational studies of sexual communication than in self-report studies?
    1. Impression management
    2. Participant distress after providing data
    3. Socially desirable responding
    4. Self-deceptive enhancement
46. Which form of deceptive responding is done without the participant being aware they are doing it?
    1. Impression management
    2. Coding bias
    3. Socially desirable responding
    4. Self-deceptive enhancement
47. Which of the following has been found regarding the use of observational methods to study sexual communication and conflict?
    1. Couples who participate in observational studies often report being unhappy afterward.
    2. Couples who participate in observational studies often report that the experience benefitted their relationship.
    3. Couples are more likely to confuse researchers with socially desirable responding when an observational method is used than when self-report is used.
    4. Couples who participate in observational studies tend to be couples who are less concerned about being open about their sexual conflicts and less concerned about “the outside world” knowing what takes place during discussions, which may mean the sample is biased.
48. What was the general finding of the first study to compare sexual communication in mixed-sex and same-sex couples?
    1. Same-sex couples had more positive sexual communication.
    2. Same-sex couples had more negative sexual communication
    3. There were no differences in the sexual communication patterns in same-sex and mixed-sex couples in the sample.
    4. Same-sex couples discussed sex more, but the nature of these discussions was very similar to that of mixed-sex couples.
49. What has research found about negative expectations regarding conversations about sex?
    1. Negative expectations result in negative conversations only when the negative expectation is true.
    2. Negative expectations result in negative conversations only when the negative expectation is false.
    3. Negative expectations lead to negative conversations whether they are true or false.
    4. Negative expectations are poor predictors of how the conversation will unfold.
50. When couples are asked to discuss their expectations about a discussion related to sex and then appraise their discussion afterwards, what do researchers find?
    1. Expectations affect appraisal of the discussion for both sexes regardless of whether the expectation was accurate.
    2. Expectations have no impact on the appraisal of the discussion.
    3. Females show effects of expectation on appraisals but males do not.
    4. Males show effects of expectation on appraisals but females do not.
51. Pauline expects to be rejected by her husband, Claude, during a discussion, so she sets up the conversation pattern to end with rejection. What process is Pauline engaging in?
    1. Behavioural confirmation
    2. Perceptual confirmation
    3. Anticipatory confirmation
    4. Conversational confirmation
52. Roya wants to discuss with her husband a problem in their sexual relationship. Which emotion would be best for Roya to express in that conversation?
    1. Disgust
    2. Embarrassment
    3. Anger
    4. Frustration
53. Approximately what percentage of parents in Ontario and New Brunswick object to the idea of sex education in public schools?
    1. 5 per cent
    2. 10 per cent
    3. 90 per cent
    4. 95 per cent
54. Your friend has been married for a couple of years now, and she comes to you for some advice. She is worried that her husband gets frustrated too often with her, although he never yells or is hostile. What can you tell her?
    1. Anger doesn’t always have a negative impact on a relationship. She should examine how her husband’s anger makes her feel. If he’s not alienating her, it’s definitely something they can work through.
    2. She should get a divorce. She doesn’t want to spend the rest of her life with someone who is frustrated all the time.
    3. When he gets frustrated or angry with her, she should bring up her own frustrations with him.
    4. None of the above
55. Which of the following topics did more than 10 per cent of parents in Ontario suggest should be excluded from public school sex education?
    1. Sexual decision making in dating relationships
    2. Birth control methods
    3. Sexual coercion
    4. Sexual pleasure and orgasm
56. When students who had received sex education in public schools in Ontario were surveyed, which of these topics did they feel should be delivered earlier, in Grades 6 through 8, instead of in high school?
    1. Sexual coercion
    2. Sexual pleasure and enjoyment
    3. Sexual relationships and dating
    4. Sexual decision making
57. What is the self-reported knowledge level of teachers providing sex education in Ontario?
    1. Not knowledgeable
    2. Somewhat knowledgeable
    3. Very knowledgeable
    4. Extremely knowledgeable
58. Which of the following topics did sex education teachers report they were “very comfortable” teaching?
    1. Reproduction/birth
    2. Masturbation
    3. Orgasm
    4. Sexual pleasure
59. What was one aspect of the “Ontario curriculum controversy” of 2011 discussed in the textbook?
    1. Some parents objected to the inclusion of same-sex education in high school sexual education, and the premier decided not to include the material, which outraged the LGBTQ+ community.
    2. A small minority of parents objected to starting sex education in grade school and the premier decided to eliminate the program, which enraged the majority of parents who wanted sex education introduced in grade school.
    3. A small minority of parents in the province were able to persuade the premier to prevent changes to the curriculum that would have introduced topics to children at younger ages, which enraged observers who felt that a small minority of parents should not have had so great an influence on the curriculum.
    4. A small minority of parents insisted that “sex education free” schools be set up in Ontario and the premier decided to eliminate sex education in grade schools as a result, which enraged the majority of parents.
