Chapter 8: School Violence, Zero Tolerance, and School Exclusion

Test Bank

Multiple Choice

1. As children’s rights were recognized in the mid to late 1800s and as adolescence was identified as a distinct developmental stage, ______ became increasingly responsible for educating students, managing their behavior, and disciplining rule breakers.

A. families

B. juvenile courts

C. peers

D. schools

Learning Objective: 8-1: Understand the history of discipline in American schools and how it has changed over time.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Compulsory Education and Student Discipline

Difficulty Level: Easy

2. During the colonial and early years of the United States, schools were ______ enterprises.

A. commercial

B. compulsory

C. reform focused

D. voluntary

Learning Objective: 8-1: Understand the history of discipline in American schools and how it has changed over time.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Formal Schooling and Compulsory Education

Difficulty Level: Easy

3. The ______ of the late 1800s increased the importance of schooling for all children.

A. reform movement

B. industrial revolution

C. social revolution

D. economic depression

Learning Objective: 8-1: Understand the history of discipline in American schools and how it has changed over time.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Formal Schooling and Compulsory Education

Difficulty Level: Easy

4. By 1890, 27 states had passed compulsory public school attendance laws for most children under the age of ______.

A. 10

B. 12

C. 14

D. 16

Learning Objective: 8-1: Understand the history of discipline in American schools and how it has changed over time.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Formal Schooling and Compulsory Education

Difficulty Level: Easy

5. A ______ era of education dominated reforms from the 1900s to the 1930s.

A. compulsory

B. progressive

C. statutory

D. voluntary

Learning Objective: 8-1: Understand the history of discipline in American schools and how it has changed over time.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Formal Schooling and Compulsory Education

Difficulty Level: Easy

6. As student enrollment in public schools grew exponentially, schools were concerned about ______ and were structured through strict organization, regularity, and discipline in preparation for students’ training for vocational and industrial trades.

A. control

B. funding

C. legal issues

D. reform

Learning Objective: 8-1: Understand the history of discipline in American schools and how it has changed over time.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Formal Schooling and Compulsory Education

Difficulty Level: Easy

7. During the early years of compulsory school attendance, there was a concern about children of immigrants and their ability to ______.

A. assimilate to American culture

B. understand the lessons

C. learn the English language

D. develop emotionally

Learning Objective: 8-1: Understand the history of discipline in American schools and how it has changed over time.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Formal Schooling and Compulsory Education

Difficulty Level: Easy

8. As schools developed in the Northeast during the later part of the 1800s, school discipline and operations were influenced by which of the following?

A. almshouses

B. U.S. military

C. adult prisons

D. psychiatric asylums

Learning Objective: 8-1: Understand the history of discipline in American schools and how it has changed over time.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: School Discipline Before Zero Tolerance

Difficulty Level: Easy

9. Over the course of the 1900s, many school administrators incorporated ______ including threats or discipline or harm, physical beatings, and isolation practices with classrooms and school buildings.

A. capital punishment

B. compulsory punishment

C. corporal punishment

D. comprehensive punishment

Learning Objective: 8-1: Understand the history of discipline in American schools and how it has changed over time.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: School Discipline Before Zero Tolerance

Difficulty Level: Easy

10. The U.S. Supreme Court decision in ______ found due process violations in the suspension and expulsion of students without hearings.

A. Alexander v. Allegheny County

B. Gault v. Mahoney

C. Goss v. Lopez

D. Alvarez v. Longworth

Learning Objective: 8-4: Appraise how student discipline (suspensions and expulsions from school) have changed over the past 20 years, citing the more important reasons or explanations.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: School Discipline Before Zero Tolerance

Difficulty Level: Medium

11. ______ means that there are pre-determined consequences for identified student transgressions while on school grounds.

A. Compulsory punishment

B. Justified sanctioning

C. Reform discipline

D. Zero tolerance

Learning Objective: 8-2: Describe the reasons zero tolerance policies were implemented during the 1990s across most public schools.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: School Discipline Before Zero Tolerance

Difficulty Level: Easy

12. In the mid to late 1970s, schools changed their policies to include ______ as an option for disciplining unruly students.

A. capital punishment

B. in-school suspensions

C. physical discipline

D. school expulsion

Learning Objective: 8-1: Understand the history of discipline in American schools and how it has changed over time.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: School Discipline Before Zero Tolerance

Difficulty Level: Easy

13. School personnel have ______ as a focus, trying to teach each student effectively, guide them accordingly, and reach academic and graduation goals.

A. the state educational standards

B. the best interests of young people

C. the need for safety of the student body

D. the overall success of the school

Learning Objective: 8-3: Interpret the Impact of zero tolerance school discipline and increased safety measures across school districts.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: School Discipline in the Zero Tolerance Era

Difficulty Level: Easy

14. The 1980s and 1990s spawned fears and media reports of young people committing horrific crime, gang violence, and concern for the emergence of ______ that were wholly disproportionate to the reality of youth violence.

