Chapter 10 Deduction And Induction Verified Test Bank

Test Bank, Chapter 10

Quiz questions set 1. On the Nature and History of Logic. True or False?

1. Plato is the founder of logic.
2. Logic is defined in the text as the study of the standards of correct or good reasoning.
3. According to the text, Aristotle is the founder of logic as an academic subject.
4. Aristotle’s works on logic are known as the “organon.”
5. “Organon” means “the organ we use for thinking, i.e., the brain.”
6. ^Aristotle studied under Plato.
7. According to the text, Aristotle may have gotten the seminal idea for the subject of logic while at Plato’s Academy where he studied the many arguments for and against the various philosophies under consideration.
8. ^According to the text, Socrates is the founder of logic.
9. Plato’s Academy was located in Athens, Greece.
10. Aristotle founded his own school, known as the Lyceum.
11. ^Aristotle wrote the first logic textbook in history.
12. Logic is defined in the text as the study of the way we usually think.
13. Organon means tool of thought.
14. Logic aims at discovering the true principles of reasoning.

Quiz questions set 2. Multiple Choice. Choose the best answer.

1. The Academy was located in:
2. Atlantis
3. Sparta
4. Athens
5. America
6. Thebes
7. None of the above
8. The Lyceum was located in:
9. Macedonia
10. Sparta
11. Atlantis
12. Athens
13. None of the above
14. Aristotle was born in the ____ century BC.
15. first
16. second
17. third
18. fourth
19. fifth
20. sixth
21. As an academic subject, logic is the study of...
22. the way we normally think.
23. the way we reason.
24. the way we would reason if we were God.
25. the principles of correct reasoning.

Quiz questions set 3. Suggestions for short answer questions.

1. In your own words, define the academic subject known as logic. What is it about?
2. What is reasoning? What do we do when we reason? Give examples and explain in your own words.
3. Is all reasoning equal? Or is some reasoning better than other reasoning? Give examples and support your answer.
4. Who was Aristotle? What did he do that makes him historically significant?
5. Does Aristotle deserve his title, “founder of logic”? Support your answer.

Quiz questions set 4. On deduction. True or False?

1. Deductive arguments are intended to show that the conclusion must be true.
2. ^Inductive arguments are intended to show that the conclusion is probably true but not certain.
3. Deductive arguments have an air of certainty, whereas inductive arguments do not.
4. A deductive argument claims only that the conclusion is probably true.
5. ^Hypothetical syllogism is a form of deductive reasoning.
6. Disjunctive syllogism is a form of deductive reasoning.
7. ^Mathematical arguments are a type of deductive argument.
8. Categorical arguments are a common type of deductive argument.
9. ^Every valid argument has all true premises and a true conclusions.
10. All arguments with true conclusions are valid arguments.
11. All valid arguments are sound arguments.
12. All sound arguments are valid arguments.
13. An argument with a false conclusion cannot possibly be a valid argument.
14. An argument with a false conclusion cannot possibly be a sound deductive argument.
15. If an argument is valid, then it aims at proving its conclusion conclusively.
16. ^If an argument is valid, then it must have at least one true premise.
17. If an argument is valid, then, although its premises may be false, at least its conclusion is always true.
18. Some arguments are invalid but sound.
19. Some arguments are sound yet invalid at the same time.
20. ^The following is a valid deductive argument: If it snows, then we will go sledding, just like when we were kids. It is snowing. So certainly we will go sledding, just like when we were kids.
21. ^The following is a valid deductive argument: All rock fish are orange and red. So if we catch a rock fish, then it will surely be red and orange.
22. The following is a valid deductive argument: All rock fish are orange and red. This fish is orange and red. So this fish must be a rock fish.
23. The following argument is invalid: All students are allergic to tuna. Jim is a student. Therefore, Jim must be allergic to tuna.
24. The following is a valid argument: It is raining. Therefore, it is raining.
25. The following is a valid argument: Jim is over sixty. Jan is not as old as Jim. So Jan must be less than sixty.
26. ^The following is a valid argument: Jim is under sixty. Jan is older than Jim. So Jan must be older than sixty.
27. The following is a valid argument: Jim is exactly sixty. Jan is the same age as Jim. So Jan is exactly sixty.
28. The following is a valid argument: Jim is at least sixty. Jan is older than Jim. So Jan is older than sixty.
29. The following is a valid argument: Jim is at least sixty. Jan is younger than Jim. So Jan must be younger than sixty.
30. ^The following is an invalid argument: Jim is at least sixty. Jan is at least as old as Jim. So Jan is at least sixty.
31. The following is an invalid argument: Jim is between fifty and sixty years old. Jan is older than Jim. So Jan is older than sixty.
32. The following is an invalid argument: Jim is under sixty. Jan is younger than Jim. So Jan is younger than sixty.
33. ^The following is a valid argument: Ann is a chemist. All chemists are good at math. Therefore, Ann is good at math.
34. The following is a valid argument: Amy is good at math. All chemists are good at math. Therefore, Amy is a chemist.
35. The following is a valid argument: Ann is good at math. All chemists are good at math. Therefore, Ann is a good chemist.
36. ^The following is a valid argument: Britney is a good musician. Christa is a good musician. Therefore, they will make a good musical duo.
37. The following is a valid argument: The Bungles is a great band. Jan is a member of the band. Therefore, Jan must be a great musician.
38. The following is a valid argument: Senator Clarke is a bad man. Therefore, the argument he just gave on the floor of Congress must be a bad argument.
39. The following is a valid argument: Senator Clarke has bad friends. Therefore, the argument he just gave must be a bad argument.
40. ^The following is a valid argument: Senator Clarke associates with known horologists. Therefore, the argument he just gave must be an invalid argument.
41. The following is a valid argument: The average household in America owns 2.2 cars. The Smiths are an average family. Therefore, they own at least 2.2 cars.
42. The following is a valid argument: No splogs are crogs. No crogs are blonks. So no splogs are blonks.
43. ^The following is a valid argument: No splogs are crogs. All crogs are blonks. So no splogs are blonks.
44. The following is a valid argument: All splogs are crogs. No crogs are blonks. So no splogs are blonks.
45. The following argument is valid: All students are billionaires. All billionaires are Republicans. So all students are Republicans.
46. ^The following argument is valid: All students are billionaires. No billionaires are Republicans. So no students are Republicans.
47. The following argument is valid: Some students are millionaires. Some millionaires are Republicans. So some students are Republicans.
48. The following argument is valid: All students are billionaires. All Republicans are billionaires. So all students are Republicans.

