Ch.8 Human Development Verified Test Bank Wood - Mastering the World of Psychology 6th Edition Exam Pack by Samuel E. Wood. DOCX document preview.
Test Bank for Wood 6e
Chapter 8: Human Development
Multiple Choice
1. Which of the following would not be studied by developmental psychologists?
a) Aging issues of the elderly
b) Smoking trends of adolescents
c) Prenatal development
d) The part of the brain and neurotransmitters involved in the development of major depression
Skill Level: Analyze
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 8.1.1: Explain Piaget’s approach to cognitive development
Topic: Theories of Development
2. Which of the following people is primarily known for studying a child’s thinking and cognitions and how those abilities change over time?
a) Erik Erikson
b) Sigmund Freud
c) Harry Harlow
d) Jean Piaget
Skill Level: Understand
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 8.1.1: Explain Piaget’s approach to cognitive development
Topic: Theories of Development
3. According to Piaget, _____ involves a plan of action, based on previous experiences, to be used in similar circumstances.
a) a scheme
b) assimilation
c) conventional thinking
d) the law of conservation
Skill Level: Understand
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 8.1.1: Explain Piaget’s approach to cognitive development
Topic: Theories of Development
4. When Guido goes into Starbucks, he knows how to order his favorite drink: a tall, nonfat latte with an extra shot of espresso. First, he indicates the size he wants, then the drink, then anything extra. Guido has _____ for ordering coffee at Starbucks, which he can use for any coffee house he visits.
a) imagery impairment
b) egocentrism
c) naïve idealism
d) a scheme
Skill Level: Apply
Difficulty: Difficult
Learning Objective: 8.1.1: Explain Piaget’s approach to cognitive development
Topic: Theories of Development
5. The process by which new objects, events, experiences, or information are incorporated into existing schemes is defined as _____ by Piaget.
a) a scheme
b) assimilation
c) naïve idealism
d) the law of conservation
Skill Level: Understand
Difficulty: Difficult
Learning Objective: 8.1.1: Explain Piaget’s approach to cognitive development
Topic: Theories of Development
6. According to Piaget, when a child fits new information into schemes that already exist, _____ occurs.
a) adaptation
b) assimilation
c) a scheme
d) accommodation
Skill Level: Analyze
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 8.1.1: Explain Piaget’s approach to cognitive development
Topic: Theories of Development
7. Lannie is an 18-month-old child who has a dog at home. When he sees a horse for the first time, he says to his father, “Look at doggie!” What term best describes Lannie’s comment?
a) Accommodation
b) Reversibility
c) Overregularization
d) Assimilation
Skill Level: Apply
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 8.1.1: Explain Piaget’s approach to cognitive development
Topic: Theories of Development
8. The process by which existing schemes are modified and new schemes are created to incorporate new objects, events, experiences, or information is defined by Piaget as _____
a) a scheme.
b) assimilation.
c) naïve idealism.
d) accommodation.
Skill Level: Understand
Difficulty: Difficult
Learning Objective: 8.1.1: Explain Piaget’s approach to cognitive development
Topic: Theories of Development
9. _____ occurs when current schemes are changed or new ones created in order to account for new information.
a) Abstract thought
b) Assimilation
c) Reversibility
d) Accommodation
Skill Level: Analyze
Difficulty: Difficult
Learning Objective: 8.1.1: Explain Piaget’s approach to cognitive development
Topic: Theories of Development
10. Consider this sequence: (1) a child makes an assimilation error, (2) someone supplies the correct information, and (3) the child then accurately takes in the new information. What term best describes this process?
a) Assimilation
b) Reversibility
c) Accommodation
d) Overregularization
Skill Level: Analyze
Difficulty: Difficult
Learning Objective: 8.1.1: Explain Piaget’s approach to cognitive development
Topic: Theories of Development
11. Aliana was playing with her toys and came across a book. The book was filled with dinosaurs of all different types. Aliana looked at the dinosaurs and exclaimed, “Big doggies!” Her babysitter looked to her and said, “No, Aliana, those are called dinosaurs. They lived a long time ago.” Aliana then continued to look through the book and said “dinosaur” over and over again. When they were watching television later, there appeared a dinosaur on TV. Aliana then said in an excited manner, “Look! Another dinosaur!” Which term best describes the preceding dinosaur sentence?
a) Assimilation
b) Overregularization
c) Naïve idealism
d) Accommodation
Skill Level: Apply
Difficulty: Difficult
Learning Objective: 8.1.1: Explain Piaget’s approach to cognitive development
Topic: Theories of Development
12. According to Piaget, _____ is the realization that objects continue to exist even when they can no longer be perceived.
a) reversibility
b) overregularization
c) naïve idealism
d) object permanence
Skill Level: Understand
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 8.1.1: Explain Piaget’s approach to cognitive development
Topic: Theories of Development
13. Which of the following statements is false regarding the sensorimotor stage of cognitive development?
a) It is in this stage that children understand their world via movements and actions.
b) The early behaviors during this stage are mostly innate but become more cognitively advanced as the stage progresses.
c) It contains the mastering of the law of conservation.
d) The major accomplishment during this stage is the eventual development of object permanence.
Skill Level: Understand
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 8.1.1: Explain Piaget’s approach to cognitive development
Topic: Theories of Development
14. Which of the following statements is true?
a) Only children in the concrete and formal operations stages possess the skill of object permanence.
b) Only children in the preoperational stage possess the skill of object permanence.
c) Only children in the preoperational and sensorimotor stages possess the skill of object permanence.
d) Children at the end of the sensorimotor stage, the preoperational stage, the concrete operations stage, and the formal operations stage possess the skill of object permanence.
Skill Level: Evaluate
Difficulty: Difficult
Learning Objective: 8.1.1: Explain Piaget’s approach to cognitive development
Topic: Theories of Development
15. When a child understands that objects are still there even if she or he can no longer see them, the child has attained _____
a) the law of conservation.
b) reversibility.
c) object permanence.
d) assimilation.
Skill Level: Analyze
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 8.1.1: Explain Piaget’s approach to cognitive development
Topic: Theories of Development
16. Xander is a five-month old who is intrigued by a fancy rattle. When his caretaker takes the rattle away, he begins looking at the kitchen light in the background and does not seem to look for the rattle. Which of the following is true of this scenario?
a) Xander is in the preoperational stage of development.
b) Xander has developed a sense of egocentrism.
c) Xander is clearly in the concrete operations stage.
d) Xander has not yet attained object permanence.
