Chapter 11: Culture

Test Bank

Multiple Choice

1. ______ is a powerful influence on how people see the world, and experiences with different groups and settings create expectations for the way things are done around here.

A. Culture

B. Effectuation

C. Change

D. Forming

Learning Objective: 11.2: Define an organization’s culture and its subcultures.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Introduction

Difficulty Level: Easy

2. ______ are physical evidence (objects) that represent organizational values (i.e., those things you can see).

A. Beliefs

B. Artifacts

C. Values

D. Behaviors

Learning Objective: 11.1: Compare culture from a personal, organizational, and societal perspective.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Organizational Culture Defined

Difficulty Level: Easy

3. Edward Hall, a cultural anthropologist, created the concept of the ______, which is the idea that only a small part of culture is visible, and much of what drives you is unseen and below the surface or not visible to others.

A. adaptive cycle

B. cultural iceberg

C. mental model

D. growth mindset

Learning Objective: 11.1: Compare culture from a personal, organizational, and societal perspective.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Understanding the Iceberg

Difficulty Level: Easy

4. In some regards, culture primarily operates at the ______ level.

A. conscious

B. subconscious

C. basic

D. unconscious

Learning Objective: 11.1: Compare culture from a personal, organizational, and societal perspective.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Understanding the Iceberg

Difficulty Level: Medium

5. ______ are different cultures across nations, regions, or ethnicities.

A. Organizational cultures

B. Service clubs

C. Societal cultures

D. Adaptive cycles

Learning Objective: 11.1: Compare culture from a personal, organizational, and societal perspective.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Culture at the Societal Level

Difficulty Level: Medium

6. ______ are the words, gestures, pictures, and objects that carry often complex meanings recognized as such only by those who share the culture.

A. Stories

B. Artifacts

C. Rituals

D. Beliefs

Learning Objective: 11.1: Compare culture from a personal, organizational, and societal perspective.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Culture at the Societal Level

Difficulty Level: Easy

7. ______ are persons, dead or alive, real or imaginary who possess characteristics that are highly prized in a culture and thus serve as models for behavior.

A. Idols

B. Heroes

C. Icons

D. Authority figures

Learning Objective: 11.1: Compare culture from a personal, organizational, and societal perspective.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Culture at the Societal Level

Difficulty Level: Easy

8. ______ are collective activities that are technically unnecessary to the achievement of desired ends, but that within a culture are considered socially essential, keeping the individual bound within the norms of the collectivity.

A. Beliefs

B. Values

C. Rituals

D. Underlying assumptions

Learning Objective: 11.1: Compare culture from a personal, organizational, and societal perspective.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Culture at the Societal Level

Difficulty Level: Easy

9. Both organizational and societal have visible elements, which include stories, heroes, and rituals. What are these visible elements collectively known as?

A. beliefs

B. underlying assumptions

C. values

D. practices

Learning Objective: 11.1: Compare culture from a personal, organizational, and societal perspective.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Culture at the Societal Level

Difficulty Level: Medium

10. Culture specific to an organization through events and activities that you can see function as the outward signs (______) of the inward culture (______) that result from integrating these various aspects of the organizational culture with your own background.

A. beliefs; values

B. behaviors; values

C. values; behaviors

D. values; beliefs

Learning Objective: 11.2: Define an organization’s culture and its subcultures.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Organizational Culture Defined

Difficulty Level: Medium

11. A skull and crossbones on a bottle of poison and an Olympic medal are examples of what level of culture within an organization?

A. beliefs

B. values

C. underlying assumptions

D. symbols

Learning Objective: 11.2: Define an organization’s culture and its subcultures.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Organizational Culture Defined

Difficulty Level: Medium

12. Shaking hands when meeting someone for the first time or upon seeing them again and a wedding reception are examples of what visible element in both organizational and societal cultures?

A. rituals

B. stories

C. heroes

D. values

Learning Objective: 11.2: Define an organization’s culture and its subcultures.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Culture at the Societal Level

Difficulty Level: Medium

13. Abraham Lincoln and Martin Luther King, Jr. are examples of what visible element in both organizational and societal cultures?

A. stories

B. values

C. heroes

D. rituals

Learning Objective: 11.2: Define an organization’s culture and its subcultures.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Culture at the Societal Level

Difficulty Level: Medium

14. Which of the following is not an aspect of Edward Hall’s cultural iceberg that is visible to others?

A. norms

B. behaviors

C. artifacts

D. cultural values

Learning Objective: 11.1: Compare culture from a personal, organizational, and societal perspective.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Understanding the Iceberg

Difficulty Level: Medium

15. Which of the following is an aspect of Edward Hall’s iceberg that is not usually visible to others?

A. assumptions

B. personal values

C. attitudes

D. behaviors

Learning Objective: 11.1: Compare culture from a personal, organizational, and societal perspective.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Understanding the Iceberg

Difficulty Level: Easy

16. ______ generally emanate from founders and guide the behavior of organizational members.

