Ch9 The Biomechanics of the Human Spine Test Bank Answers

Basic Biomechanics, 8e (Hall)

Chapter 9 The Biomechanics of the Human Spine

1) Which of the following vertebral regions has the best range of motion?

A) cervical

B) thoracic

C) lumbar

D) sacral

2) Which part of the vertebrae bears the most weight?

A) lamina

B) superior articulating facet

C) body

D) inferior articulating facet

3) Which of the following helps the spine absorb shock?

A) spinal curves

B) intervertebral discs

C) ligaments

D) both spinal curves and intervertebral discs

E) all of these answers are correct

4) Which statement is not true about the intervertebral discs?

A) act as cushions between the vertebrae

B) account for approximately 1/4 of the height of the spine

C) are responsible for spinal movement due to compression

D) all of these answers are correct

5) Which of the following spinal curves are referred to as primary curves?

A) the thoracic and cervical curves

B) the cervical and lumbar curves

C) the cervical and sacral curves

D) the thoracic and sacral curves

6) The condition of exaggerated thoracic curvature is known as which of the following?

A) lordosis

B) kyphosis

C) scoliosis

D) none of these answers is correct

7) The articulations between adjacent vertebral bodies are which of the following types of joints?

A) pivot joints

B) hinge joints

C) symphysis joints

D) none of these answers is correct

8) Which vertebrae are the largest?

A) cervical

B) thoracic

C) lumbar

D) sacral

9) The rectus abdominis causes flexion when contracted ________.

A) unilaterally

B) bilaterally

C) eccentrically

D) all of these answers are correct

10) What is the result when part of the nucleus pulposus of the disc protrudes and presses on a nerve?

A) stress fracture

B) acute fracture

C) herniated disc

D) contusion

11) What joint is usually the culprit in low back pain?

A) sacroiliac

B) lumbosacral

C) sacrococcygeal

D) acetabulum

12) A typical geriatric disc has a fluid content that is reduced by approximately how much?

A) 5%

B) 35%

C) 50%

D) 85%

13) Transverse or spinous process fractures may result from which of the following?

A) extremely forceful contraction of the attached muscles

B) the sustenance of a hard blow to the back of the spine

C) both extremely forceful contraction of the attached muscles and the sustenance of a hard blow to the back of the spine

D) none of these answers is correct

14) Which of the following are potential consequences of spinal fractures?

A) paralysis

B) death

C) both paralysis and death

D) none of these answers is correct

15) What is the most common type of vertebral fracture?

A) fracture to the coccyx

B) stress fracture of the pars interarticularis

C) cervical fracture

D) none of these answers is correct

16) Unusually high incidences of pars interarticularis fractures have been documented in which of the following groups of athletes?

A) female gymnasts

B) interior football linemen

C) weight lifters

D) all of these answers are correct

17) The most superior cervical vertebrae is called what?

A) atlas

B) axis

C) atlanto-axial

D) none of these answers is correct

18) What is the most common type of spinal loading during daily activities?

A) compression

B) tension

C) shear

D) torsion

19) What causes the pumping action (influx and outflux of water containing nutrients and waste) of the intervertebral discs in adults?

A) blood supply

B) body motion

C) neural activity

D) both blood supply and body motion

E) all of these answers are correct

20) What is the enlarged cervical portion of the supraspinous ligament called?

A) anterior longitudinal ligament

B) posterior longitudinal ligament

C) ligamentum flavum

D) ligamentum nuchae

21) Lateral deviations in spinal curvature are called what?

A) lordosis

B) kyphosis

C) scoliosis

D) all of these answers are correct

22) Which type of exaggerated curve is often caused by osteoporosis?

A) lordosis

B) kyphosis

C) scoliosis

D) all of these answers are correct

23) Anterior pelvic tilt facilitates what type of spinal motion?

A) flexion

B) extension

C) lateral flexion

D) rotation

24) Which abdominal muscles cause rotation to the left?

A) left internal oblique

B) right external oblique

C) left rectus abdominis

D) both left internal oblique and right external oblique

E) all of these answers are correct

25) What action(s) do posterior trunk muscles cause when they contract unilaterally?