Skill Level: Apply
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 8.1.1: Explain Piaget’s approach to cognitive development
Topic: Theories of Development
17. _____ is the understanding that one thing—an object, a word, a drawing—can stand for another.
a) Naïve idealism
b) Symbolic function
c) Reversibility
d) Hypothetico-deductive reasoning
Skill Level: Understand
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 8.1.1: Explain Piaget’s approach to cognitive development
Topic: Theories of Development
18. Six-month-old Hanna is in the _____ stage of cognitive development, whereas her five-year-old brother is likely in the _____ stage.
a) preoperational; concrete operations
b) sensorimotor; preoperational
c) formal operations; sensorimotor
d) concrete operations; concrete operations
Skill Level: Apply
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 8.1.1: Explain Piaget’s approach to cognitive development
Topic: Theories of Development
19. The acquisition of symbolic function is first demonstrated in the _____ stage.
a) preoperational
b) sensorimotor
c) reversibility
d) concrete operations
Skill Level: Understand
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 8.1.1: Explain Piaget’s approach to cognitive development
Topic: Theories of Development
20. The concepts of symbolic function, pretend play, and egocentrism are characteristic of Piaget’s _____ stage.
a) postconventional
b) preoperational
c) formal operations
d) concrete operations
Skill Level: Understand
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 8.1.1: Explain Piaget’s approach to cognitive development
Topic: Theories of Development
21. Six-year-old Fredo is in the _____ stage of cognitive development, whereas his 10-year-old brother is likely in the _____ stage.
a) preoperational; concrete operations
b) sensorimotor; preoperational
c) formal operations; sensorimotor
d) concrete operations; concrete operations
Skill Level: Apply
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 8.1.1: Explain Piaget’s approach to cognitive development
Topic: Theories of Development
22. As three-year-old Angelo eats his bagel, he accidentally breaks it in half. He then says to his mom, “Uh oh, the bagel gone. I go get another.” Angelo is in the _____ stage of cognitive development.
a) formal operations
b) preoperational
c) hypothetico-deductive reasoning
d) sensorimotor
Skill Level: Apply
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 8.1.1: Explain Piaget’s approach to cognitive development
Topic: Theories of Development
23. Four-year-old Dino was looking at his alphabet book. He was so excited that he recognized many of the letters that he shouted, “Mom! Mom, look at these letters. I know some of them!” As he pointed to the letters he recognized, he failed to turn the book to her so she, too, could see where he was pointing. According to Piaget, Dino demonstrated _____ when he did not turn the book to where his Mom could see.
a) formal operations thinking
b) symbolic function
c) hypothetico-deductive reasoning
d) egocentrism
Skill Level: Apply
Difficulty: Difficult
Learning Objective: 8.1.1: Explain Piaget’s approach to cognitive development
Topic: Theories of Development
24. Understanding that an object’s mass, volume, or amount remains the same even if its appearance changes, provided that nothing is added or taken away in the process, is referred to as _____
a) object permanence.
b) irreversibility.
c) conservation.
d) symbolic function.
Skill Level: Analyze
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 8.1.1: Explain Piaget’s approach to cognitive development
Topic: Theories of Development
25. Wayne is asked to look at two rows of M&Ms. The first row has five M&Ms all lined up and nearly touching. The second row has five M&Ms all lined up but spread out, thereby taking up much more room than the first row. When Wayne is asked which row has more M&Ms, he exclaims, “They both have the same amount!” According to Piaget, in which stage of cognitive development is Wayne?
a) Either the sensorimotor stage or the formal operations stage
b) The preoperational stage
c) Either the concrete operations stage or the preoperational stage
d) The sensorimotor stage
Skill Level: Evaluate
Difficulty: Difficult
Learning Objective: 8.1.1: Explain Piaget’s approach to cognitive development
Topic: Theories of Development
26. Piaget’s concept that a given quantity of matter remains the same despite being rearranged or changed in appearance, as long as nothing is added or taken away, defines _____.
a) object permanence
b) irreversibility
c) symbolic function
d) conservation
Skill Level: Understand
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 8.1.1: Explain Piaget’s approach to cognitive development
Topic: Theories of Development
27. _____ is the realization that any change in shape, position, or order of matter can be reversed mentally.
a) Sensorimotor thought
b) Reversibility
c) Conservation
d) Symbolic function
Skill Level: Understand
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 8.1.1: Explain Piaget’s approach to cognitive development
Topic: Theories of Development
28. Six-year-old Alex and 11-year-old Leah watched Rachel take apart a craft. Rachel then challenged them to put the craft back together from memory. Because Leah could put together the craft in her mind and then remember what it looked like, she has no problem reconstructing the craft. However, Alex had great difficulty with the challenge. Because he couldn’t put it back together in his mind, he couldn’t remember what the craft looked like before Rachel took it apart. Which of the following statements is true?
a) Leah is in the stage of concrete operations and has demonstrated reversibility.
b) Both Alex and Leah are in the stage of formal operations and have demonstrated naïve idealism.
c) Alex has clearly attained the cognitive skill of conservation, but Leah has not.
d) Both Alex and Leah have demonstrated conservation, which places them in the stage of concrete operations.
Skill Level: Apply
Difficulty: Difficult
Learning Objective: 8.1.1: Explain Piaget’s approach to cognitive development
Topic: Theories of Development
29. Which of the following allows for the attainment of Piaget’s concept of conservation?
a) sensorimotor thought
b) reversibility
c) naïve idealism
d) the personal fable
Skill Level: Analyze
Difficulty: Difficult
Learning Objective: 8.1.1: Explain Piaget’s approach to cognitive development
Topic: Theories of Development
30. Brenna was sitting in her fourth grade class taking her mathematics test. An extra credit question read as follows: If Jonah is taller than Barry, and Tori is taller than Jonah, is Barry taller or shorter than Tori? Brenna continued to think about the extra credit problem, but could not come up with the correct answer. Brenna is likely in the _____ stage of cognitive development.
a) postconventional
b) preoperational
c) formal operations
d) concrete operations
Skill Level: Apply
Difficulty: Difficult
Learning Objective: 8.1.1: Explain Piaget’s approach to cognitive development
Topic: Theories of Development
31. Conservation is to concrete operations as _____ is to preoperational thinking.
a) naïve idealism
b) reversibility
c) egocentrism
d) the personal fable
Skill Level: Evaluate
Difficulty: Difficult
Learning Objective: 8.1.1: Explain Piaget’s approach to cognitive development
Topic: Theories of Development
32. In the concrete operational stage, children have _____ but not _____
a) object permanence; naive idealism.
b) hypothetico-deductive thinking; symbolic function.
c) experience with the personal fable; egocentrism.
d) naive idealism; reflexive behaviors.