A. Mission statements

B. Organizational values

C. Personal values

D. Code of ethics

Learning Objective: 11.6: Describe the differences between organizational vision, mission, and values and how they relate to culture.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: The Leader’s Role and Organizational Culture

Difficulty Level: Easy

17. ______ are beliefs or ideals that guide a person’s behavior; what you find personally important or of some worth.

A. Organizational values

B. Mission statements

C. Code of ethics

D. Personal values

Learning Objective: 11.6: Describe the differences between organizational vision, mission, and values and how they relate to culture.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: The Leader’s Role and Organizational Culture

Difficulty Level: Easy

18. Each person brings a personal set of ______ to an organization, and together those collective sets of same answer as above are what create the organization’s culture.

A. underlying assumptions

B. rituals

C. values

D. stories

Learning Objective: 11.5: Identify how values inform organizational culture.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: The Leader’s Role and Organizational Culture

Difficulty Level: Easy

19. Which of the following is not an example of where the values that help define who you are, what you believe in, and how you interact with others, came from?

A. the family in which you grew up

B. the television shows you watch

C. your national and regional identity

D. your social structures

Learning Objective: 11.5: Identify how values inform organizational culture.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Personal Values—Forming and Informing Organizational Culture

Difficulty Level: Medium

20. The generalized values-based culture that emerges from the Competing Values Framework, ______, is described as being like a family, valuing nurturing, teamwork, loyalty, and concern for people.

A. Clan

B. Hierarchy

C. Market

D. Adhocracy

Learning Objective: 11.5: Identify how values inform organizational culture.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Personal Values—Forming and Informing Organizational Culture

Difficulty Level: Medium

21. The generalized values-based culture that emerges from the Competing Values Framework, ______, is entrepreneurial, valuing risk, innovation, freedom, and challenges.

A. Market

B. Clan

C. Hierarchy

D. Adhocracy

Learning Objective: 11.5: Identify how values inform organizational culture.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Personal Values-Forming and Informing Organizational Culture

Difficulty Level: Medium

22. The generalized values-based culture that emerges from the Competing Values Framework, ______, is described as controlled and structured, valuing organization, efficiency, security, and stability.

A. Adhocracy

B. Market

C. Hierarchy

D. Clan

Learning Objective: 11.5: Identify how values inform organizational culture.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Personal Values—Forming and Informing Organizational Culture

Difficulty Level: Medium

23. The generalized values-based culture that emerges from the Competing Values Framework, ______, is competitive, valuing achievement in reaching goals and outdoing competition.

A. Market

B. Clan

C. Adhocracy

D. Hierarchy

Learning Objective: 11.5: Identify how values inform organizational culture.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Personal Values—Forming and Informing Organizational Culture

Difficulty Level: Medium

24. Which two generalized values-based cultures of the Competing Values Framework tend toward flexibility?

A. Clan and Market

B. Clan and Adhocracy

C. Adhocracy and Hierarchy

D. Hierarchy and Market

Learning Objective: 11.5: Identify how values inform organizational culture.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Personal Values—Forming and Informing Organizational Culture

Difficulty Level: Medium

25. Which two generalized values-based cultures of the Competing Values Framework tend toward stability and control?

A. Hierarchy and Clan

B. Market and Adhocracy

C. Clan and Adhocracy

D. Hierarchy and Market

Learning Objective: 11.5: Identify how values inform organizational culture.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Personal Values—Forming and Informing Organizational Culture

Difficulty Level: Easy

26. Ford Motor Company, McDonald’s, and government agencies which have tightly defined procedures for carrying out routine tasks are an example of what generalized values-based culture in the Competing Values Framework?

A. Clan

B. Market

C. Hierarchy

D. Adhocracy

Learning Objective: 11.5: Identify how values inform organizational culture.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Personal Values—Forming and Informing Organizational Culture

Difficulty Level: Medium

27. The CEO of General Electric once stated that every division of the company had to be first or second in their respective industry or be sold or shut down. This statement aligns with the generalized values-based culture, ______, in the Competing Values Framework in that its primary objectives are profitability and bottom-line results.

A. Market

B. Clan

C. Adhocracy

D. Hierarchy

Learning Objective: 11.5: Identify how values inform organizational culture.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Personal Values—Forming and Informing Organizational Culture

Difficulty Level: Medium

28. NASA’s emergency response team organized to save Apollo 13. This is an example of the generalized values-based culture, ______, in the Competing Values Framework in that it is characterized as a dynamic, creative workplace with a high-risk orientation and a commitment to experimentation and innovation.