Quiz questions set 5. On deductive arguments. True or False.

1. If a deductive argument has all false premises, then it must be invalid.
2. If a deductive argument has all true premises, then it must be valid.
3. If a deductive argument is valid, it must also be sound.
4. ^If a deductive argument is invalid, then it must also be unsound.
5. If an argument is valid, then it must have at least one true premise.
6. If an argument is valid, then it must have all true premises.
7. If an argument is sound, then it must also be valid.
8. If an argument is sound, then it must have a true conclusion.
9. ^If an argument is invalid, then it must have at least one false premise.
10. If an argument is invalid, then its conclusion cannot be true.
11. If an argument is valid, then its conclusion is likely but not certainly true.
12. If an argument is sound, then its conclusion is likely but not certainly true.
13. If an argument has premises that are certain to be true, then the argument must be valid.
14. If an argument has premises that are certain to be true and a conclusion that is certain to be true, then the argument must be valid.
15. If an argument has premises that are certainly false, then the argument must be invalid.
16. If an argument has premises that are certainly false and a conclusion that is certainly false, then the argument must be invalid.
17. ^If an argument has a conclusion that is certainly false, then the argument must be invalid.
18. ^If the premises and conclusion are all false, the argument must be invalid.
19. The conclusion of every sound deductive argument is true.
20. Some sound deductive arguments have false premises.
21. If the premises and conclusion are all true, then the argument must be valid.
22. Some valid arguments have false premises and a true conclusion.
23. ^Some invalid arguments have true premises and a true conclusion.
24. All deductively sound arguments are also deductively valid.
25. If an argument is deductively sound, then it has true premises.
26. If an argument is deductively valid, then it is also sound.

Quiz questions set 6: Multiple Choice. Choose the best answer.

