Chapter 9: Trauma and Delinquency

Test Bank

Multiple Choice

1. Which of the following can be defined as “exposure to more than one form of trauma?”

A. poly-confluence

B. poly-exposure

C. poly-tribulation

D. poly-victimization

Learning Objective: 9-1: Describe the multiple types and prevalence rates of trauma that impact children and adolescents.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Poly-Victimization

Difficulty Level: Easy

2. Which of the following refers to a single traumatic event that is time limited (e.g., a dog bite)?

A. acute trauma

B. chronic trauma

C. complex trauma

D. definitive trauma

Learning Objective: 9-1: Describe the multiple types and prevalence rates of trauma that impact children and adolescents.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: The Prevalence of Childhood and Adolescent Trauma

Difficulty Level: Easy

3. Which of the following refers to varied and multiple traumatic events, often occurring over time?

A. acute trauma

B. chronic trauma

C. complex trauma

D. definitive trauma

Learning Objective: 9-1: Describe the multiple types and prevalence rates of trauma that impact children and adolescents.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: The Prevalence of Childhood and Adolescent Trauma

Difficulty Level: Easy

4. Ongoing sexual abuse of a child over an extended period of victimization is an example of ______.

A. acute trauma

B. chronic trauma

C. complex trauma

D. definitive trauma

Learning Objective: 9-1: Describe the multiple types and prevalence rates of trauma that impact children and adolescents.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: The Prevalence of Childhood and Adolescent Trauma

Difficulty Level: Easy

5. Which of the following refers to the injuring or death of a child, not by accident?

A. complex trauma

B. neglect

C. maltreatment

D. physical abuse

Learning Objective: 9-1: Describe the multiple types and prevalence rates of trauma that impact children and adolescents.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Child Maltreatment

Difficulty Level: Easy

6. Which of the following refers to chronic acts or attitudes by caregivers that interferes with or impedes the psychological or social development of a child?

A. emotional abuse

B. neglect

C. maltreatment

D. physical abuse

Learning Objective: 9-1: Describe the multiple types and prevalence rates of trauma that impact children and adolescents.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Child Maltreatment

Difficulty Level: Easy

7. There is concern that reports of maltreatment (abuse and neglect) ______.

A. are useless estimates of the number of cases

B. contain cases of fraudulent reports

C. have been manipulated by agencies

D. underreport the number of victimizations

Learning Objective: 9-1: Describe the multiple types and prevalence rates of trauma that impact children and adolescents.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Child Maltreatment

Difficulty Level: Easy

8. Over the past 5 years, the majority of maltreatment victimizations have been ______.

A. emotional abuse cases

B. neglect cases

C. physical abuse cases

D. sexual abuse cases

Learning Objective: 9-1: Describe the multiple types and prevalence rates of trauma that impact children and adolescents.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Child Maltreatment

Difficulty Level: Easy

9. Which of the following is the least commonly reported type of child maltreatment?

A. emotional abuse

B. medical neglect

C. physical abuse

D. sexual abuse

Learning Objective: 9-1: Describe the multiple types and prevalence rates of trauma that impact children and adolescents.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Child Maltreatment

Difficulty Level: Medium

10. Over the last 5 years, a relatively small percentage--approximately 10%--of child maltreatment victims had a ______.

A. history of foster care placements

B. diagnosed mental disorder

C. prior record of delinquency

D. reported disability

Learning Objective: 9-1: Describe the multiple types and prevalence rates of trauma that impact children and adolescents.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Child Maltreatment

Difficulty Level: Medium

11. Over the last 5 years, approximately 24% of victims of child maltreatment were ______.

A. under the age of 1

B. under the age 5

C. between 5 and 10

D. over the age of 10

Learning Objective: 9-1: Describe the multiple types and prevalence rates of trauma that impact children and adolescents.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Child Maltreatment

Difficulty Level: Medium

12. A national survey that used expanded maltreatment categories found that almost one-fifth of the population identified as victims of maltreatment or ______ as a child or adolescent.

A. extreme poverty

B. family disruption

C. parental abandonment

D. violent trauma

Learning Objective: 9-1: Describe the multiple types and prevalence rates of trauma that impact children and adolescents.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Child Maltreatment

Difficulty Level: Medium

13. Adolescent girls are twice as likely as boys to report experiencing at least one instance of ______.

A. delinquent adjudication

B. parental death

C. sexual assault

D. violent trauma

Learning Objective: 9-1: Describe the multiple types and prevalence rates of trauma that impact children and adolescents.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Sexual Victimization

Difficulty Level: Medium

14. A small percentage--approximately 10%--of youthful offenders in state-operated and large locally or privately-operated juvenile facilities reported experiencing a(n) ______ during their first year of incarceration.