A. Hierarchy

B. Adhocracy

C. Clan

D. Market

Learning Objective: 11.5: Identify how values inform organizational culture.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Personal Values—Forming and Informing Organizational Culture

Difficulty Level: Medium

29. A ______ is a forward thinking and aspirational image that sets the direction for the organization that others might follow.

A. culture

B. mission

C. vision

D. value

Learning Objective: 11.6: Describe the differences between organizational vision, mission, and values and how they relate to culture.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Vision, Mission, and Values in Organizational Culture

Difficulty Level: Easy

30. An organizational ______ is the reason for an organization’s existence.

A. mission

B. value

C. vision

D. culture

Learning Objective: 11.6: Describe the differences between organizational vision, mission, and values and how they relate to culture.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Vision, Mission, and Values in Organizational Culture

Difficulty Level: Easy

31. ______ guide organizational members in their day-to-day work and serve as a reminder of the reason the organization exists, and that each and every activity in which they engage meets that end.

A. Societal cultures

B. Design principles

C. Systems thinking

D. Mission statements

Learning Objective: 11.6: Describe the differences between organizational vision, mission, and values and how they relate to culture.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Vision, Mission, and Values in Organizational Culture

Difficulty Level: Easy

32. Organizational ______ has been defined as planned alterations of organizational components to improve the effectiveness of the organization.

A. influence

B. ideation

C. change

D. creativity

Learning Objective: 11.7: Describe the various ways in which organizational culture can be designed.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Changing Organizational Culture—It’s Not as Easy as You Think

Difficulty Level: Easy

33. You cannot make changes to design success for others unless you also design the ______ that will support and sustain that success.

A. culture

B. character

C. disposition

D. motivation

Learning Objective: 11.7: Describe the various ways in which organizational culture can be designed.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Changing Organizational Culture—It’s Not as Easy as You Think

Difficulty Level: Medium

34. Which step in John Kotter’s eight-step change model, which was introduced to facilitate organizational change, is critical to making changes endure?

A. anchoring new approaches in the culture

B. developing a vision and strategy

C. communicating the change vision

D. creating the guiding coalition

Learning Objective: 11.7: Describe the various ways in which organizational culture can be designed.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Changing Organizational Culture—It’s Not as Easy as You Think

Difficulty Level: Medium

35. ______ is the cooperative, coevolutionary search for the best in people, their organizations, and the world around them. It involves systematic discovery of what gives life to an organization or a community when it its most effective and most capable in economic, ecological terms.

A. Biomimicry

B. Appreciative Inquiry

C. Causal reasoning

D. Impact modeling

Learning Objective: 11.7: Describe the various ways in which organizational culture can be designed.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Appreciative Inquiry

Difficulty Level: Easy

36. ______ focuses on organizational strengths and stories of success, rather than on problems and what has gone wrong.

A. Process mapping

B. Community solidarity

C. Growth mindset

D. Appreciative Inquiry

Learning Objective: 11.7: Describe the various ways in which organizational culture can be designed.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Appreciative Inquiry

Difficulty Level: Easy

37. ______ is an activity where leaders and followers visually represent what an organization does, noting the flow of activities, decision points, roles, and other variables involved in getting things done.

A. Business model canvas

B. Ecocycle framework

C. Process mapping

D. Group/team-level decision-making

Learning Objective: 11.7: Describe the various ways in which organizational culture can be designed.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Appreciative Inquiry

Difficulty Level: Easy

38. Which phase of the Appreciative Inquiry process of an appreciative interview mobilizes the whole system by engaging all stakeholders in the articulation of strengths and best practices? It also identifies the best of what has been and what is.

A. Design

B. Discovery

C. Dream

D. Define

Learning Objective: 11.7: Describe the various ways in which organizational culture can be designed.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Appreciative Inquiry

Difficulty Level: Medium

39. Which phase of the Appreciative Inquiry process of an appreciative interview creates a clear results-oriented vision in relations to discovered potential and in relations to questions of higher purpose, such as, “What is the world calling us to become?”

A. Dream

B. Define

C. Discovery

D. Design

Learning Objective: 11.7: Describe the various ways in which organizational culture can be designed.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Appreciative Inquiry

Difficulty Level: Medium

40. Which phase of the Appreciative Inquiry process of an appreciative interview creates possibility propositions of the ideal organization, articulating an organization design that people feel is capable of drawing upon and magnifying the positive core to realize the newly expressed dream?

A. Dream

B. Discovery

C. Design

D. Define

Learning Objective: 11.7: Describe the various ways in which organizational culture can be designed.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Appreciative Inquiry

Difficulty Level: Medium

41. Which phase of the Appreciative Inquiry process of an appreciative interview strengthens the affirmative capability of the whole system, enabling it to build hope and sustain momentum for ongoing positive change and high performance?