1. ^The following is one of the two ways to effectively criticize an argument:
2. Hit the arguer over the head with a broom
3. Make fun of the arguer’s appearance
4. State an argument against one of the argument’s premises
5. Present an argument against the conclusion of the target argument
6. The following is one of the two ways to effectively criticize an argument:
7. Insult the arguer
8. Make fun of the arguer’s mom, dad, girlfriend, boyfriend, etc.
9. State an argument against the arguer’s conclusion
10. Argue that the conclusion is not well-supported by the premises
11. The following is one of the two ways to effectively criticize a deductive argument:
12. Insult the arguer
13. Make fun of the arguer’s mom, dad, girlfriend, boyfriend, etc.
14. State an argument against the arguer’s conclusion
15. Argue that the argument is invalid
16. In a valid argument:
17. If the premises are all false, then the conclusion must be false.
18. If at least one of the premises is true, then the conclusion must be true.
19. If the conclusion is true, then the premises must be true.
20. If the premises are unknown, then the conclusion must be unknown.
21. If the premises are all true, then the conclusion must be true.
22. ^The only combination that you will not find in a valid argument is:
23. True premises and a false conclusion
24. True premises and a true conclusion
25. False premises and a false conclusion
26. False premises and a true conclusion
27. None of the above
28. The combination you will not find in an invalid argument is:
29. True premises and a false conclusion
30. True premises and a true conclusion
31. False premises and a false conclusion
32. False premises and a true conclusion
33. None of the above, for any combination is possible in an invalid argument
34. The combination you will not find in a sound argument is:
35. True premises and a false conclusion
36. True premises and a true conclusion
37. False premises and a false conclusion
38. False premises and a true conclusion
39. a, c, and d
40. The combination you will not find in a sound argument is:
41. True premises and a false conclusion
42. True premises and invalid reasoning
43. False premises and valid reasoning
44. False premises and a true conclusion
45. All of the above
46. ^The combination you will not find in a sound argument is:
47. True premises and a true conclusion
48. True premises and valid reasoning
49. False premises or invalid reasoning
50. All of the above
51. The combination you will not find in a sound argument is:
52. True premises and a true conclusion
53. True premises and valid reasoning
54. True premises and invalid reasoning
55. All of the above
56. The text divides all arguments into these very general categories:
57. Nomatic, dimatic, and pumatic
58. Inductive and deductive
59. True and false
60. Sentential and paragraphical
61. In a valid argument:
62. If the premises are all false, the conclusion must be false.
63. If the premises are all true, then the conclusion cannot be false.
64. If the premises are all false, then the conclusion is likely.
65. The premises must be true.
66. In a deductive argument:
67. If the premises all are true, then the argument must be valid.
68. If the premises all are false, then the argument must be invalid.
69. If the premises are all true, then the argument is called a “true” argument.
70. None of the above.

Quiz questions set 7. Assume each of the following is a deductive argument. In each case, is the argument valid or invalid? (V or I)

1. Some football coaches are poets. But no poet knows how to play football. So some football coaches do not know how to play football.

2. Chris is shorter than Ed, and Ed is shorter than Pat. So Pat is taller than Chris.

3. All comedians are persons. Jerry is a person. So Jerry must be a comedian.

4. Some cars are purple, and some cars are Chevrolets. So some cars are purple Chevrolets.

5. All cows are mammals. Some mammals are brown. Therefore, some cows are brown.

6. If there is a drought, the crop will be small. The crop will be small. So there will be a drought.

7. Any sodium salt produces a yellow flame when put into the flame of a Bunsen burner. This material produces a yellow flame when put into the flame of a Bunsen burner. So this material is a sodium salt.

8. If Smith wins, Jones will be happy. However, Smith won't win. So Jones won't be happy.

9. Some birds are green. No green thing is young. So some birds are not young.

10. Jones is over eighty years old. Smith is not as old as Jones. So Smith must be less than eighty years old.

11. Only birds are blue. My pet is blue. So my pet is a bird.

12. All birds are green. My pet is green. So my pet is a bird.

13. Ann and Bob won't both be home. Bob will be home. So Ann won't be home.

14. Ann and Bob both won't be home. So Ann won't be home.

15. All aardvarks are cute critters. All cute critters are lovable. So all aardvarks are lovable.

16. No aardvarks are reptiles. No reptiles are warm-blooded. So all aardvarks are warm-blooded.

17. No aardvarks are reptiles. No reptiles are blue. So no aardvarks are blue.

18. If the Chicago Bulls win, then Ed will collect ten bucks. The Chicago Bulls will win. So Ed will collect ten bucks.

19. We will either skip breakfast, or we will skip lunch. But we won’t skip breakfast. So we will skip lunch.

20. If Sue wins, then Ed will be happy. If Ed is happy, then George will be happy. So if Sue wins, then George will be happy.