Skill Level: Analyze
Difficulty: Difficult
Learning Objective: 8.1.1: Explain Piaget’s approach to cognitive development
Topic: Theories of Development
33. Nine-year-old Desi is in the _____ stage of cognitive development, whereas her 15-year-old brother is likely in the _____ stage.
a) preoperational; concrete operations
b) sensorimotor; preoperational
c) formal operations; sensorimotor
d) concrete operations; formal operations
Skill Level: Apply
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 8.1.1: Explain Piaget’s approach to cognitive development
Topic: Theories of Development
34. _____ is defined as the ability to base logical reasoning on a hypothetical premise.
a) Naïve idealism
b) The personal fable
c) Egocentrism
d) Hypothetico-deductive reasoning
Skill Level: Understand
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 8.1.1: Explain Piaget’s approach to cognitive development
Topic: Theories of Development
35. A type of thought in which adolescents construct ideal solutions for problems defines _____
a) irreversibility.
b) naïve idealism.
c) the personal fable.
d) conservation.
Skill Level: Understand
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 8.1.1: Explain Piaget’s approach to cognitive development
Topic: Theories of Development
36. Sixteen-year-old Andre was helping his parents clean the windows. Unfortunately, one of the panes of glass nearby fell out of the window opening and left a cut on Andre’s nose as he caught it. Andre is upset because now he is convinced his classmates will notice it and poke fun of him at school. Which of the following concepts best underlies Andre’s thinking?
a) The imaginary audience
b) Reversibility
c) Naïve idealism
d) The personal fable
Skill Level: Apply
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 8.1.1: Explain Piaget’s approach to cognitive development
Topic: Theories of Development
37. _____ is a belief of adolescents that they are or will be the focus of attention in social situations and that others will be as critical or approving as they are of themselves.
a) The personal fable
b) Preoperational egocentrism
c) The imaginary audience
d) Reversibility
Skill Level: Understand
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 8.1.1: Explain Piaget’s approach to cognitive development
Topic: Theories of Development
38. The ability to utilize logical thought to assess abstract situations is referred to as _____, which is attained in the _____ stage.
a) naive idealism; formal operational
b) hypothetico-deductive thinking; formal operational
c) egocentrism; preoperational
d) hypothetico-deductive thinking; concrete operational
Skill Level: Understand
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 8.1.1: Explain Piaget’s approach to cognitive development
Topic: Theories of Development
39. Melanie is asked the question, “What if humans never had hands or feet?” Though she knows most humans do have hands and feet, she says, “Well, I guess we wouldn’t have the need for shoes or gloves anymore. Hmmm...I suppose it might be really difficult for humans to keep their balance if they didn’t have feet.” According to Piaget, in what stage of cognitive development is Melanie?
a) Reversibility
b) Preoperational
c) Formal operations
d) Concrete operations
Skill Level: Apply
Difficulty: Difficult
Learning Objective: 8.1.1: Explain Piaget’s approach to cognitive development
Topic: Theories of Development
40. _____ and _____ are the two forms of adolescent egocentrism studied by psychologist David Elkind.
a) The personal fable; conservation
b) Preoperational egocentrism; symbolic function
c) The imaginary audience; the personal fable
d) Reversibility; the personal fable
Skill Level: Understand
Difficulty: Difficult
Learning Objective: 8.1.1: Explain Piaget’s approach to cognitive development
Topic: Theories of Development
41. Kristyn is a first-year college student. She decided to stay home for the first year and is struggling with getting along with her parents. She has noticed lately that her thoughts and opinions are in such contrast to her parents’. She feels strongly that if she had just gone away to school, then she would not be having such differences of opinion with them right now. Which of the following concepts could account for Kristyn’s thinking that being away at school would be so much better for her?
a) The personal fable
b) Preoperational egocentrism
c) The imaginary audience
d) Naïve idealism
Skill Level: Apply
Difficulty: Difficult
Learning Objective: 8.1.1: Explain Piaget’s approach to cognitive development
Topic: Theories of Development
42. Which of the following is false regarding the formal operations stage of cognitive development?
a) High school math and science courses seem to facilitate hypothetico-deductive reasoning.
b) Individuals in this stage can think of what might be.
c) Teenagers in this stage have yet to master the skill of reversibility.
d) Teens in this stage often think they are on stage and that everyone is their audience.
Skill Level: Understand
Difficulty: Difficult
Learning Objective: 8.1.1: Explain Piaget’s approach to cognitive development
Topic: Theories of Development
43. Based on your knowledge of Piaget’s theory, what could account for the it-can’t-happen-to-me attitude typically displayed by teenagers?
a) Reversibility
b) The personal fable
c) Object permanence
d) Naïve idealism
Skill Level: Evaluate
Difficulty: Difficult
Learning Objective: 8.1.1: Explain Piaget’s approach to cognitive development
Topic: Theories of Development
44. Concepts such as the personal fable and naïve idealism are characteristic of the _____
a) concrete operations stage.
b) preoperational stage.
c) reversibility stage.
d) formal operations stage.
Skill Level: Understand
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 8.1.1: Explain Piaget’s approach to cognitive development
Topic: Theories of Development
45. If Lev Vygotsky were in the room talking about his theory, which of the following terms might you hear him say?
a) Ego integrity
b) Private speech
c) Difficult temperament
d) Preconventional level
Skill Level: Analyze
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 8.1.2: Outline the explanations of cognitive development proposed by the neo-Piagetians
Topic: Theories of Development
46. The zone of proximal development refers to _____
a) the notion that moral reasoning is based primarily on the evidence of what is “right” and what is “wrong” as dictated by society’s rules.
b) the skills children cannot yet perform on their own, but can perform if they have some help from someone who has already attained those skills.
c) the understanding that the volume of a particular liquid remains the same even if the container it is poured into is different in appearance from the original container.
d) the outward verbalizations a young child makes when working through a challenging task.
Skill Level: Analyze
Difficulty: Difficult
Learning Objective: 8.1.2: Outline the explanations of cognitive development proposed by the neo-Piagetians
Topic: Theories of Development
47. Which example best describes the zone of proximal development?
a) Trying to teach a one-year-old how to add
b) Dressing a four-year-old child who keeps saying, “I’ll do it!”
c) Attempting to teach a five-year-old trigonometry
d) Showing a toddler a book that has many colors, some of which the toddler already knows
Skill Level: Apply
Difficulty: Difficult
Learning Objective: 8.1.2: Outline the explanations of cognitive development proposed by the neo-Piagetians
Topic: Theories of Development
48. A range of cognitive tasks that a child cannot yet do but can learn to do through the guidance of an older child or adult defines _____
a) the zone of proximal development.
b) the personal fable.
c) symbolic function.
d) private speech.