A. instance of discrimination by staff

B. mental breakdown

C. sexual victimization

D. violent attack

Learning Objective: 9-2: Discern which traumatic experiences are most harmful to young people and how multiple traumas over time and comorbidity impact delinquency development.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Sexual Victimization in Juvenile Facilities

Difficulty Level: Medium

15. After an inmate is raped for the first time, he or she is considered ______, meaning that they are fair game for further abuse.

A. broken in

B. initiated

C. primed and ready

D. turned out

Learning Objective: 9-2: Discern which traumatic experiences are most harmful to young people and how multiple traumas over time and comorbidity impact delinquency development.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Sexual Victimization in Juvenile Facilities

Difficulty Level: Medium

16. The most significant risk factor for being victimized in an incarceration facility is ______.

A. a history of prior sexual abuse

B. being female

C. identifying as LGBT

D. lack of peer support

Learning Objective: 9-1: Describe the multiple types and prevalence rates of trauma that impact children and adolescents.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Sexual Victimization in Juvenile Facilities

Difficulty Level: Medium

17. Those incarcerated youthful ______ offenders were more than five times more likely than other youth to report being victimized by another youthful offender.

A. Black

B. female

C. LGBT

D. male

Learning Objective: 9-1: Describe the multiple types and prevalence rates of trauma that impact children and adolescents.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Sexual Victimization in Juvenile Facilities

Difficulty Level: Medium

18. The majority of children who witness a serious violent act between their parents or caregivers are under the age of ______.

A. 3

B. 6

C. 9

D. 11

Learning Objective: 9-2: Discern which traumatic experiences are most harmful to young people and how multiple traumas over time and comorbidity impact delinquency development.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Witnessing Violence/Domestic Violence

Difficulty Level: Hard

19. Approximately one fifth of adolescents nationwide have lost a family member or close friend to ______.

A. abandonment

B. homicide

C. incarceration

D. suicide

Learning Objective: 9-2: Discern which traumatic experiences are most harmful to young people and how multiple traumas over time and comorbidity impact delinquency development.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Deaths--Violent and Nonviolent

Difficulty Level: Hard

20. ______ grief occurs when a child cannot understand the death of a loved one and experiences very severe grief symptoms that lead to frightening thoughts and images of the deceased.

A. Dysfunctional

B. Morbid

C. Symptomatic

D. Traumatic

Learning Objective: 9-2: Discern which traumatic experiences are most harmful to young people and how multiple traumas over time and comorbidity impact delinquency development.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Deaths--Violent and Nonviolent

Difficulty Level: Easy

21. In the United States, Black and Latino families are more than twice as likely as White families to experience ______.

A. conflict

B. family dysfunction

C. poverty

D. sexual victimization

Learning Objective: 9-2: Discern which traumatic experiences are most harmful to young people and how multiple traumas over time and comorbidity impact delinquency development.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Poverty

Difficulty Level: Easy

22. Decades of research has shown the link between poverty and ______.

A. creative potential of the child

B. delinquent involvement

C. educational achievement

D. physiological adjustment

Learning Objective: 9-2: Discern which traumatic experiences are most harmful to young people and how multiple traumas over time and comorbidity impact delinquency development.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Poverty

Difficulty Level: Easy

23. In 2013, nearly one fourth of children reported ______, often for protective reasons.

A. carrying a weapon in school

B. joining a gang

C. running away

D. skipping school

Learning Objective: 9-2: Discern which traumatic experiences are most harmful to young people and how multiple traumas over time and comorbidity impact delinquency development.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Poverty

Difficulty Level: Easy

24. There are three main types of bullying: physical, social and ______.

A. criminal

B. developmental

C. extracurricular

D. verbal

Learning Objective: 9-2: Discern which traumatic experiences are most harmful to young people and how multiple traumas over time and comorbidity impact delinquency development.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Bullying and Cyberbullying

Difficulty Level: Easy

25. Bullying is a common experience for children and adolescents, with many of these victimizations occurring ______.

A. at home

B. in highly public places

C. on school grounds

D. with an adult present

Learning Objective: 9-2: Discern which traumatic experiences are most harmful to young people and how multiple traumas over time and comorbidity impact delinquency development.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Bullying and Cyberbullying

Difficulty Level: Easy

26. National data on bullying across schools ______.

A. have been collected since the 1970s

B. are highly variable in its findings

C. overestimate the number of bullying incidents

D. were not collected until the mid-2000s

Learning Objective: 9-2: Discern which traumatic experiences are most harmful to young people and how multiple traumas over time and comorbidity impact delinquency development.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Bullying and Cyberbullying

Difficulty Level: Easy

27. Which of the following is true of bullying incidents of LGBT students?

A. the majority of LGBT students experience harassment

B. the majority of LGBT students experienced a physical attack

C. the majority of bullying incidents against LGBT students are reported to school authorities

D. the majority of LGBT students report feeling safe at school

Learning Objective: 9-2: Discern which traumatic experiences are most harmful to young people and how multiple traumas over time and comorbidity impact delinquency development.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Bullying and Cyberbullying

Difficulty Level: Hard

28. Repeated traumatic experiences have been found to double the risk for psychiatric disorders, and this risk lasts for up to ______ after the traumas.