A. class A offenders

B. felony level offenders

C. ultraviolent juveniles

D. juvenile super-predators

Learning Objective: 8-2: Describe the reasons zero tolerance policies were implemented during the 1990s across most public schools.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: School Discipline Before Zero Tolerance

Difficulty Level: Easy

15. The expansion of school anti-violence policies across school districts nationwide has created an environment of social control that is more ______ in efforts to maintain safety.

A. familial

B. institutionalized

C. prison-like

D. treatment-oriented

Learning Objective: 8-2: Describe the reasons zero tolerance policies were implemented during the 1990s across most public schools.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: School Discipline Before Zero Tolerance

Difficulty Level: Medium

16. In 1994, in response to fears of school shootings and violence, the crack cocaine epidemic, and worries about youth gangs, Congress enacted the ______.

A. Gun-Free Schools Act

B. Keep Our Children Safe Act

C. McGregor Gun Control Act

D. Violence Prevention Act

Learning Objective: 8-2: Describe the reasons zero tolerance policies were implemented during the 1990s across most public schools.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: School Environments

Difficulty Level: Medium

17. The term “zero tolerance” was nationally recognized and used during the ______ administration’s war on drugs.

A. Carter

B. Clinton

C. Bush

D. Reagan

Learning Objective: 8-2: Describe the reasons zero tolerance policies were implemented during the 1990s across most public schools.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Zero Tolerance Policies

Difficulty Level: Medium

18. The war on drugs was imported to the public schools in 1986 with the passage of the ______.

A. D.A.R.E. program

B. Drug Free Schools Act

C. Just Say No campaign

D. Drug Free America initiative

Learning Objective: 8-2: Describe the reasons zero tolerance policies were implemented during the 1990s across most public schools.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Zero Tolerance Policies

Difficulty Level: Medium

19. In the 1990s through the 2000s, school discipline was characterized by which of the following?

A. mandated review of mitigating circumstances

B. a one-size-fits-all approach

C. an ineffective educational system

D. inconsistency in punishment

Learning Objective: 8-2: Describe the reasons zero tolerance policies were implemented during the 1990s across most public schools.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Zero Tolerance Policies

Difficulty Level: Hard

20. A(n) ______ is a document that spells out the rules and consequences for students and families.

A. advisory statement

B. disclosure warning

C. school code of conduct

D. zero tolerance policy

Learning Objective: 8-2: Describe the reasons zero tolerance policies were implemented during the 1990s across most public schools.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Zero Tolerance Policies

Difficulty Level: Medium

21. Zero tolerance policies have a disproportionate impact on schools with more ______ students and schools located in poorer communities.

A. desegregated

B. average performing

C. minority

D. White

Learning Objective: 8-3: Interpret the Impact of zero tolerance school discipline and increased safety measures across school districts.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Zero Tolerance Policies

Difficulty Level: Medium

22. There is concern that the enactment of the ______ in 2001, in combination with zero tolerance policies, exacerbated the school discipline problems.

A. Drug Free Schools Act

B. Gun Free Schools Act

C. No Child Left Behind Act

D. Standardized Response Act

Learning Objective: 8-3: Interpret the Impact of zero tolerance school discipline and increased safety measures across school districts.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: No Child Left Behind Act

Difficulty Level: Medium

23. The No Child Left Behind Act set standards across the nation’s public schools that required all students to be ______.

A. punished for failing grades

B. given preferential treatment if poor

C. tested across primary and secondary grades

D. treated fairly regardless of race or social class

Learning Objective: 8-3: Interpret the Impact of zero tolerance school discipline and increased safety measures across school districts.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: No Child Left Behind Act

Difficulty Level: Medium

24. The No Child Left Behind Act was implemented to ______.

A. punish students who did not perform well

B. hold schools accountable for student performance

C. stigmatize underachieving students

D. give underperforming students special treatment

Learning Objective: 8-3: Interpret the Impact of zero tolerance school discipline and increased safety measures across school districts.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: No Child Left Behind Act

Difficulty Level: Easy

25. The No Child Left Behind Act ended in 2015 and has been replaced by the ______.

A. Federal Child Wellness Act

B. Every Student Succeeds Act

C. Monetary Funding Act

D. Mandated Student Success Act

Learning Objective: 8-3: Interpret the Impact of zero tolerance school discipline and increased safety measures across school districts.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: No Child Left Behind Act

Difficulty Level: Medium

26. The ______ of 1994 promoted and funded partnerships for in-school police forces in primary and secondary schools.

A. Federal Child Wellness Act

B. Safe Schools Act

C. Gun Free Schools Act

D. Violence Prevention Act

Learning Objective: 8-3: Interpret the Impact of zero tolerance school discipline and increased safety measures across school districts.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: School Police (Resource) Officers

Difficulty Level: Medium

27. A.L.I.C.E. training is ______.

A. first responder medical training for school resource officers

B. disciplinary training for teachers

C. proactive training for active shooter incidents

D. training provided to school administrators to explain funding options

Learning Objective: 8-3: Interpret the Impact of zero tolerance school discipline and increased safety measures across school districts.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: School Police (Resource) Officers

Difficulty Level: Medium

28. ______ is a term used to describe the increasing connections and referrals from student school problems to the juvenile courts.