Skill Level: Understand
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 8.1.2: Outline the explanations of cognitive development proposed by the neo-Piagetians
Topic: Theories of Development
49. _____ occurs when assistance is given to someone who needs it, but is then gradually tapered off as they perform the task on their own.
a) Assimilation
b) Naive idealism
c) Scaffolding
d) Ego integrity
Skill Level: Analyze
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 8.1.2: Outline the explanations of cognitive development proposed by the neo-Piagetians
Topic: Theories of Development
50. Daliah was at a diner with her three-year-old son. When he was done with his lunch, he wanted to take his tray to the trash can. Because Daliah wasn’t sure he would be able to complete that task without dropping everything, she helped him hold one side of his tray. According to Lev Vygotsky, in which of the following concepts did Daliah just engage?
a) Private speech
b) The zone of proximal development
c) Ego integrity
d) Scaffolding
Skill Level: Apply
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 8.1.2: Outline the explanations of cognitive development proposed by the neo-Piagetians
Topic: Theories of Development
51. Of the following researchers, who would be most interested in moral development?
a) Erik Erikson
b) Lawrence Kohlberg
c) Sigmund Freud
d) Harry Harlow
Skill Level: Understand
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 8.1.3: Explain Kohlberg’s theory of moral reasoning
Topic: Theories of Development
52. When moral decisions are based on what will help to avoid punishment, the _____ level of moral development is being utilized.
a) postconventional
b) nonconventional
c) conventional
d) preconventional
Skill Level: Analyze
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 8.1.3: Explain Kohlberg’s theory of moral reasoning
Topic: Theories of Development
53. Which of the following is not associated with Kohlberg’s theory on moral development?
a) Good boy-nice girl orientation
b) The postconventional level
c) The subconventional level
d) The preconventional level
Skill Level: Understand
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 8.1.3: Explain Kohlberg’s theory of moral reasoning
Topic: Theories of Development
54. In which of Kohlberg’s stages is “You scratch my back and I’ll scratch yours” thinking most apparent?
a) Stage 1 of the preconventional level
b) Stage 2 of the preconventional level
c) Stage 3 of the conventional level
d) Stage 4 of the conventional level
Skill Level: Evaluate
Difficulty: Difficult
Learning Objective: 8.1.3: Explain Kohlberg’s theory of moral reasoning
Topic: Theories of Development
55. Which stage of moral development exemplifies Kohlberg’s statement that “good behavior is that which pleases or helps others and is approved by them”?
a) Stage 1 of the preconventional level
b) Stage 2 of the preconventional level
c) Stage 3 of the conventional level
d) Stage 4 of the conventional level
Skill Level: Analyze
Difficulty: Difficult
Learning Objective: 8.1.3: Explain Kohlberg’s theory of moral reasoning
Topic: Theories of Development
56. Dagon believes that laws are there for a reason and that they must be followed under all circumstances. In which stage of moral development is Dagon?
a) Conventional level
b) Nonconventional level
c) Preconventional level
d) Subconventional level
Skill Level: Apply
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 8.1.3: Explain Kohlberg’s theory of moral reasoning
Topic: Theories of Development
57. Lillian knows that we have laws and that we should obey the laws set forth by society. However, she also acknowledges that these laws can and should be changed if they are not doing what they were set out to do. In which stage of moral development is Lillian?
a) Nonconventional level
b) Preconventional level
c) Postconventional level
d) Subconventional level
Skill Level: Apply
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 8.1.3: Explain Kohlberg’s theory of moral reasoning
Topic: Theories of Development
58. Which of the following is false regarding the postconventional level of moral development?
a) It is not necessarily attained by all adults.
b) It includes the good boy-nice girl orientation.
c) It requires cognitive ability at the formal operational level.
d) It includes weighing moral alternatives and involves making ethical decisions.
Skill Level: Evaluate
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 8.1.3: Explain Kohlberg’s theory of moral reasoning
Topic: Theories of Development
59. When considering Kohlberg’s work on moral development in addition to Gilligan’s work, which of the following is true?
a) Gilligan’s work on moral reasoning emphasized justice and equality, whereas Kohlberg’s did not.
b) Kohlberg’s original research had an equal amount of males and females as participants, therefore his theory applies to all individuals.
c) Kohlberg’s research concludes that moral reasoning differs between the sexes, with women attaining a higher level than men.
d) Kohlberg’s work in moral reasoning emphasized compassion, caring, and concern for others.
Skill Level: Evaluate
Difficulty: Difficult
Learning Objective: 8.1.3: Explain Kohlberg’s theory of moral reasoning
Topic: Theories of Development
60. Which of the following researchers was most concerned about resolving conflicts throughout the lifespan with each successful resolution furthering psychological health?
a) Elisabeth Kübler-Ross
b) Lawrence Kohlberg
c) Erik Erikson
d) Carol Gilligan
Skill Level: Understand
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 8.1.4: Explain Erikson’s theory of psychosocial development
Topic: Theories of Development
61. In which stage do infants learn that the world is a safe place and people can be trusted?
a) Intimacy vs. isolation
b) Ego integrity vs. despair
c) Initiative vs. guilt
d) Basic trust vs. mistrust
Skill Level: Analyze
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 8.1.4: Explain Erikson’s theory of psychosocial development
Topic: Theories of Development
62. Karol is an eight-month-old boy who has not received very good care from his caretakers. They respond to him when they have time and are often annoyed by his crying. At this point, which stage of psychosocial development will Karol have unsuccessfully resolved?
a) Autonomy vs. shame and doubt
b) Basic trust vs. mistrust
c) Identity vs. role confusion
d) Ego integrity vs. despair
Skill Level: Apply
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 8.1.4: Explain Erikson’s theory of psychosocial development
Topic: Theories of Development
63. Imogen was the recipient of excellent care by her mother during her first year of life. Which of the following stages of psychosocial development will Imogen have likely successfully resolved?
a) Intimacy vs. isolation
b) Ego integrity vs. despair
c) Initiative vs. guilt
d) Basic trust vs. mistrust
Skill Level: Apply
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 8.1.4: Explain Erikson’s theory of psychosocial development
Topic: Theories of Development
64. In which of the following stages of psychosocial development do toddlers learn to exert their independence?
a) Generativity vs. stagnation
b) Industry vs. inferiority
c) Identity vs. role confusion
d) Autonomy vs. shame and doubt
Skill Level: Analyze
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 8.1.4: Explain Erikson’s theory of psychosocial development
Topic: Theories of Development
65. While grocery shopping at the local market, Holly became embarrassed by her two-year-old daughter’s behavior. Her daughter clearly did not want to sit in the shopping cart, but rather wanted to help push the cart. Holly made this speculation based on her daughter’s loud and piercing, “Noooo, I get out!!” and “I push cart, Mommy!!” In which stage is Holly’s daughter?
a) Basic trust vs. mistrust
b) Intimacy vs. isolation
c) Autonomy vs. shame and doubt
d) Generativity vs. stagnation
Skill Level: Apply
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 8.1.4: Explain Erikson’s theory of psychosocial development
Topic: Theories of Development
66. Every time 18-month-old Shayla tried to feed herself, her nanny would tell her to stop and wipe up the mess she had made. Her nanny would then proceed to feed her so the high chair wouldn’t get dirty. Which stage of psychosocial development will Shayla likely unsuccessfully resolve?