1. ^The following is a strong argument: It has been snowing for thirty days straight, and the prediction is for the snow to continue tomorrow. Thus, tomorrow it will probably snow.
2. The following is a strong argument: It has been snowing for sixty days straight, and the prediction is for the snow to continue tomorrow. Thus, tomorrow it will probably not snow.
3. The following is a strong argument: It has been snowing for three days straight. Thus, tomorrow it will probably snow.
4. ^The following is a weak argument: It has been snowing for sixty days straight, and the prediction is for the snow to continue tomorrow. Thus, tomorrow it will probably be a sunny day.
5. The following is a strong argument: Joe has eaten lunch at the taco stand every day for sixty days straight. Tomorrow is an ordinary day. Thus, tomorrow he will probably eat there again.
6. The following is a strong argument: Joe has eaten lunch at the taco stand every day for three days straight. Thus, tomorrow he will probably eat there again.
7. The following is a weak argument: Joe has eaten lunch at the taco stand every day for sixty days straight. Thus, tomorrow he will probably not eat there again.
8. ^The following is a weak argument: Joe has eaten lunch at the taco stand every day for two days straight. Thus, tomorrow he will probably eat there again.
9. The following is a weak argument: Joe has eaten lunch at the taco stand every day for sixty days straight. Tomorrow is an ordinary day. Thus, tomorrow he will probably not eat there.
10. The following is a strong argument: Joe has eaten lunch at the taco stand every day for sixty days straight. Tomorrow is an ordinary day. Thus, tomorrow he will probably eat there again.
11. The following is a weak argument: Joe hasn’t eaten lunch at the taco stand for sixty days straight. Thus, tomorrow he will probably not eat there again.
12. The following is a weak argument: Joe hasn’t eaten lunch at the taco stand for sixty days straight. Thus, tomorrow he will probably eat there.
13. The following is a strong argument: Joe hasn’t eaten lunch at the taco stand for sixty days straight. Thus, tomorrow he will probably not eat there again.
14. ^The following is a strong argument: Sodium burns yellow. This metal burns yellow. So this metal is very probably sodium.
15. The following is a strong argument: For fifty years it has rained every day of the year in Dallas, Texas. Thus, tomorrow it will rain in Dallas, Texas.

Quiz questions set 8. Think with Socrates does not contain a section on enthymemes. However, the concept can be defined briefly. This exercise defines an enthymeme and gives students a chance to practice filling in holes in incomplete deductive arguments.

An enthymeme is an argument that is missing one or more premises or a conclusion. Each of the following deductive arguments is missing either a premise or a conclusion. (Thus, each is an enthymeme.) Add a statement to each so as to turn the enthymeme into a valid argument. (Answers will vary.)

1. All biologists are scientists, and all scientists are intellectually disciplined people. So …
2. Some wombats are cute … Therefore, all cute things are blue.
3. All bats are mammals … Therefore, all bats are warm-blooded.
4. No real zombies are conscious … Therefore, no human beings are zombies.
5. It rains every day in the city of Sunnydale … So it will rain today.
6. If it rains, then the roof gets wet. Therefore, the roof is wet.
7. If it rains, then the roof gets wet. Therefore, it is not raining.
8. If Joe wins the game, then he will be rich. So he will be rich.
9. If the British march to Lexington and attempt to arrest Sam Adams, then there will be an armed conflict ... There will be an armed conflict.
10. Either we skip lunch, or we skip dinner. We’ll skip dinner.
11. If the sun is out, it is daytime … Therefore, the sun is not out.
12. If the birds are merry, it is spring … The birds are not merry.
13. When it is summer, the birds are chirping. The birds are not chirping …
14. If we drive to Portland, then we’ll see the Willamette River. If we drive to Yakima, then we’ll see the Yakima River … Therefore, either we’ll see the Willamette or the Yakima.
15. If it rains, then the streets will become wet. If it snows, then the streets will become white. Therefore, either it will not rain, or it will not snow.
16. Either it is Monday, or it is Tuesday ... So it is Tuesday.
17. No movie stars are hamsters. Some movie stars are rock hounds. So …
18. Every werewolf is hairy. No hairy creatures are reptiles. Therefore, …
19. Some sasquatches are registered nurses … Therefore, some registered nurses are hairy creatures indeed.
20. Some bats are pets. Therefore, some pets are scary-looking creatures.
21. If the creature from the Black Lagoon is angry, then nobody is safe … Therefore, nobody is safe.
22. If the creature from the Black Lagoon is angry, then nobody is safe … Therefore, the creature is not angry.
23. If the abominable snowman is a mammal, then not all species of mammals have been discovered. All species of mammals have been discovered. Therefore, …
24. If the werewolves are on the loose again, then London is not safe at night. London is safe tonight. So …
25. If Sloopy hangs on, then the bad part of town will not be as bad as many people think. The bad part of town will not be as bad as many people think. Therefore, …
26. If Miss Lizzie makes John dizzy, then Miss Lizzie is a problem for the boys in the band. If Miss Lizzie is a problem for the boys in the band, then it may be time to get the band out of here. Therefore, supposing that Miss Lizzie does make John dizzy …
27. Either a bad boy moved into town, or Junior must behave himself. So Junior must behave himself.
28. No werewolves are pets ... So some pets are not very friendly.
29. All illy pies are mammals … Therefore, all illy pies are hairy.
30. All Scots wear kilts. No kilt-wearers are card players. So …
31. No dingbats are serious. All the members of the serious people club are serious. Therefore, …
32. If Archie thinks someone is a dingbat, then the person is a dingbat in Archie’s eyes … So Meathead is a dingbat in Archie’s eyes.

