Test Bank

Chapter 9: Motivated behaviours

Multiple Choice

1. The process by which rewarding stimuli come to influence behaviour is called ______.

a. drive

b. incentive learning

c. homeostasis

d. hedonic motivation

2. Food always tastes better when we are hungry. What do psychologists call this phenomenon?

a. ‘liking’

b. cephalic responding

c. alliesthesia

d. conditioned hunger

3. The hormone glucagon ______.

a. permits the transport of glucose into cells

b. converts glycogen into glucose

c. increases the conversion of glucose to glycogen in the liver

d. has similar effects to those of insulin

4. Which of the following is NOT an action of insulin?

a. stimulates conversion of glucose into glycogen

b. facilitation of glucose entry into cells

c. promotes transport of fat into adipose tissue

d. promotes breakdown of triglycerides

5. The long-term nutrient store is composed of ______.

a. glycogen

b. amino acids

c. glucagon

d. triglycerides

6. Which of the following is TRUE of the hormone cholecystokinin?

a. It increases food intake.

b. It binds to receptors that are located on the vagus nerve.

c. Level are highest just before a meal.

d. It is secreted by the stomach.

7. The ob/ob mouse ______.

a. overexpresses leptin receptors

b. is anorexic

c. is diabetic

d. has too much leptin

8. AgRP/NPY neurons ______.

a. are found in the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus

b. decrease eating when stimulated

c. decrease locomotor activity when stimulated

d. promote sleep onset

9. Which of the following is TRUE of the relationship between leptin and obesity?

a. Most people with obesity have decreased leptin levels.

b. Leptin is transported across the blood brain barrier more efficiently in people with obesity.

c. Leptin levels increase in proportion to stored body fats.

d. People with obesity have more leptin receptors.

10. Which of the following is TRUE of anorexia?

a. It is very common in the general population.

b. It is more common in men than women.

c. It has a genetic component.

d. It is caused by having too much NPY.

11. Alpha waves occur when a person is ______.

a. alert

b. attentive

c. resting quietly

d. sleeping soundly

12. Which EEG activity is indicative of deep sleep?

a. delta

b. K complexes

c. sleep spindles

d. theta

13. Which brain wave pattern would be evident in the EEG record of a player during a chess game?

a. beta waves

b. alpha waves

c. delta waves

d. theta waves

14. REM sleep is controlled by mechanisms located in the ______.

a. brainstem

b. occipital cortex

c. globus pallidus

d. suprachiasmatic nucleus

15. Cataplexy is characterised by ______.

a. nocturnal enuresis

b. numbness of the limbs

c. hypnagogic hallucinations

d. sudden paralysis without loss of consciousness

16. The distinction between light and deep sleep is based on ______.

a. the percentage of alpha activity in the record

b. the percentage of delta activity in the record

c. the percentage of beta activity in the record

d. the presence/absence of eye movements

17. Which of the following devices records electrical potentials from muscles?

a. electro-oculogram

b. electromyogram

c. electroencephalogram

d. electromyelogram

18. Which of the following is a characteristic evident during REM sleep?

a. theta waves

b. cold analytical dreaming

c. loss of muscle tone

d. delta waves

19. Which of the following is a characteristic of being awakened during deep sleep?

a. feeling groggy and confused

b. awakening to meaningful stimuli, such as one’s name

c. reporting narrative dreams

d. feeling alert and attentive

20. Narcolepsy is characterized by all of the following EXCEPT ______.

a. REM without atonia

b. sleep attacks

c. hypnagogic hallucinations

d. cataplexy

Short Answer Questions

1. Explain why the concept of motivation is useful for understanding behaviour.

2. Discuss the role of ‘wanting’ and ‘liking’ processes in eating behaviour and outline what is known about the underpinning neurochemical mechanisms.

3. Compare and contrast the behavioural and physiological characteristics of slow-wave sleep with those of REM sleep in humans.

4. Discuss the role of circadian rhythms and the neural mechanisms that control such rhythms in sleep.

5. Why do we sleep and can we do without it?