a) Basic trust vs. mistrust
b) Intimacy vs. isolation
c) Generativity vs. stagnation
d) Autonomy vs. shame and doubt
Skill Level: Apply
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 8.1.4: Explain Erikson’s theory of psychosocial development
Topic: Theories of Development
67. During which stage do children begin making plans and showing inventiveness in their behaviors?
a) Basic trust vs. mistrust
b) Intimacy vs. isolation
c) Generativity vs. stagnation
d) Initiative vs. guilt
Skill Level: Analyze
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 8.1.4: Explain Erikson’s theory of psychosocial development
Topic: Theories of Development
68. Justin is cared for by his grandmother while his mother is away at work. Justin is an active and imaginative kid who sometimes pretends he is Superman and tries to get his grandmother to play along. Other times he makes up games with rules and asks his grandmother to join in. She is often put off by these behaviors and tells him to go sit down quietly and read a book. According to the psychosocial stages of development, Justin will likely develop a _____
a) sense that people cannot be trusted.
b) sense of guilt about initiating the new activities.
c) sense of “feeling stuck” and not feel like he has accomplished anything important.
d) sense of pride regarding his accomplishments.
Skill Level: Evaluate
Difficulty: Difficult
Learning Objective: 8.1.4: Explain Erikson’s theory of psychosocial development
Topic: Theories of Development
69. Four-year-old Damian sees his father getting out the vacuum cleaner. In an effort to be helpful, Damian runs over to him and says that he wants to vacuum and begins to take the vacuum cleaner from his father. Even though his father knows he will not vacuum perfectly, he allows Damian to complete the chore. According to the psychosocial stages of development, this instance will likely help Damian to develop a _____
a) solid identity.
b) sense that people can be trusted.
c) sense of “feeling stuck” and not feel like he has accomplished anything important.
d) sense of confidence about initiating the new activity.
Skill Level: Apply
Difficulty: Difficult
Learning Objective: 8.1.4: Explain Erikson’s theory of psychosocial development
Topic: Theories of Development
70. Which of Erikson’s stages goes hand-in-hand with children aged 6 to about puberty?
a) Ego integrity vs. despair
b) Autonomy vs. shame and doubt
c) Industry vs. inferiority
d) Basic trust vs. mistrust
Skill Level: Evaluate
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 8.1.4: Explain Erikson’s theory of psychosocial development
Topic: Theories of Development
71. Alexis is a fourth grader who does not get along with her teacher very well. When asked why, Alexis complains that her teacher doesn’t let them ask questions, doesn’t let them try things on their own, and gets frustrated when the kids attempt to make things that the teacher didn’t suggest. The _____ stage of psychosocial development will likely be affected for Alexis and the rest of the students in the class, and _____ may result.
a) basic trust vs. mistrust; a sense of inferiority
b) ego integrity vs. despair; depression
c) identity vs. role confusion; an unstable sense of self
d) industry vs. inferiority; a sense of inferiority
Skill Level: Apply
Difficulty: Difficult
Learning Objective: 8.1.4: Explain Erikson’s theory of psychosocial development
Topic: Theories of Development
72. Seven-year-old Francesca brings home her worksheet from second grade with a big gold star on it. Her foster parent is so proud of her that she hangs it on the refrigerator for everyone to see. According to the psychosocial stages of development, this will likely cause Francesca to develop a _____
a) sense that people can be trusted.
b) sense of happiness about initiating new activities.
c) sense of “feeling stuck” and not feel like she has accomplished anything important.
d) sense of pride regarding her accomplishments.
Skill Level: Apply
Difficulty: Difficult
Learning Objective: 8.1.4: Explain Erikson’s theory of psychosocial development
Topic: Theories of Development
73. According to Erikson, searching for one’s identity begins in _____ with the _____ stage.
a) adolescence; industry vs. inferiority
b) adulthood; intimacy vs. isolation
c) early adulthood; generativity vs. shame and doubt
d) adolescence; identity vs. role confusion
Skill Level: Understand
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 8.1.4: Explain Erikson’s theory of psychosocial development
Topic: Theories of Development
74. Stuart is beginning the process of trying to answer these questions: Who am I? What am I all about? What do I stand for? What are my values? Stuart is likely experiencing a(n) _____ which occurs in the _____ stage of psychosocial development.
a) sense of inferiority; identity vs. role confusion
b) sense of self-doubt; intimacy vs. isolation
c) identity crisis; identity vs. role confusion
d) adaptation phenomenon; industry vs. inferiority
Skill Level: Apply
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 8.1.4: Explain Erikson’s theory of psychosocial development
Topic: Theories of Development
75. Initiative is to guilt as industry is to _____
a) inferiority.
b) identity.
c) stagnation.
d) ego integrity.
Skill Level: Analyze
Difficulty: Difficult
Learning Objective: 8.1.4: Explain Erikson’s theory of psychosocial development
Topic: Theories of Development
76. Although Vincent is now an adult, he feels as if he never really got a chance to find himself as an adolescent. He feels that he has no sense of who he is and what he stands for. He feels as if he missed out on the crucial time in development where that identity crisis is resolved. To which of Erikson’s stages is Vincent likely referring?
a) Ego integrity vs. despair
b) Autonomy vs. shame and doubt
c) Identity vs. role confusion
d) Basic trust vs. mistrust
Skill Level: Apply
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 8.1.4: Explain Erikson’s theory of psychosocial development
Topic: Theories of Development
77. _____ is one of the main objectives in the _____ stage of psychosocial development.
a) Finding one’s identity; inferiority
b) Developing feelings of accomplishment; identity vs. role confusion
c) Developing a sense of independence; basic trust vs. mistrust
d) Connecting and committing to another; intimacy vs. isolation
Skill Level: Analyze
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 8.1.4: Explain Erikson’s theory of psychosocial development
Topic: Theories of Development
78. Twenty-nine-year-old Ginny, though having a strong sense of who she is, has not yet been able to find that significant other for whom she has been searching. She has decided that being on her own is a perfectly acceptable choice and is learning to enjoy it. What psychosocial stage of development best describes Ginny?
a) Industry vs. inferiority
b) Intimacy vs. isolation
c) Generativity vs. stagnation
d) Identity vs. role confusion
Skill Level: Apply
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 8.1.4: Explain Erikson’s theory of psychosocial development
Topic: Theories of Development
79. Jayson is 23 and has just met the man of his dreams. They date for about two years before deciding to get married with their families and friends. Jayson feels joyful and fortunate to have found someone with whom he can connect. What psychosocial stage of development best describes Jayson at this point?