A. Alternative school pathway

B. Diversionary pipeline

C. Prison via education pathway

D. School-to-prison pipeline

Learning Objective: 8-3: Interpret the Impact of zero tolerance school discipline and increased safety measures across school districts.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: School Police (Resource) Officers

Difficulty Level: Medium

29. ______ is a disciplinary option that involves the school maintaining a supervised school-based room and students are expected to do academic work.

A. Detention

B. In-school suspension

C. Study hall suspension

D. Therapeutic detention

Learning Objective: 8-4: Appraise how student discipline (suspensions and expulsions from school) have changed over the past 20 years, citing the more important reasons or explanations.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Suspensions and Expulsions

Difficulty Level: Medium

30. While 6% of all primary and secondary-aged students received one or more out of school suspensions, the percentage is three times higher for ______ students

A. Black male

B. Hispanic female

C. LGBT female

D. White male

Learning Objective: 8-4: Appraise how student discipline (suspensions and expulsions from school) have changed over the past 20 years, citing the more important reasons or explanations.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Suspensions and Expulsions

Difficulty Level: Medium

31. Recent estimates of annual out of school suspension rates are more than two times the number of out-of-school suspension from the ______.

A. mid-1970s

B. mid-1980s

C. mid-1990s

D. mid-2000s

Learning Objective: 8-4: Appraise how student discipline (suspensions and expulsions from school) have changed over the past 20 years, citing the more important reasons or explanations.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Suspensions and Expulsions

Difficulty Level: Medium

32. ______ are over twice as likely as other students to receive at least one out-of-school suspension.

A. Black students

B. LGBT students

C. Male students

D. Students with disabilities

Learning Objective: 8-5: Summarize how school discipline has disparately impacted students of color, those with special education disabilities, and those who identify as LGBT.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Students With Disabilities

Difficulty Level: Medium

33. In a 6-year longitudinal review of all students in Texas schools, it was found that approximately half of students were ______ between their seventh and twelfth-grade school years.

A. bullied repeatedly

B. held back a year

C. repeatedly truant

D. suspended or expelled

Learning Objective: 8-5: Summarize how school discipline has disparately impacted students of color, those with special education disabilities, and those who identify as LGBT.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Students With Disabilities

Difficulty Level: Medium

34. LGBT students are up to three times more likely to experience ______ than their non-LGBT peers.

A. discrimination by school personnel

B. harsh disciplinary treatment

C. preferential treatment

D. social isolation

Learning Objective: 8-5: Summarize how school discipline has disparately impacted students of color, those with special education disabilities, and those who identify as LGBT.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Students With Disabilities

Difficulty Level: Medium

35. The most common disability types for suspended students are learning disabilities and ______

A. attention deficit hyperactivity disorder

B. conduct disorder

C. severe emotional disturbances

D. Tourette’s syndrome

Learning Objective: 8-5: Summarize how school discipline has disparately impacted students of color, those with special education disabilities, and those who identify as LGBT.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Students With Disabilities

Difficulty Level: Hard

36. A single suspension in the 9th grade has been found to double the risk for ______ in high school.

A. being chronically truant

B. failing subsequent academic courses

C. losing one’s peer network

D. placement in an alternative school

Learning Objective: 8-5: Summarize how school discipline has disparately impacted students of color, those with special education disabilities, and those who identify as LGBT.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Students With Disabilities

Difficulty Level: Medium

37. One of the effects of zero-tolerance policies is that a small but still significant proportion of elementary schools have a(n) ______.

A. after-school psychiatrist

B. gang specialist

C. school resource officer

D. truancy officer

Learning Objective: 8-3: Interpret the Impact of zero tolerance school discipline and increased safety measures across school districts.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: School Police (Resource) Officers

Difficulty Level: Hard

True/False

1. The increased use of zero tolerance policies and police in schools has exponentially increased school-based arrests and referrals to the juvenile courts.

Learning Objective: 8-3: Interpret the impact of zero tolerance school discipline and increased safety measures across school districts.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Introduction

Difficulty Level: Easy

2. By 1918, all states had passed compulsory education laws.

Learning Objective: 8-1: Understand the history of discipline in American schools and how it has changed over time.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Formal Schooling and Compulsory Education

Difficulty Level: Easy

3. Historically, there has always been a focus on control of students, particularly those difficult or troubling to manage.