A. 2 years

B. 3 years

C. 4 years

D. 5 years

Learning Objective: 9-2: Discern which traumatic experiences are most harmful to young people and how multiple traumas over time and comorbidity impact delinquency development.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Poly-Victimization

Difficulty Level: Hard

29. PTSD stands for ______.

A. poly-traumatic symptom disorder

B. post-traumatic stress disorder

C. post-traumatic symptom disorder

D. poly-traumatic stress disorder

Learning Objective: 9-4: Explain what post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is and how it both manifests itself and its prevalence in the child and adolescent population.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)

Difficulty Level: Easy

30. Which of the following is true of PTSD?

A. It does not occur in children under the age of 5.

B. The different reactions, stressors, and symptoms may vary over time.

C. There is unlikely to be a delay between trauma and symptoms.

D. Older children may become extra needy and avoid isolating situations.

Learning Objective: 9-4: Explain what post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is and how it both manifests itself and its prevalence in the child and adolescent population.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)

Difficulty Level: Hard

31. There are four symptom categories of PTSD: intrusion, negative alterations in cognition and mood, alterations in arousal and reactivity, and ______.

A. acceptance

B. accountability

C. avarice

D. avoidance

Learning Objective: 9-4: Explain what post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is and how it both manifests itself and its prevalence in the child and adolescent population.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)

Difficulty Level: Easy

32. One symptom of PTSD, ______, is defined as abnormally increased arousal, responsiveness to stimuli, and scanning of the environment for threats.

A. hyperactivity

B. hyperalertness

C. hypercondria

D. hypervigilance

Learning Objective: 9-4: Explain what post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is and how it both manifests itself and its prevalence in the child and adolescent population.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)

Difficulty Level: Easy

33. The most recent nationally representative study found that approximately 5% of adolescents aged 13–18 met the criteria for ______ during their lifetime.

A. anxiety

B. depression

C. PTSD

D. schizophrenia

Learning Objective: 9-4: Explain what post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is and how it both manifests itself and its prevalence in the child and adolescent population.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: PTSD Prevalence

Difficulty Level: Easy

34. The term ______ has been used to describe the ability of some youths to withstand the challenge of traumatic victimizations and experiences without sustaining harmful long-term consequences.

A. resurgency

B. resiliency

C. resonance

D. reduction

Learning Objective: 9-6: Understand how and why some young people are resilient to trauma experiences.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Resiliency to Trauma Experiences

Difficulty Level: Easy

35. On average, maltreated children enter early primary school grades ______ behind on academic performance.

A. one-quarter year

B. one-half year

C. three quarters of a year

D. 1 year

Learning Objective: 9-5: Explicate how maltreatment impacts both primary and secondary student school performance.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Primary School

Difficulty Level: Easy

36. Older adolescents, particularly those with longer histories of maltreatment victimization, are often three or four grade levels behind in reading abilities and ______.

A. have significant deficiencies in math abilities

B. have limited reasoning abilities

C. have to repeat at least one grade

D. have to change schools often

Learning Objective: 9-5: Explicate how maltreatment impacts both primary and secondary student school performance

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Secondary School

Difficulty Level: Easy

True/False

1. Most adolescents who become involved with the juvenile court system and are adjudicated delinquent have significant traumatic and maltreatment backgrounds.

Learning Objective: 9-3: Summarize the ongoing problem and link between maltreatment and delinquency.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Introduction

Difficulty Level: Easy

2. Neglect does not include situations where the child is not provided with necessary medical care.

Learning Objective: 9-1: Describe the multiple types and prevalence rates of trauma that impact children and adolescents.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Child Maltreatment

Difficulty Level: Easy

3. Both one-time and ongoing victimizations can be sufficiently traumatic to predispose children to poor young adult trajectories and outcomes.

Learning Objective: 9-1: Describe the multiple types and prevalence rates of trauma that impact children and adolescents.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Child Maltreatment

Difficulty Level: Easy

4. Female children are at a greater risk of maltreatment than are male children.

Learning Objective: 9-1: Describe the multiple types and prevalence rates of trauma that impact children and adolescents.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Child Maltreatment

Difficulty Level: Easy

5. When researchers have expanded the definitions of trauma victimizations, a less accurate count of maltreatment was the result.