a) Intimacy vs. isolation
b) Generativity vs. stagnation
c) Industry vs. inferiority
d) Identity vs. role confusion
Skill Level: Apply
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 8.1.4: Explain Erikson’s theory of psychosocial development
Topic: Theories of Development
80. Feeling the need to mentor or create something worthy for the next generation is the objective in the _____ stage.
a) generativity vs. stagnation
b) identity vs. role confusion
c) intimacy vs. isolation
d) industry vs. inferiority
Skill Level: Analyze
Difficulty: Difficult
Learning Objective: 8.1.4: Explain Erikson’s theory of psychosocial development
Topic: Theories of Development
81. Michael is in the process of reflecting on his 55 years of life. He realizes that he has not contributed anything substantial to society, nor has he left any type of legacy in terms of his family or his work. He is “feeling stuck” at this point in his life, which is preventing him from moving ahead. Which stage of psychosocial development best describes Michael?
a) Identity vs. role confusion
b) Ego integrity vs. despair
c) Intimacy vs. isolation
d) Generativity vs. stagnation
Skill Level: Apply
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 8.1.4: Explain Erikson’s theory of psychosocial development
Topic: Theories of Development
82. When Joyce was just out of graduate school at the age of 22, she could not help but notice that not many agencies existed to care for the physical, emotional, social, and psychological well-being of adults with developmental disabilities. It was at that time that she created her own company to do just that. She has now been working for the last 25 years and has grown the company to more than 300 employees serving about 100 adults with developmental disabilities. She is confident that those cared for by her employees are in good hands. Which stage of psychosocial development best describes Joyce at this point?
a) Intimacy vs. isolation
b) Generativity vs. stagnation
c) Industry vs. inferiority
d) Identity vs. role confusion
Skill Level: Apply
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 8.1.4: Explain Erikson’s theory of psychosocial development
Topic: Theories of Development
83. When older individuals reflect back upon their lives, feel a sense of accomplishment and that they have lived a worthwhile life, they tend not to develop a sense of _____, according to Erikson.
a) integrity
b) role confusion
c) generativity
d) despair
Skill Level: Analyze
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 8.1.4: Explain Erikson’s theory of psychosocial development
Topic: Theories of Development
84. When 70-year-old Lesley looks at the life she has lived thus far, she thinks to herself, “Well, I have really given it my all. I have worked hard in my career and feel as if I did the best I could at raising my family. I feel good about the choices I have made.” In which stage of psychosocial development is Lesley?
a) Identity vs. role confusion
b) Ego integrity vs. despair
c) Industry vs. inferiority
d) Generativity vs. stagnation
Skill Level: Apply
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 8.1.4: Explain Erikson’s theory of psychosocial development
Topic: Theories of Development
85. Howard’s family is celebrating his ninetieth birthday. Howard, however, is not enjoying the celebration. He wishes everyone would go home and leave him alone to fester in his thoughts of failure about the life he has lived. In which stage of psychosocial development is Howard?
a) Autonomy vs. shame and doubt
b) Industry vs. inferiority
c) Ego integrity vs. despair
d) Generativity vs. stagnation
Skill Level: Apply
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 8.1.4: Explain Erikson’s theory of psychosocial development
Topic: Theories of Development
86. The period of the zygote begins with _____ and ends with _____, which takes about _____.
a) conception; birth; nine months
b) cell division; formation of major body systems; two weeks
c) conception; implantation into the uterine wall; two weeks
d) organogenesis; ossification; one trimester
Skill Level: Understand
Difficulty: Difficult
Learning Objective: 8.2.1: Outline the stages of prenatal development
Topic: Prenatal Development and Infancy
87. The period of the embryo begins at _____ and ends with _____, which takes about _____.
a) conception; birth; nine months
b) the first trimester; implantation into the uterine wall; twelve weeks
c) week 3; formation of bone cells; six weeks
d) organogenesis; ossification; one trimester
Skill Level: Understand
Difficulty: Difficult
Learning Objective: 8.2.1: Outline the stages of prenatal development
Topic: Prenatal Development and Infancy
88. The period of the fetus begins at _____ and ends with _____, which takes about _____.
a) conception; birth; 9 months
b) the first trimester; implantation into the uterine wall; 12 weeks
c) conception; implantation into the uterine wall; 2 weeks
d) week 9; birth; 32 weeks
Skill Level: Understand
Difficulty: Difficult
Learning Objective: 8.2.1: Outline the stages of prenatal development
Topic: Prenatal Development and Infancy
89. The longest period of time during prenatal development is the _____
a) period of the fetus.
b) third trimester.
c) period of the embryo.
d) germinal stage.
Skill Level: Understand
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 8.2.1: Outline the stages of prenatal development
Topic: Prenatal Development and Infancy
90. Which of the following statements is true of the period of the embryo?
a) It is a time of cell division and travel toward the uterus for implantation.
b) It is when teratogens can be most harmful.
c) It is a time of major growth of the structures that have already been formed.
d) It is a time of travel from the ovary to through the fallopian tubes.
Skill Level: Understand
Difficulty: Difficult
Learning Objective: 8.2.1: Outline the stages of prenatal development
Topic: Prenatal Development and Infancy
91. Toni is about 10 weeks pregnant and is having dinner with her sister, Kristy, who happens to be a psychology student. The sisters are sitting at a Mexican restaurant enjoying chips and salsa when the waitress asks them what they’d like to drink. Kristy orders a beer. Toni turns to Kristy and asks, “One beer isn’t going to hurt, right?” Kristy is not only aware that Toni is pregnant, she is also knowledgeable of teratogens. What should Kristy say to Toni?
a) “Well, I guess since you are already 10 weeks along, then the beer shouldn’t damage the fetus.”
b) “There is not much alcohol in a beer, I wouldn’t worry at all.”
c) “The fetus is protected from the effects of alcohol because it can’t cross the blood-brain barrier. You’ll both be just fine.”
d) “Well, Toni, the Surgeon General suggests you should not have any alcohol. Even a little can potentially cause fetal alcohol effects. Order a Sprite instead!”
Skill Level: Apply
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 8.2.1: Outline the stages of prenatal development
Topic: Prenatal Development and Infancy
92. Andrew is a normal-looking five-year-old boy who is having some behavioral difficulties. Although he tries to be a good kid, he is sometimes so impulsive that he gets into trouble. Kara, his mother, cannot understand why he is impulsive. She reads all of the parenting books she can get her hands on and has set, and enforced, fair guidelines for his behavior. Andrew’s behavior is puzzling to her. Kara’s mother, who happens to be a researcher in the field of prenatal development, is not very puzzled by the situation at all. She speculates that Andrew’s behavior is a result of Kara drinking small amounts of alcohol throughout her pregnancy, even when she advised Kara not to. Kara’s mother is likely concerned about _____
a) severe intellectual impairment.
b) fetal alcohol effects.
c) an insecure attachment.
d) fetal alcohol syndrome.