60. Helen and Ramira have been dating for six months when Helen brings Ramira to a family dinner for the first time. The dinner doesn’t go very well; Helen’s family thought Ramira was cold and rude. Helen knows Ramira didn’t mean to appear rude, but she has noticed this behaviour when they are out with their friends as well, and she wants to discuss it with Ramira so that it doesn’t happen again. What can Helen do to have the best possible chance of a positive conversation with Ramira?
    1. Helen can start the conversation by noting how difficult it is to talk about this particular issue.
    2. Helen can start the conversation by noting how embarrassed she felt, rather than angry.
    3. Helen can start the conversation by gently asking Ramira if she ever thinks of herself as rude.
    4. Either A or B
61. According to Guerrero and Floyd (2006), what percent of information exchanged between people is non-verbal?
    1. 40% to 45%
    2. 50% to 55%
    3. 60% to 65%
    4. 70% to 75%
62. Mark and Layla are arguing. Mark turns his back and says, “I do care about you, Layla”. How is Layla likely to feel about what Mark has communicated?
    1. She will likely feel annoyed.
    2. She will likely feel loved.
    3. She will likely feel affection.
    4. She will likely feel nothing.
63. Jasmin and Chris are having an argument. Chris says, “Sometimes you make me so angry,” and then hugs Jasmin closely. What is Jasmin most likely to feel about this communication?
    1. Angry because verbal communication is more important than non-verbal communication
    2. Angry because non-verbal communication is more important than verbal communication
    3. Good because non-verbal communication is more important than verbal communication
    4. Good because verbal communication is more important than non-verbal communication
64. Dr. Simmons is studying the correlations between non-verbal behaviour and relationship satisfaction. If Dr. Simmons compares the correlation between non-verbal communication quality and relationship satisfaction to correlations between verbal communication quality and relationship satisfaction, what will she most likely discover?
    1. A stronger positive correlation
    2. A weaker positive correlation
    3. A stronger negative correlation
    4. A weaker negative correlation
65. Helen and Raja are having an argument that has escalated into a shouting match. What communication pattern likely led to this escalation?
    1. Demand-withdraw
    2. Negative reciprocity
    3. Impression management
    4. Self-deceptive enhancement
66. Trina’s solution to her arguments with Mandeep over their household budget is to leave the house and drive to her sister’s home. What behaviour is Trina displaying?
    1. Criticism
    2. Contempt
    3. Defensiveness
    4. Stonewalling
67. Rolling one’s eyes in response to what a partner said during an argument is an example of __________.
    1. criticism
    2. contempt
    3. defensiveness
    4. stonewalling
68. What is a common method researchers use to study couples’ communication?
    1. Correlational research
    2. Self-report
    3. Archival research
    4. Experiments
69. Dr. Audet is studying couples’ communication using a questionnaire. This is an example of which type of research?
    1. An experiment
    2. Archival research
    3. Data mining
    4. Self-report
70. Two couples are part of an experiment testing the ability of observers to detect faked behaviour during couples’ interviews. One couple is instructed to ‘fake good’ and one is instructed to ‘fake bad’. Which of the following is the most probable result?
    1. Coders will be able to detect faked good behaviour and faked bad behaviour.
    2. Coders will be able to detect faked good behaviour but not faked bad behaviour.
    3. Coders will be able to detect faked bad behaviour but not faked good behaviour.
    4. Coders will not be able to detect any faked behaviour.
71. Which of the following terms best describes the extent of gender differences in communication?
    1. Nonexistent
    2. Small
    3. Moderate
    4. Extreme
72. Which of the following is most typical of women’s communication behaviour within a heterosexual relationship?
    1. More conciliatory than their partner
    2. Less passive than their partner
    3. Very similar to their partner
    4. More aggressive than their partner
73. Which of the following observations contradicts the gender stereotype hypothesis?
    1. Women are more passive in relationships.
    2. Women are more conciliatory in relationships.
    3. Men are more aggressive in relationships.
    4. Men are more positive in relationships.
74. Men have a stronger physiological response to emotions than women and therefore may find conflict more aversive. Which hypothesis is contradicted by this finding?
    1. The gender stereotype hypothesis
    2. The demand-withdraw hypothesis
    3. The socialization hypothesis
    4. The evolutionary hypothesis
75. According to Harvey, who is most likely to be demanding in a heterosexual relationship?
    1. The man
    2. The woman
    3. The person who wants change
    4. The person who wants to maintain the status quo
76. Cross-cultural research suggests that demand and withdraw patterns are __________.
    1. Gender specific
    2. Context specific
    3. Age specific
    4. Cohort specific
77. Which of the following is the best predictor of low relationship satisfaction?
    1. Negative behaviours when discussing financial matters
    2. Negative behaviours when discussing household chores
    3. Negative behaviour when discussing sexual matters
    4. Negative behaviours when discussing in-laws
78. Which of the following topics do couples have most difficulty discussing?
    1. Divorce
    2. Lying
    3. Jealousy
    4. Sexual interaction
79. Which of the following topics is NOT one of the top-ten most difficult topics for couples to discuss?
    1. In-laws or extended family
    2. Finances
    3. Sexual interaction
    4. Divorce
80. What is the term used to describe a specific type of self-report responses that are intended to make the respondent look good to others?