Quiz questions set 9. More enthymemes. In each case, fill in the missing element (i.e., add a premise or conclusion) so as to turn the enthymeme into a valid deductive argument. (Answers will vary.)

1. ^All frogs are orange. No orange things are cute. So ...

2. No frogs are heavy. Only heavy things are large. Therefore, ...

3. All illy pies are reptiles. Therefore, no illy pies are purple.

4. ^If it rains, then we’ll go swimming. It will rain. So ...

5. Some frogs are blue. So some frogs are young.

6. ^We will either eat hotdogs or hamburgers. So we will eat hamburgers.

7. If it rains, then we will swim. If we swim, then we will need towels. So if it rains ...

8. Every time it rains, Joe calls in sick. So Joe will call in sick tomorrow.

9. ^All illy pies are hairy. So all illy pies are warm-blooded.

10. Either we will eat tacos, or we will eat burritos. We won’t eat burritos. So ...

Quiz questions set 10. True or False?

1. Some inductive arguments claim that the conclusion must be true.
2. According to the text, logicians sort arguments into two types of reasoning: deductive and inductive.
3. Inductive arguments aim to show not that the conclusion must be true but rather that it is likely true.
4. No inductive argument aims to prove its conclusion with certainty.
5. Some inductive arguments have false premises and a false conclusion, and yet they are nevertheless strong.
6. Some inductive arguments have true premises and a true conclusion, and yet they are nevertheless weak.
7. If an inductive argument has all false premises, then you know it is weak.
8. If an inductive argument has all true premises, then you know it is strong.
9. If an argument is inductively strong, then it must also be valid.
10. If an argument is inductively strong, then it must also be cogent.
11. If an argument is inductively strong, then it must also have all true premises.
12. If an argument is cogent, then it must also be valid.
13. If an argument is strong, then it must have a true conclusion.
14. If an argument is weak, then it must have at least one false premise.
15. If an argument is weak, then its conclusion cannot be true.
16. If an argument is strong, then its conclusion is likely true.
17. If an argument is cogent, then its conclusion is likely true.
18. If an argument has premises that are probably true, then the argument must be inductive.
19. If an argument has premises that are probably true, then the argument is a strong inductive argument.
20. If an argument has premises that are probably false, then the argument is weak.
21. If an argument has a conclusion that is probably false, then the argument is weak.
22. If an argument has a conclusion that is probably false, then the argument cannot be cogent.
23. If an argument has premises that are likely to be false and a conclusion that is likely to be false, then the argument is weak.
24. Some inductively strong arguments have false premises and a false conclusion.
25. If an argument is cogent, then it is also strong.
26. If an argument is strong, and its premises are true, then it is cogent.

Quiz questions set 11. Is the argument deductive (D) or inductive (I)?

