Ch8 + The Rise Of Universalizing Religions | Test Bank Docx

a.

Buddhism and Hinduism

b.

Hinduism and Confucianism

c.

Islam and Hinduism

d.

Christianity and Buddhism

a.

The increased importance of the Virgin Mary

b.

Financial support by Empress Theodosia

c.

The remembered heroism of women martyrs

d.

An increasing number of women disciples

a.

He hoped to convince the bishops to pay taxes to support his army.

b.

He wanted the support of the bishops to start a crusade against nonbelievers.

c.

He hoped to bring unity to the diversity of beliefs within Christian communities.

d.

He wanted the endorsement of the bishops when he seized the throne.

a.

The fit between the church’s doctrines and popular preexisting beliefs and practices made conversion smoother.

b.

The church’s militant appeal to Roman warrior ethos encouraged the conversion of soldiers.

c.

The church’s appeal primarily to the poor and downtrodden rapidly increased its numbers.

d.

The church’s egalitarian institutional structure appealed to people chafing under hierarchical imperial rule.

a.

Only male Christian converts were permitted inside.

b.

The bishop sat on a throne to preach his sermon.

c.

The buildings were small and intimate.

d.

The buildings were elaborately decorated.

a.

responsibility for the urban poor.

b.

judicial authority to resolve disputes between nations.

c.

sweeping powers to appoint bureaucrats.

d.

designation as the only religion permitted in the empire.

a.

Establishing the Pope’s primacy over all matters of doctrine and faith

b.

Translating the Christian Bible into local languages

c.

Replacing hieroglyphics with Coptic script

d.

Ending the disputes between different sects of Christianity

a.

a consolidation of power among non-Roman tribes under kings who could coordinate widespread attacks against Roman troops.

b.

an armed insurrection against Christian missionaries who tried to force the conversion of pagan peoples to Christianity.

c.

a more violent continuation of military recruits from the provinces pouring into the empire.

d.

a massive slave revolt in the provinces that destroyed the empire.

a.

Byzantine invasions of the Italian peninsula

b.

Mismanagement and corruption among the Roman elite

c.

Overextension of the empire, leading to high taxes and constant demands for more manpower

d.

Slave uprisings occurring after Christian missionaries taught slaves the ideal of brotherhood among all believers

a.

They imported slave labor from Spain.

b.

They allied themselves with Christian Goths to provide stability.

c.

They abandoned their lands and returned to the Italian peninsula.

d.

They embraced a version of Christianity that called for them to abandon riches and enter monasteries.

a.

Daoist ideas about proper government

b.

Successful Confucian-trained bureaucracy

c.

Propitious omens and auguries

d.

Divine right to rule all the tribes of the north

a.

The Christian church brought cultural unity centered on the authority of regional bishops under the bishop of Rome.

b.

Gothic kingship united all of Western Europe under Germanic rule.

c.

A common spoken language, Latin, provided communication between small Germanic chiefdoms.

d.

Opposition to the Huns united disparate Germanic and Latin chiefdoms.

a.

Roman culture was strongest in Anatolia.

b.

Its strategic location on the strait of Gibraltar, which controlled western Mediterranean Sea lanes

c.

Constantine’s birthplace was there, providing religious significance.

d.

Its strategic location on the Bosporus, which controlled the trade in the eastern Mediterranean

a.

Selecting Byzantium as the new capital of the Eastern Roman Empire

b.

Instituting a major reform and codification of Roman law

c.

Conquering the Sasanian Empire

d.

Establishing fiscal responsibility by frugally controlling his personal expenses

a.

It showed the new imperial state’s dominance over the church.

b.

It showed the role of spectacle in Byzantine life.

c.

It represented the growing together of Christian and imperial culture.

d.

It represented the dominance of the church over the state.

a.

Outbreak of bubonic plague during Justinian’s reign

b.

Higher prices for grain in Constantinople

c.

Displacement of skilled silk workers from Constantinople

d.

Numerous competing religions entered the empire.

a.

The Huns prevented trade from following traditional routes.

b.

It became the hub of a system that linked eastern and western Afro-Eurasia, as well as South Asia.

c.

The Sasanian Empire brought it under its control.

d.

Unusually warm weather destroyed pasturelands required by horse and camel caravans.

a.

The long era of peace that he established, allowing trade and agriculture to develop

b.

Religious conformity with the Sasanian empire

c.

Control of the Silk Roads and other land routes between East Asia and the Mediterranean region

d.

Control of sea lanes in the Indian Ocean to dominate trade between East Asia and the Mediterranean

a.

The Sasanian Empire’s persecution of non-Zoroastrians

b.

Universalizing religious communities spreading across Asia along trade routes

c.

The lack of political unity in the Sasanian Empire

d.

Merging Christian and Zoroastrian beliefs

a.

Blending Christian and Jewish beliefs to create a new religion

b.

Adopting the techniques of siege warfare from Alexander’s heirs

c.

Linking the two ends of the Silk Road through their oasis cities

d.

Organizing the caravan trade across the Sahara Desert

a.

Brahmanic practices became increasingly centered in urban culture.

b.

Brahmanic beliefs about ideal behavior became major literary topics.

c.

Animal sacrifice became essential to Brahmanic practices.

d.

Buddhist and Jainist practices were rejected.

a.

Hinduism was intertwined with the varna system, which was specific to South Asia.

b.

Hinduism was less accessible to a wide audience than Brahmanism.

c.

Hinduism was supplanted in South Asia by Jainism.

d.

Hinduism rejected written sacred texts in favor of oral tradition.

a.

The Hinayana school became a major universalizing religion, while the Mahayana school remained centered in South Asia.

b.

The Hinayana school was accepted by Hinduism, while the Mahayana school was not.

c.