Skill Level: Apply
Difficulty: Difficult
Learning Objective: 8.2.1: Outline the stages of prenatal development
Topic: Prenatal Development and Infancy
93. Which of the following is false regarding smoking while pregnant, based on the research presented in the current chapter?
a) The infant has a higher chance of being born prematurely.
b) The carbon monoxide the infant is exposed to is high while the oxygen the infant is exposed to is lower than normal.
c) The many chemicals experienced by the smoker are also experienced by the fetus since the chemicals cross the placental barrier.
d) Because there is a chance the baby will be born healthy, there is more risk in quitting smoking while pregnant than waiting until the pregnancy is over.
Skill Level: Evaluate
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 8.2.1: Outline the stages of prenatal development
Topic: Prenatal Development and Infancy
94. What occurs during stage three of the labor process?
a) The baby is born into the world
b) The uterus contracts
c) The uterus expels the placenta
d) The placenta sends signals to begin contractions
Skill Level: Understand
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 8.2.1: Outline the stages of prenatal development
Topic: Prenatal Development and Infancy
95. Which of the following substances seems to initiate labor by stimulating uterine contractions?
a) Melatonin
b) Serotonin
c) Endorphins
d) Oxytocin
Skill Level: Understand
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 8.2.1: Outline the stages of prenatal development
Topic: Prenatal Development and Infancy
96. Lourdes was a premature infant. What can be gleaned from that diagnosis?
a) Lourdes will likely have fetal alcohol effects.
b) The chances that Lourdes will survive into toddlerhood are slim to none.
c) Lourdes will be a neonate longer than babies born full term.
d) Lourdes was born before 37 weeks and weighed less than 5.5 pounds.
Skill Level: Apply
Difficulty: Difficult
Learning Objective: 8.2.1: Outline the stages of prenatal development
Topic: Prenatal Development and Infancy
97. _____ are defined as built-in responses to certain stimuli that neonates need to ensure survival in their new world.
a) Reflexes
b) Insecure attachments
c) Egocentric abilities
d) Secure attachments
Skill Level: Understand
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 8.2.2: Describe the changes in infants’ abilities that occur over the first 18 months of life
Topic: Prenatal Development and Infancy
98. Which of the following is true regarding research by Gibson and Walk (1960) using the visual cliff?
a) All of the babies in the study crossed the visual cliff when encouraged by their moms.
b) Gibson and Walk demonstrated that babies are born with depth perception.
c) Infants are not capable of perceiving depth until they reach about 12 months of age.
d) Gibson and Walk demonstrated that most babies displayed depth perception by they time they could crawl.
Skill Level: Understand
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 8.2.2: Describe the changes in infants’ abilities that occur over the first 18 months of life
Topic: Prenatal Development and Infancy
99. The natural unfolding of skills and development that has more to do with genetics than environment is referred to as _____
a) the nature vs. nurture controversy.
b) maturation.
c) attachment.
d) perceptual development.
Skill Level: Analyze
Difficulty: Difficult
Learning Objective: 8.2.2: Describe the changes in infants’ abilities that occur over the first 18 months of life
Topic: Prenatal Development and Infancy
100. Which of the following researchers studied temperament?
a) Gibson and Walk
b) Ainsworth and Harlow
c) Thomas, Chess, and Birch
d) French and Morehouse
Skill Level: Understand
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 8.2.3: Describe the effects of temperament on infants’ behavior
Topic: Prenatal Development and Infancy
101 Most of the children in the New York Longitudinal Study, which was started in 1956, displayed a(n) _____
a) insecure attachment.
b) easy temperament.
c) secure attachment.
d) slow-to-warm-up temperament.
Skill Level: Understand
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 8.2.3: Describe the effects of temperament on infants’ behavior
Topic: Prenatal Development and Infancy
102. Dustin is a child who never seems to eat or sleep on a schedule. He is described as an “intense” kid by his parents and is often irritable. Based on this information, what type of temperament does Dustin likely have?
a) Slow-to-warm-up
b) Easy
c) Insecure
d) Difficult
Skill Level: Apply
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 8.2.3: Describe the effects of temperament on infants’ behavior
Topic: Prenatal Development and Infancy
103. Zovia is a toddler who always seems happy. She is described by her caretakers as adaptable, a great eater, and a sound sleeper. Based on this information, what type of temperament does Zovia likely have?
a) Slow-to-warm-up
b) Easy
c) Insecure
d) Difficult
Skill Level: Apply
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 8.2.3: Describe the effects of temperament on infants’ behavior
Topic: Prenatal Development and Infancy
104. Gertrude is a nervous child. She tends to withdraw from other children and family members. However, if given enough time, Gertrude slowly adapts to new situations, people, and environments. Based on this information, what type of temperament does Gertrude likely have?
a) Slow-to-warm-up
b) Easy
c) Insecure
d) Difficult
Skill Level: Apply
Difficulty: Difficult
Learning Objective: 8.2.3: Describe the effects of temperament on infants’ behavior
Topic: Prenatal Development and Infancy
105. _____ is defined as the strong affectionate bond a child forms with the mother or primary caregiver.
a) Separation anxiety
b) Temperament
c) Stranger anxiety
d) Attachment
Skill Level: Understand
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 8.2.3: Describe the effects of temperament on infants’ behavior
Topic: Prenatal Development and Infancy
106. Which of the following can be concluded from Harry Harlow’s research with rhesus monkeys?
a) Harlow demonstrated that food was the only factor involved in creating attachment between rhesus monkeys and the surrogate “mothers.”
b) The monkeys clearly preferred the cloth “mother” as evidenced by clinging behavior to the cloth “mother” in new situations.
c) The monkeys had no real preference for either “mother”; they typically sat in a corner and rocked or sucked their thumbs.
d) Harlow demonstrated that contact comfort had little to do with attachment of rhesus monkeys to the surrogate “mothers.”
Skill Level: Evaluate
Difficulty: Difficult
Learning Objective: 8.2.3: Describe the effects of temperament on infants’ behavior
Topic: Prenatal Development and Infancy
107. _____ refers to the close emotional bond an individual has with the person or persons who raised and cared for her or him.
a) Temperament
b) Stranger anxiety
c) Attachment
d) Autonomy
Skill Level: Analyze
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 8.2.4: Analyze the components of infant–caregiver attachment
Topic: Prenatal Development and Infancy
108. Sixteen-month-old Nina cries and appears distressed when her parents leave her with the babysitter she has known since she was born. Nina is demonstrating _____
a) temperamental issues.
b) stranger anxiety.
c) an avoidant attachment.
d) separation anxiety.