1. ^All cats are mammals. All mammals are hairy. Therefore, certainly all cats are hairy.
2. It rained yesterday and the day before. Therefore, it probably will rain today.
3. A square has four equal sides and four equal angles; therefore, this figure, which is a square, surely has four equal sides and four equal angles.
4. ^The cheese has turned moldy. Mold is usually caused by organisms in the air. So the cheese likely was left exposed to the air.
5. All coffee contains oils. Therefore, this coffee certainly contains oils.
6. The meatloaf is gone. The best explanation is that the cat got up onto the table and ate it. Therefore, the cat probably ate it.
7. ^This car gets 20 mpg. It has ten gallons in its tank. Therefore, it will surely go two hundred miles before needing gas.
8. All Ace olives are good to eat. Therefore, these olives, being Ace olives, will surely be good to eat.
9. ^We have always collected a lot of candy on Halloween. Therefore, tomorrow night, Halloween night, we will probably collect a lot of candy.
10. No students at Shoreline are billionaires. Iljoo is a student at Shoreline. Therefore, Iljoo is certainly not a billionaire.
11. Portland is 180 miles from Seattle. Therefore, at sixty miles per hour, it must be a three- hour drive.
12. We have only $500 to spend, and a good laptop is at least $400. Therefore, necessarily, we can buy at most one laptop.
13. ^Every time in the past that Jan has spoken, she has gone over her time limit. Therefore, she will probably speak too long tomorrow night at the awards banquet.
14. Monkeys and humans have similar cardiovascular systems. Therefore, this drug will likely cure cardiovascular disease in humans since it was effective in the case of monkeys.
15. We tested the proposed hypothesis ten times, and it failed every test. Therefore, we conclude that the hypothesis is probably false.
16. If Joe cooks, the dinner will be awful. Joe is cooking. The dinner will surely be awful.
17. If Jan cooks, the dinner will be late. It is not late. Therefore, Jan is certainly not cooking tonight.
18. ^If we move to Colorado, then we will ski often. If we ski often, then we will become better skiers. So if we move to Colorado, then we will surely become better skiers.
19. If Joe has walking pneumonia, then he is too sick to work. Joe has walking pneumonia. Therefore, he is certainly too sick to work.
20. If Orangie, the cat, is hungry, he will meow and let you know it. He is not meowing. Therefore, Orangie is surely not hungry.
21. Either we eat dinner at a fast food place, or we cook. We won’t eat fast food tonight. So we’ll certainly cook.
22. If Joe wins the bet, then he goes home early. He is not going home early. Therefore, he certainly did not win the bet.
23. If the Fleet Foxes are playing, then there will be a crowd. The Fleet Foxes are playing. So there will surely be a crowd.
24. The car stopped in the middle of the freeway. The gas gauge is on empty. The best explanation is that the car is out of gas. Therefore, the car is probably out of gas.
25. Professor Smith says there will be no depression. He is an expert on depressions and business cycle theory. Therefore, there will probably be no depression.
26. ^My doctor says this drug is safe. She is an expert in this area. So the drug is likely safe.

Quiz questions set 12. Strong or Weak?

Assume each of the following arguments is inductive. In each case, is the argument strong or weak?

1. ^Almost every time that Pete has gone to Gorditos restaurant, he has ordered a large taco. He has eaten there many times. He just left for Gorditos. He will probably order a large taco.

2. The last time I went to Spud’s Fish ’n’ Chips with Katrina, she ordered a large diet Coke. We are going to eat there again tonight. She will probably order a large diet Coke.

3. Professor Jones canceled class three times last quarter. He’ll probably cancel class three times this quarter, too.

4. Someone stole my textbook. The only person who was eyeing my book when I left class was Joe. Therefore, it is likely that Joe did it.

5. ^Over the past month, Fred has eaten eight burritos at Gorditos. All eight were good. For his next dinner, he plans to buy another Gordito burrito. His next burrito will likely be good.

6. This season the Roosevelt Roughriders have won seventeen games and lost just one. The Nathan Hale team has won only two out of sixteen games. Tonight, when Roosevelt plays Hale, Roosevelt will probably win.

7. ^Professor Smith wore a bright red tie twice last week. He rarely wears a tie. So he will probably wear a bright red tie next week.

8. Sometimes Fred orders a hamburger when he eats at Tiny’s Taco Stand. Sometimes he orders a burrito. His last meal there was a burrito. So the next time he eats there, he will probably order a hamburger.

Quiz questions set 13. Multiple Choice. Choose the best answer. (Correct answers are marked by an asterisk.)