    1. Socially desirable responding
    2. Impression management
    3. Self-deceptive enhancement
    4. Response bias
81. What is the term used to describe a specific type of self-report response that unintentionally makes the respondent look good to others?
    1. Socially desirable responding
    2. Impression management
    3. Self-deceptive enhancement
    4. Response bias
82. When a respondent intentionally or unintentionally responds in a way that makes them appear in a favourable light, it is referred to as __________.
    1. Socially desirable responding
    2. Impression management
    3. Self-deceptive enhancement
    4. Response bias
83. Which of the following cannot occur unless there is clear communication between two people?
    1. Self-report
    2. Sexual consent
    3. Stonewalling
    4. Orgasm
84. When can expectations influence how a discussion between sexual partners unfolds?
    1. Only when the expectations are incorrect
    2. Only when then expectations are correct
    3. Whenever there are expectations, correct or incorrect
    4. Never
85. Piri expects her husband to disagree with her about what is an acceptable frequency for sexual activity. When Piri discusses the topic with her husband, she is confrontational. This is an example of __________.
    1. perceptual confirmation
    2. behavioural confirmation
    3. self-deceptive enhancement
    4. response bias
86. Nathan expects his wife to agree with him about there being a significant problem with the way his in-laws are treating him. Nathan and his wife discuss this issue, and his wife does not support all of Nathan’s claim. After the discussion Nathan insists that his wife agreed with him during the discussion. This is an example of __________.
    1. perceptual confirmation
    2. behavioural confirmation
    3. self-deceptive enhancement
    4. response bias
87. Which of the following is most likely to have a negative impact on relationship satisfaction?
    1. Frustration
    2. Hostility
    3. Sadness
    4. Anger
88. The vast majority of Canadian parents believe that sexual health education should be the responsibility of __________.
    1. parents only
    2. schools only
    3. doctors only
    4. parents and schools
89. A new sexual health curriculum was due to be implemented in Ontario in 2010-2011. Many religious groups in Ontario objected. What was the result?
    1. The curriculum was not implemented.
    2. The curriculum was modified and implemented.
    3. The curriculum was implemented.
    4. The curriculum was implemented but only for high school students.
90. When was the sexual health curriculum taught in Ontario most recently updated?
    1. 1999
    2. 2005
    3. 2011
    4. 2015

Short Answer Questions

1. __________ __________ is the communication pattern where each partner tends to respond to the other with negative comments or behaviours, thereby escalating the conflict.
2. __________-__________ is a communication pattern in which one partner puts pressure on the other, and the other partner does not engage or is defensive.
3. __________ __________ are people who code observations without knowing the hypothesis of the study.
4. __________ __________ measures the similarity in coding between two or more observers of the same behaviour.
5. Research into the demand-withdraw communication pattern has shown that the most influential factor related to the phenomenon is __________.
6. Researchers found poor __________ skills to be the tenth most difficult topic for couples to discuss.
7. People’s dislike of discussing sexual problems makes the __________ method difficult to use in research about sexual communication.
8. A key component of skillful speaking is accessing __________ emotions, such as embarrassment, fear, anxiety.
9. __________ __________ is a process whereby someone’s expectations about an upcoming event influence his or her behaviour and thus cause the event to unfold in a way that is consistent with his or her expectations?
10. __________ __________ is a process whereby someone interprets an event in a way that is consistent with his or her expectations.
11. Indicating that a partner is selfish during an argument is an example of __________, one of “the four horsemen of the apocalypse” according to John Gottman.
12. Screaming an obscenity towards a partner during an argument is an example of __________, on of “the four horsemen of the apocalypse” according to John Gottman.
13. Denying responsibility is an example of __________, one of John Gottman’s “four horsemen of the apocalypse.”
14. An example of __________ would be leaving the room in the middle of an argument.
15. People gain the most information from __________-__________ communication.
16. Cross-cultural studies have shown that the withdraw-demand pattern is __________ dependent.
17. The belief that women will be more passive when communicating with their partner supports the __________ __________ hypothesis.
18. Researchers have found that couples have the most difficulty talking about __________ or separation.
19. Aram and Min took part in an observational study that encouraged them to discuss their financial problems. Following the study, Aram and Min found themselves arguing more about finances than they did before the study. This is an example of a possible __________ of observational research.
20. In 2011, a new sexual health curriculum failed to be implemented in Ontario due to pressure from a small percentage of __________.

Essay Questions

1. Compare the benefits and costs of using the observational method to research discussions related to sexual conflicts
2. Describe the demand-withdraw model of communication and identify two different explanations for this pattern.
3. Discuss the impact of communication behaviour during conversations about a) sexual conflicts and b) non-sexual topics, and consequent ratings of relationship satisfaction, including an explanation for the pattern that researchers frequently observe.
4. What are five possible barriers to couples openly discussing sex with one another? Provide an example of each barrier.
5. Jason wants to talk to his girlfriend Priya about her being more open to oral sex. Jason knows that Priya is quite shy and doesn’t like to talk about sex. What are two pieces of advice you would give Jason to help him have a successful conversation with Priya?