Learning Objective: 8-1: Understand the history of discipline in American schools and how it has changed over time.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: School Discipline Before Zero Tolerance

Difficulty Level: Easy

4. Since 1994, crime committed by juvenile offenders has increased significantly.

Learning Objective: 8-2: Describe the reasons zero tolerance policies were implemented during the 1990s across most public schools.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: School Discipline Before Zero Tolerance

Difficulty Level: Easy

5. During the tough on juvenile crime era of the mid-1990s, suburban schools established the highest proportion of punitive policies.

Learning Objective: 8-2: Describe the reasons zero tolerance policies were implemented during the 1990s across most public schools.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: School Discipline Before Zero Tolerance

Difficulty Level: Medium

6. The shooting at Columbine High School was the first school shooting in U.S. history.

Learning Objective: 8-2: Describe the reasons zero tolerance policies were implemented during the 1990s across most public schools.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: School Shootings

Difficulty Level: Easy

7. Despite the media coverage of school shootings, school shootings are uncommon events.

Learning Objective: 8-2: Describe the reasons zero tolerance policies were implemented during the 1990s across most public schools.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: School Shootings

Difficulty Level: Easy

8. Zero tolerance policies are not used for first time offenses.

Learning Objective: 8-2: Describe the reasons zero tolerance policies were implemented during the 1990s across most public schools.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Zero Tolerance Policies

Difficulty Level: Medium

9. Despite the wide spread use of zero tolerance policies, no single definition of zero tolerance exists across American schools.

Learning Objective: 8-2: Describe the reasons zero tolerance policies were implemented during the 1990s across most public schools.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Zero Tolerance Policies

Difficulty Level: Medium

10. Many states passed legislation during the 1990s and 2000s mandating zero tolerance policies in their school districts.

Learning Objective: 8-2: Describe the reasons zero tolerance policies were implemented during the 1990s across most public schools.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Zero Tolerance Policies

Difficulty Level: Easy

11. The No Child Left Behind Act provided funding to address the resource disparities among the nation’s schools (i.e., some schools had a great deal of resources, while others have very few resources).

Learning Objective: 8-3: Interpret the Impact of zero tolerance school discipline and increased safety measures across school districts.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: No Child Left Behind Act

Difficulty Level: Medium

12. Hispanic students are disproportionately expelled from school.

Learning Objective: 8-5: Summarize how school discipline has disparately impacted students of color, those with special education disabilities, and those who identify as LGBT.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Racial Disparity

Difficulty Level: Medium

13. The observed disproportionate number of LGBT students affected by punitive school policies can be explained by the increased level of misbehavior among this group of students.

Learning Objective: 8-5: Summarize how school discipline has disparately impacted students of color, those with special education disabilities, and those who identify as LGBT.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Students With Disabilities

Difficulty Level: Medium

14. Punitive school environments have made schools less cohesive across the student body.

Learning Objective: 8-3: Interpret the Impact of zero tolerance school discipline and increased safety measures across school districts.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: The School-to-Prison Pipeline

Difficulty Level: Medium

Essay

1. Discuss the emergence and rise of compulsory education for children in America. Be sure to discuss the birth of private and public schools. What were the driving forces behind the movement?

Learning Objective: 8-1: Understand the history of discipline in American schools and how it has changed over time.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Formal Schooling and Compulsory Education

Difficulty Level: Hard

2. Describe the rise of zero tolerance policies. What is a zero tolerance policy? When and where did zero tolerance policies originate? What factors contributed to their development?

Learning Objective: 8-2: Describe the reasons zero tolerance policies were implemented during the 1990s across most public schools.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Zero Tolerance Policies

Difficulty Level: Hard

3. Discuss the No Child Left Behind Act. When was the act created? Describe what the act was intended to do. What was its effects? What is its connection to zero tolerance policies?

Learning Objective: 8-3: Interpret the Impact of zero tolerance school discipline and increased safety measures across school districts.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: No Child Left Behind Act

Difficulty Level: Hard

4. Discuss the concept of supporting zero tolerance policies with the use of environmental security measures. What types of security countermeasures are typically used in schools? Which schools are more likely to see the use of security countermeasures? What are the negative effects of these “safe” environments?

Learning Objective: 8-3: Interpret the Impact of zero tolerance school discipline and increased safety measures across school districts.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: School Police (Resource) Officers

Difficulty Level: Hard

5. Discuss the disproportionate involvement of students with special education disabilities with school discipline protocols. How large is the disproportionate involvement? For whom is it greatest? How does this disproportionate involvement intersect with other characteristics, such as race?

Learning Objective: 8-5: Summarize how school discipline has disparately impacted students of color, those with special education disabilities, and those who identify as LGBT.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Students With Disabilities

Difficulty Level: Hard