A. Define

B. Destiny

C. Discovery

D. Dream

Learning Objective: 11.7: Describe the various ways in which organizational culture can be designed.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Appreciative Inquiry

Difficulty Level: Medium

42. Which phase of the Appreciative Inquiry process of an appreciative interview emphasizes the importance of a clear and compelling them for the inquiry?

A. Discovery

B. Design

C. Dream

D. Define

Learning Objective: 11.7: Describe the various ways in which organizational culture can be designed.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Appreciative Inquiry

Difficulty Level: Medium

43. ______ is the process by which an organization (a) clarifies (identify, develop, and refine) values and vision, (b) translates those into goals, and then (c) creates action plans or strategy to achieve those goals.

A. Process mapping

B. Strategic planning

C. Growth mindset

D. Design process

Learning Objective: 11.7: Describe the various ways in which organizational culture can be designed.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Strategic Planning

Difficulty Level: Easy

44. A ______ is a strategic planning and decision-making tool used to evaluate the current Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats relevant to an organization or specific situation that requires understanding.

A. Design process

B. Growth mindset

C. Process mapping

D. SWOT analysis

Learning Objective: 11.7: Describe the various ways in which organizational culture can be designed.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Strategic Planning

Difficulty Level: Easy

Essay

1. Your first experiences with culture likely came from where?

Learning Objective: 11.1: Compare culture from a personal, organizational, and societal perspective.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Culture Starts With People: Your Personal Culture Contribution

Difficulty Level: Easy

2. What are the three levels of culture within organizations?

Learning Objective: 11.3: Examine societal cultures as they relate to organizational members’ roles.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Organizational Culture Defined

Difficulty Level: Medium

3. Time is a function of culture and can be identified as either monochronic (M-time) or polychronic (P-time). What is the cultural difference between them?

Learning Objective: 11.3: Examine societal cultures as they relate to organizational members’ roles.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Understanding the Iceberg

Difficulty Level: Hard

4. A study conducted by the GLOBE research group examined leadership practices and values across various cultures. Based on leader characteristics, what were the three universally accepted theories that contributed to effective leadership across cultures?

Learning Objective: 11.3: Examine societal cultures as they relate to organizational members’ roles.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Culture at the Societal Level

Difficulty Level: Medium

5. What are the four generalized values-based cultures that emerge from the Competing Values Framework?

Learning Objective: 11.5: Identify how values inform organizational culture.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Personal Values—Forming and Informing Organizational Culture

Difficulty Level: Hard

6. What is the difference between figures and ground in a figure–ground relationship?

Learning Objective: 11.4: Explain the leader’s role in culture.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Do Your Values Align With the Organization’s Values? Ensuring Fit | Leadership by Design

Difficulty Level: Medium

7. Organizational change has been defined as planned alterations of organizational components to improve the effectiveness of the organization. What are 6 of the 10 organizational components?

Learning Objective: 11.7: Describe the various ways in which organizational culture can be designed.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Changing Organizational Culture—It’s Not as Easy as You Think

Difficulty Level: Hard

8. What are the five phases of the Appreciative Inquiry process of appreciative interview?

Learning Objective: 11.7: Describe the various ways in which organizational culture can be designed.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Appreciative Inquiry

Difficulty Level: Hard

9. Organizational management legend Peter Drucker developed a self-assessment tool that posed five “most important” questions from which organizational members can begin understanding themselves. What are the Five Drucker Questions?

Learning Objective: 11.7: Describe the various ways in which organizational culture can be designed.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Strategic Planning

Difficulty Level: Hard

10. What are the four categories that are used to analyze an organization according to the SWOT analysis?

Learning Objective: 11.7: Describe the various ways in which organizational culture can be designed.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Strategic Planning

Difficulty Level: Medium

11. What are the two categories in the SWOT analysis that are considered to be internal attributes of the organization?

Learning Objective: 11.7: Describe the various ways in which organizational culture can be designed.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Strategic Planning

Difficulty Level: Easy

12. What are the two categories in the SWOT analysis that are considered to be external (attributes of the environment outside the organization)?

Learning Objective: 11.7: Describe the various ways in which organizational culture can be designed.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Strategic Planning

Difficulty Level: Easy

13. What are the two categories of the SWOT analysis that are considered to be Positive/Helpful?

Learning Objective: 11.7: Describe the various ways in which organizational culture can be designed.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Strategic Planning

Difficulty Level: Easy

14. What are the two categories of the SWOT analysis that are considered to be Negative/Harmful?

Learning Objective: 11.7: Describe the various ways in which organizational culture can be designed.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Strategic Planning

Difficulty Level: Easy