1. In the case of an inductive argument:
2. If the premises are all false, then the conclusion is probably false.
3. If at least one of the premises is true, then the conclusion is probably true.
4. If the conclusion is true, then the premises are probably true.
5. If the premises are true, then the argument is called a “true” argument.
6. If the premises are all true, then the conclusion probably is true.
7. ^The only combination that you will never find in a strong argument is:
8. True premises and a false conclusion.
9. True premises and a true conclusion.
10. False premises and a false conclusion.
11. False premises and a true conclusion.
12. None of the above, for any combination is possible.
13. The combination you will never find in a weak argument is:
14. True premises and a false conclusion.
15. True premises and a true conclusion.
16. False premises and a false conclusion.
17. False premises and a true conclusion.
18. None of the above, for any combination is possible.
19. The only combination you will never find in a cogent argument is:
20. True premises and a false conclusion.
21. True premises and a true conclusion.
22. False premises and a false conclusion.
23. False premises and a true conclusion.
24. None of the above is correct.
25. The text divides all arguments into these very general categories:
26. Nomatic, dimatic, and pumatic
27. Inductive and deductive
28. True and false
29. Sentential and paragraphical

Quiz questions set 14. True or False?

1. In an analogical argument, all things equal, the more specific the conclusion, the weaker the argument.
2. In an analogical argument, all things equal, the more specific the conclusion, the stronger the argument.
3. In an analogical argument, all things equal, the more general the conclusion, the stronger the argument.
4. In an inference to the best explanation, all else equal, the simpler hypothesis is preferable.
5. In an inference to the best explanation, the less simple the hypothesis, the stronger the argument.
6. In an analogical argument, the more qualities the items compared have in common, the weaker the argument.
7. In a generalization from a sample, the more random the sample, the stronger the argument.
8. In an analogical argument, the fewer qualities the items compared have in common, the stronger the argument.
9. In a generalization from a sample, the less random the sample, the stronger the argument.
10. In a generalization from a sample, the more heterogeneous the sample, the weaker the argument.
11. In an enumerative induction, generally, the more cases enumerated, the stronger the argument.
12. In an enumerative induction, generally, the more heterogeneous the cases enumerated are, the stronger the argument.
13. In a generalization from a sample, generally, the larger the sample, the stronger the argument.
14. In an inference to the best explanation or “IBE,” generally the more comprehensively one has examined and compared the plausible hypotheses available, the stronger the argument.
15. An empirical hypothesis is one that makes observational predictions.
16. One way to critique an analogical argument is to show disanalogies between the things compared in the premises.
17. One way to strengthen an analogical argument is to show further similarities between the things compared in the premises.
18. One way to strengthen an analogical argument is to make the conclusion more general, i.e., less specific.
19. One way to strengthen an enumerative induction is to list more cases.
20. One way to strengthen a generalization from a sample is to enlarge the sample size.
21. One way to weaken an IBE is to show new facts that cannot be explained by the favored hypothesis.
22. One way to weaken an analogical argument is to list relevant dissimilarities.
23. An analogical argument is inductive in nature.
24. An IBE is inductive in nature.
25. A generalization from a sample is deductive in nature.
26. An enumerative induction is deductive in nature.
27. An analogy is a similarity between two things.

Quiz questions set 15. On critically evaluating inductive arguments. Read the following arguments and carry out the instructions below.

1. Arnold is fifty years old, one hundred pounds overweight, and eats a diet that includes lots of candy, ice cream, and cake. Helen, forty-six, is 108 pounds overweight, and eats a diet that includes lots of sweets. Arnold was just been diagnosed with clogged arteries. Therefore, Helen will probably get clogged arteries, too.

a. List several irrelevant dissimilarities that would have no bearing on the argument.

b. List several additional relevant similarities that would strengthen the argument.

c. Change the conclusion so that the argument is weaker.

d. Change the conclusion so that the argument is stronger.

e. Add a premise that makes the argument stronger.

f. Add a premise that makes the argument weaker.

2. Read the following argument and list of additional items. Would the addition of each item strengthen the argument, weaken the argument, or leave the strength of the argument unchanged? Consider each addition separately from the rest.

The Ace Widget Company needs a new delivery truck. The truck must be capable of hauling heavy crates of widgets, and it must be adequate for heavy city driving. The company next door, the Ajax Bakery, has a delivery truck for sale. The Ajax Company’s president says the truck worked extremely well for its purposes. The president of Ace concludes that the Ajax truck will make an excellent delivery truck.

a. The Ajax Company never hauled heavy loads.

b. The Ajax Company used its truck mainly on the open highway.

c. The conclusion is changed to: The truck will make a good delivery truck.

d. The conclusion is changed to: The truck will be OK, though not always perfect.

e. The Ajax Company plans to install a new widget-painting machine.

f. The conclusion is changed to: The truck will make an absolutely perfect delivery truck.