The Mahayana school encouraged bhakti devotion, but the Hinayana school rejected it.

d.

The Mahayana school accepted the divinity of both the Buddha and the bodhisattvas, while the Hinayana barred colorful idols of the bodhisattvas.

a.

Sanskrit emerged as a common language of the elites.

b.

The Gupta Empire conquered Southeast Asia.

c.

The Vedas were translated into the vernacular languages of Southeast Asia.

d.

Brahmans abandoned the strict rules of caste in order to appeal to more people.

a.

It established government control and coercion over social behavior.

b.

It only applied to individual actions, so Hindu religious expansion was unaffected.

c.

It provided mechanisms for absorbing new groups into the system of varnas and jatis, propelling Hinduism into every aspect of life.

d.

It represented social relations and could easily be transported to new societies.

a.

They maintained many Chinese traditions of statecraft.

b.

They refashioned the Chinese military traditions to emphasize the military practices of the nomadic tribes.

c.

They abolished the practice of forced labor for large public projects.

d.

They worked to systematically destroy all evidence of previous dynasties, especially the Han.

a.

The Han were insulted that the Tuoba wanted to redistribute their land.

b.

The Han nobility had all fled south, and Han peasants refused to work for the Tuoba.

c.

The Han showed little interest in working with the Tuoba because they had little interest in farming.

d.

Empress Fang had overreached her powers as regent, raising strong opposition to the Northern Wei dynasty.

a.

Buddhist travelers had become frequent visitors in the competing Chinese capitals of various Warring States.

b.

Buddhism had already been widely adopted and would now develop its Chinese forms without continued influence from South Asia.

c.

Buddhism had been outlawed as an example of negative foreign influence.

d.

Buddhist thought found little support due to the violence and chaos of constant war.

a.

Translating Buddhist texts into Hindi

b.

Stressing the role of public ritual and ceremony

c.

Merging Buddhism and Confucianism into a single religion

d.

Using irony and paradox to show that reason was limited

a.

Daoism provided the Wei rulers with legitimacy, while Buddhism remained the official practice of the southern Han.

b.

Daoists sought eternal life, while Buddhists sought release from the cycle of life, death, and rebirth.

c.

Daoism taught a notion of karmic retribution, while Buddhists sought salvation through penance and ceremony.

d.

Daoists attempted focus on reason, while Buddhists focused on the occult and magical.

a.

It provided a justification for the integration of “barbarian” elites with Han Chinese aristocrats.

b.

It allowed the Wei to espouse a philosophy just as legitimate as that of the Han.

c.

It allowed the “barbarians” to introduce nomadic practices and values into Chinese society.

d.

It undermined the position of female consorts and concubines over the rulers.

a.

Digging sticks

b.

Iron smelting

c.

Crop rotation

d.

Ox-drawn plow

a.

People in these areas had not yet developed urban life.

b.

People in these areas were concerned with pragmatic issues of survival and had no opportunity to create religious systems.

c.

It was difficult for ideas, peoples, or institutions to circulate broadly because of geographical barriers.

d.

Religious beliefs in these areas were too closely tied to local caste and kin structures to be able to diffuse outside of a limited region.

a.

The tsetse fly-infested environment did not permit raising livestock.

b.

Local populations resisted their migration and pushed them into the desert.

c.

The lack of iron tools prevented them from pursuing more intensive agriculture or livestock raising.

d.

The rain forests of the Kalahari provided all that they needed, so intensive agriculture was not required.

a.

They created priestly rule under the control of healers and spirit guides.

b.

They established centralized political systems whose kings ruled by divine right.

c.

They established independent city-states governed by rich merchants.

d.

They organized themselves into small-scale societies that relied on family and clan connections.

a.

The yam

b.

Manioc

c.

The banana

d.

Date palms

a.

Eurasian elites achieved status through education, while “big men” relied on the support of their age groups.

b.

Eurasian nobles were usually military leaders, while “big men” opposed territorial expansion.

c.

“Big men” attracted followers based on valor and wisdom, while Eurasian nobility was based on inheritance.

d.

Bantu ruling elders included women beyond childbearing age, while Eurasian elites rarely included women.

a.

It influenced its neighbors beyond the Valley of Mexico mostly through cultural and economic diffusion.

b.

It lacked monumental architecture and large urban areas.

c.

It forced its political culture on neighboring peoples as it established sovereignty over them.

d.

It became an empire as it expanded its influence throughout Mesoamerica.

a.

The Mayans settled in a region that was hot and infertile, lacked navigable river systems, and was vulnerable to hurricanes.

b.

The Mayans were unable to develop long-distance trade because they lacked large domesticated pack animals.

c.

The Mayans’ religious beliefs were centered on worship of the natural world, so they did not need to build large cities or monumental architecture.

d.

The Mayans’ low population growth rates over several centuries failed to produce the manpower needed to build a large urban center.

a.

Both claimed divine approval for their rule and traced their lineage directly back to the gods.

b.

Both obtained the financial support of powerful merchants.

c.

Both centralized authority to undermine the authority of the priestly class.

d.

Both isolated themselves from the public in order to create a sense of mystery about kingship.

a.

Mayan rulers did not construct monumental architecture because there was no universalizing religion.

b.

Mayan priests were skilled mathematicians who integrated mathematics with astronomy and worked out an accurate calendar.

c.

Mayan spiritual centers were abandoned after the Aztecs conquered them.

d.

Mayan funerary tradition emphasized that the soul would return to nature following the body’s decomposition while being exposed to the elements.

a.

To provide a way to release population pressure

b.

To support the role of the Mayan king as he centralized authority in all of Mayan society

c.

To provide victims for the bloodletting rituals of rival dynasties

d.

To unite the Mayan communities against a common enemy, the Aztecs