Learning Objective: 9-1: Describe the multiple types and prevalence rates of trauma that impact children and adolescents.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Child Maltreatment

Difficulty Level: Easy

6. Physical abuse is defined by state law, with few commonalities across the states.

Learning Objective: 9-1: Describe the multiple types and prevalence rates of trauma that impact children and adolescents.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Physical Assault and Abuse

Difficulty Level: Easy

7. Once young people become involved with the juvenile justice (and adult criminal) system, the risk for abuse and assault decreases dramatically.

Learning Objective: 9-3: Summarize the ongoing problem and link between maltreatment and delinquency.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Physical Assault and Abuse

Difficulty Level: Medium

8. It is estimated that between 8% and 10% of adolescents have been a victim of sexual assault before the age of eighteen.

Learning Objective: 9-1: Describe the multiple types and prevalence rates of trauma that impact children and adolescents.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Sexual Victimization

Difficulty Level: Medium

9. White youths are at greater risk (compared to minority youths) of being sexually victimized by another inmate.

Learning Objective: 9-1: Describe the multiple types and prevalence rates of trauma that impact children and adolescents.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Sexual Victimization in Juvenile Facilities

Difficulty Level: Easy

10. In 2013, more people were homicide victims than were suicide victims.

Learning Objective: 9-2: Discern which traumatic experiences are most harmful to young people and how multiple traumas over time and comorbidity impact delinquency development.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Deaths--Violent and Nonviolent

Difficulty Level: Easy

11. Having certain traumatic experiences exposes a youth to a much greater risk of another trauma.

Learning Objective: 9-2: Discern which traumatic experiences are most harmful to young people and how multiple traumas over time and comorbidity impact delinquency development.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Poly-Victimization

Difficulty Level: Easy

12. The greater the number and severity of the traumatic experiences, often the greater the impairment for adolescents.

Learning Objective: 9-2: Discern which traumatic experiences are most harmful to young people and how multiple traumas over time and comorbidity impact delinquency development.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Poly-Victimization

Difficulty Level: Easy

13. Delinquency pathways and trauma victimization experiences are the same for adolescent males and females.

Learning Objective: 9-2: Discern which traumatic experiences are most harmful to young people and how multiple traumas over time and comorbidity impact delinquency development.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Gender Differences

Difficulty Level: Easy

14. Evidence to date cannot conclusively find that maltreatment effects for females are greater when compared to males in delinquency development; though the impact of abuse and neglect is different.

Learning Objective: 9-2: Discern which traumatic experiences are most harmful to young people and how multiple traumas over time and comorbidity impact delinquency development.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Gender Differences

Difficulty Level: Medium

15. Within delinquent populations, boys are more likely than girls to have been victims of sexual abuse.

Learning Objective: 9-3: Summarize the ongoing problem and link between maltreatment and delinquency.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Gender Differences

Difficulty Level: Medium

Essay

1. Discuss the various types of maltreatment. Be sure to define the official, legal categories as well as how maltreatment can be classified according to the duration of the maltreatment (i.e., different forms of trauma). You should provide examples of each type of maltreatment/trauma.

Learning Objective: 9-1: Describe the multiple types and prevalence rates of trauma that impact children and adolescents.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: The Prevalence of Childhood and Adolescent Trauma

Difficulty Level: Hard

2. Discuss the concept of bullying. What are the major types of bullying? What are the means by which adolescents and children are bullied? How common is bullying? Who is most likely to be bullied? What are the harmful effects of bullying?

Learning Objective: 9-2: Discern which traumatic experiences are most harmful to young people and how multiple traumas over time and comorbidity impact delinquency development.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Bullying and Cyberbullying

Difficulty Level: Hard

3. Discuss the concept of resiliency. What is resiliency? Why is it that some young people are more resilient to trauma experiences? Provide examples of protective factors that contribute to resiliency.

Learning Objective: 9-6: Understand how and why some young people are resilient to trauma experiences.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Resiliency to Trauma Experiences

Difficulty Level: Hard

4. Discuss the concept of Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). What are the symptoms of PTSD? How is PTSD diagnosed? What is hypervigilance? What is the prevalence of PTSD among children and adolescents?

Learning Objective: 9-4: Explain what post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is and how it both manifests itself and its prevalence in the child and adolescent population.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)

Difficulty Level: Hard

5. Describe the effects of maltreatment on academic performance at both the primary school ages and the secondary school ages.

Learning Objective: 9-5: Explicate how maltreatment impacts both primary and secondary student school performance.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Maltreatment and Academic Performance

Difficulty Level: Hard