A) extension

B) hyperextension

C) lateral flexion

D) both extension and hyperextension

E) all of these answers are correct

26) In anatomical position, where is the center of gravity located relative to the spine?

A) posterior

B) anterior

C) lateral

D) inferior

27) What is the dominant force on the spine during activities requiring backward leaning of the trunk, such as rappelling?

A) compression

B) tension

C) shear

D) torsion

28) What musculoskeletal problem causes the most absences from work?

A) ankle sprain

B) carpal tunnel syndrome

C) low back pain

D) herniated disc

29) What injury can occur when the neck undergoes sudden acceleration and deceleration (such as in a car accident)?

A) herniated disc

B) whiplash

C) spondylolisthesis

D) spondylolysis

30) Which of the spinal curves are referred to as secondary curves?

A) the thoracic and cervical curves

B) the cervical and lumbar curves

C) the cervical and sacral curves

D) the thoracic and sacral curves

31) Choose the term that describes the two adjacent vertebrae and the associated soft tissues; the functional unit of the spine.

A) ligamentum flavum

B) lordosis

C) motion segment

D) nucleus pulposus

32) Choose the term that describes the thick, fibrocartilaginous ring that forms the exterior of the intervertebral disc.

A) annulus fibrosus

B) nucleus pulposus

C) intraabdominal pressure

D) kyphosis

33) Choose the term that describes the colloidal gel with a high fluid content, located inside the annulus fibrosus of the intervertebral disc.

A) ligamentum flavum

B) lordosis

C) annulus fibrosus

D) nucleus pulposus

34) Choose the term that describes the yellow ligament that connects the laminae of adjacent vertebrae; distinguished by its elasticity.

A) ligamentum flavum

B) lordosis

C) motion segment

D) nucleus pulposus

35) Choose the term that describes the stress on the spine created by tension in the resting ligaments.

A) prestress

B) primary spinal curves

C) scoliosis

D) secondary spinal curves

36) Choose the term that describes the curves that do not develop until the weight of the body begins to be supported in sitting and standing positions.

A) prestress

B) primary spinal curves

C) scoliosis

D) secondary spinal curves

37) Choose the term that describes an extreme thoracic curvature.

A) spondylolysis

B) spondylolisthesis

C) scoliosis

D) kyphosis

38) Choose the term that describes the lateral spinal curvature.

A) scoliosis

B) kyphosis

C) spondylolisthesis

D) spondylolysis

39) Choose the term that describes "believed to help stiffen the lumbar spine against buckling."

A) annulus fibrosus

B) flexion relaxation phenomenon

C) intraabdominal pressure

D) kyphosis

40) Choose the term that describes the complete bilateral fracture of the pars interarticularis, resulting in the anterior slippage of the vertebra.

A) scoliosis

B) lordosis

C) spondylolisthesis

D) spondylolysis

41) From superior to inferior, there are 7 ________ vertebrae, 12 ________ vertebrae, 5 ________ vertebrae, 5 ________ vertebrae, and 4 ________ vertebrae.

42) Two adjacent vertebrae and the associated soft tissues form a ________ ________, the functional unit of the spine.

43) Extreme lumbar curvature is called ________.

44) The major extensor and hyperextensor of the trunk is the ________ ________ muscle group.

45) The term "slipped disc" is often used to describe a ________ disc.

46) List and describe the three abnormal deviations in the spinal curvature, including symptoms, possible causes, and treatment options.

47) Describe the range of motion in all three planes for each vertebral region relative to the other regions.

48) List and discuss the primary abdominal muscles, explaining how they perform motion in all three planes.

49) Describe the most common back injury, including degree of incidence, possible causes and treatments.

50) Explain proper lifting including rationale. Also, explain why twisting should be avoided when lifting.

51) Obese individuals typically display increased anterior pelvic tilt and lumbar lordosis.

52) A slight forward lean during sitting increases the load on the spine.

53) To minimize postural adaptations, a back pack load should be as high as possible near the shoulders.

54) Lumbar spondylolysis is more prevalent in men than women.