Answers

1. Weakens
2. Weakens
3. Strengthens
4. Strengthens
5. Unaffected
6. Weakens

3. One hundred college students from four colleges were surveyed, and 60% said they liked classical music. We conclude that approximately 60% of all college students like classical music. Does each of the following alterations strengthen or weaken the original argument? Does each leave the argument’s strength unaffected?

1. The colleges were all Catholic colleges.
2. Actually, only ten students were surveyed.
3. Actually, one thousand students were surveyed.
4. All surveyed were Capricorns.
5. All surveyed had grades of 3.8 or above.
6. Ninety percent of those surveyed said they regularly read novels.
7. Those surveyed were freshmen, sophomores, juniors, and seniors.
8. Those surveyed were seniors only.
9. Those surveyed were from large cities only.
10. Those surveyed were from the South only.
11. Those surveyed were from all regions of the country.
12. All those surveyed said that they like Mars bars.
13. We change the conclusion to: Exactly 60% like classical music.
14. We change the conclusion to: At least 60% like classical music.
15. We change the conclusion to: The majority like classical music.
16. Students were surveyed at three state universities, three private liberal arts colleges, three Ivy League colleges, and three religious colleges.
17. The students were actually drawn from three music conservatories: the Ace school of music, the Ajax conservatory of piano, and the Smith school of music.

Answers

1. Weakens
2. Weakens
3. Strengthens
4. Weakens
5. Weakens
6. Unaffected
7. Strengthens
8. Weakens
9. Weakens
10. Weakens
11. Strengthens
12. Unaffected
13. Weakens
14. Weakens
15. Strengthens
16. Strengthens
17. Weakens

4. Consider this argument:

I’ve eaten three times at Fabulous Freddie’s Fast Food Fandango, and I liked the food each time. I’ll probably like the food the next time I eat there.

In each of the following cases, would the addition make the argument stronger or weaker? Or would it leave things unaffected?

1. The first time I ate a burrito, the second time I ate a hamburger, the third time I ate a fishburger.
2. All three previous times I ate hamburgers; this time I’m going to eat a fishburger.
3. On all three previous visits, the meals were cooked by Freddie himself. The next trip, Freddie will be on vacation, and the food will be cooked by his manager, Wimpy.
4. I’ve actually eaten there only twice.
5. The next time I eat at Freddie’s, I’m going to try something new: his “oysterburger.”
6. All three previous times I ate hamburgers; this time I’m going to eat a hamburger again.
7. Since my last visit, I’ve become a vegan.

Answers

1. Strengthens
2. Weakens
3. Weakens
4. Weakens
5. Weakens
6. Strengthens
7. Weakens

5. Consider this argument:

I’ve met four long-haul truckers, and all four were polite and well-mannered individuals. Therefore, the next one I meet will probably also be polite and well-mannered.

In each of the following cases, would the addition make the argument stronger or weaker? Or would it leave things unaffected?

1. All four listened exclusively to country music.
2. One was of Italian descent, one was of Polish descent, one was of Ethiopian descent, and one was of Japanese descent.
3. One of the four was from L.A., one was from New York, one was from Seattle, and one was from Alabama.
4. All four were from Seattle.
5. All four were in their thirties.
6. One was still in his teens, one was in his twenties, one was in his thirties, and one was over forty.
7. I’ve actually met eight, and all were polite and well-mannered.
8. I met an additional long-haul trucker, and he was polite.
9. I met an additional long-haul trucker, and he was well-mannered.
10. I met an additional long-haul trucker, and he was rude and crude.
11. I change the conclusion to: All long-haul truckers are polite and well-mannered.

Answers

1. Weakens
2. Strengthens
3. Strengthens
4. Weakens
5. Weakens
6. Strengthens
7. Strengthens
8. Strengthens
9. Strengthens
10. Weakens
11. Weakens

Quiz questions set 16. For each set of values, determine the mean, median, and mode.

1. Seven people were interviewed about their incomes and they reported the following figures (in thousands):

25, 30, 35, 25, 45, 65, 25. Determine the mean, median, and mode for this set of values.

Total: 250. Mean: 35.71. Median:30. Mode: 25

1. Eleven widgets were tested at the Ace Widget factory, and the following values were recorded:

11, 14, 12, 13, 14, 14, 18, 14, 16, 14, 15, , Determine the mean, median, and mode for this sample set of widgets.

Total: 155. Mean: 14.09. Median:14. Mode: 14