Skill Level: Apply
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 8.2.4: Analyze the components of infant–caregiver attachment
Topic: Prenatal Development and Infancy
109. _____ is a fear of unknown people common in infants at about 6 months and increasing in intensity until about 12 months, and then declining in the second year.
a) Stranger anxiety
b) The difficult temperament
c) An insecure attachment
d) Separation anxiety
Skill Level: Understand
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 8.2.4: Analyze the components of infant–caregiver attachment
Topic: Prenatal Development and Infancy
110. Stranger anxiety peaks around _____
a) 4 months of age.
b) 6 months of age.
c) 12 months of age.
d) 18 months of age.
Skill Level: Understand
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 8.2.4: Analyze the components of infant–caregiver attachment
Topic: Prenatal Development and Infancy
111. In Mary Ainsworth’s study of American children and their attachment to their caretakers, she found that about _____
a) 5 percent showed a resistant attachment.
b) 25 percent showed a resistant attachment.
c) 35 percent demonstrated an avoidant attachment.
d) 65 percent showed a secure attachment.
Skill Level: Understand
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 8.2.4: Analyze the components of infant–caregiver attachment
Topic: Prenatal Development and Infancy
112. Nunzio and his mother were in a playroom at school. Nunzio was playing in and exploring the playroom as they waited to meet his new preschool teacher. As the teacher entered the room, she kindly introduced herself to Nunzio and his mother. Then Nunzio’s mother was asked to step away from the room to sign some enrollment forms. When the mother returned to the playroom, Nunzio ran up to her to be picked up and gave her a hug. He then politely asked to get down so he could further explore the neat toys in the room. The preschool teacher was impressed with his behavior and told his mother she looks forward to having Nunzio as a student. Which attachment type does Nunzio likely have with his mother?
a) Secure attachment
b) Disorganized attachment
c) Resistant attachment
d) Avoidant attachment
Skill Level: Apply
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 8.2.4: Analyze the components of infant–caregiver attachment
Topic: Prenatal Development and Infancy
113. In Mary Ainsworth’s study of American children and their attachment to their caretakers, she found that about _____ demonstrated an avoidant attachment.
a) 5 percent
b) 20 percent
c) 35 percent
d) 65 percent
Skill Level: Understand
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 8.2.4: Analyze the components of infant–caregiver attachment
Topic: Prenatal Development and Infancy
114. Olivia and her mother were in a playroom at school. Olivia tended to cling to her mother when they were in the room waiting to meet Olivia’s new preschool teacher. As the teacher entered the room, she kindly introduced herself to Olivia and her mother. Then Olivia’s mother was asked to step away from the room to sign some enrollment forms. When Olivia’s mother returned to the playroom, Olivia ran up to her to be picked up, but then hit her mother and struggled to get down, clearly showing anger toward her mother. Which attachment type does Olivia likely have with her mother?
a) Secure attachment
b) Disorganized attachment
c) Resistant attachment
d) Avoidant attachment
Skill Level: Apply
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 8.2.4: Analyze the components of infant–caregiver attachment
Topic: Prenatal Development and Infancy
115. Anthony and his mother were in a playroom at school. He seemed like he wanted nothing much to do with his mother when they were in the room waiting to meet his new preschool teacher. As the teacher entered the room, she kindly introduced herself to Anthony and his mother. Then his mother was asked to step away from the room to sign some enrollment forms. When she returned to the playroom, Anthony didn’t even seem to notice. Additionally, when she walked up to him to ask him a question, he walked the other way. Which attachment type does Anthony likely have with his mother?
a) Secure attachment
b) Disorganized attachment
c) Resistant attachment
d) Avoidant attachment
Skill Level: Apply
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 8.2.4: Analyze the components of infant–caregiver attachment
Topic: Prenatal Development and Infancy
116. Based on research, which type of attachment pattern seems to be the least securely attached?
a) Secure attachment
b) Disorganized attachment
c) Resistant attachment
d) Avoidant attachment
Skill Level: Understand
Difficulty: Difficult
Learning Objective: 8.2.4: Analyze the components of infant–caregiver attachment
Topic: Prenatal Development and Infancy
117. Gabriel is a 16-month-old boy who lives with his mom and grandma. He calls his mom “Mama” and his grandma “Nona.” Last week, Gabriel was at the grocery store with his mom and saw a little lady with white hair and glasses that looked similar to his grandma. He immediately called her “Nona.” Gabriel demonstrated _____
a) an underextension error.
b) a misuse of telegraphic speech.
c) an overextension error.
d) a phonemic error.
Difficulty: Moderate
Skill Level: Apply
Learning Objective: 8.3.1: Contrast the views of learning theorists, nativists, and interactionists on language development
Topic: Early and Middle Childhood
118. Three-year-old Georgette and her family got a new Yorkie puppy last week. The puppy’s name is Maxine and it weighs only 2 pounds. Her neighbors also got a new puppy, but they got a large-breed St. Bernard. When Georgette went to her neighbors’ home to visit their puppy, who weighed 15 pounds at only eight weeks of age, Georgette refused to believe it was actually a puppy. Georgette was demonstrating _____
a) an underextension error.
b) a misuse of telegraphic speech.
c) an overextension error.
d) a phonemic error.
Skill Level: Apply
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 8.3.1: Contrast the views of learning theorists, nativists, and interactionists on language development
Topic: Early and Middle Childhood
119. When 22-month-old Matteo exclaims, “Mamma, pick up!” he is demonstrating _____
a) an inability to properly process phonemes.
b) an underextension error.
c) an overregularization error.
d) telegraphic speech.
Skill Level: Apply
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 8.3.1: Contrast the views of learning theorists, nativists, and interactionists on language development
Topic: Early and Middle Childhood
120. _____ is the process of learning socially acceptable behaviors, attitudes, and values.
a) The interactionist approach
b) Attachment
c) Egocentrism
d) Socialization
Skill Level: Understand
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 8.3.2: Describe the contributions of parenting styles and peer relationships to socialization
Topic: Early and Middle Childhood
121. Which of the following parenting styles, according to Diana Baumrind’s research, would fit the phrase “My way or the highway”?
a) A permissive parent
b) An authoritarian parent
c) An indulgent parent
d) An authoritative parent
Skill Level: Analyze
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 8.3.2: Describe the contributions of parenting styles and peer relationships to socialization
Topic: Early and Middle Childhood
122. Dora just gave birth to her first child. She wants her daughter to grow up to be happy, self-reliant, assertive, socially skilled, and responsible. Based on Baumrind’s research, which parenting style should Dora practice from this moment on?
a) Permissive type
b) Independent type
c) Authoritative type
d) Indulgent type
Skill Level: Apply
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 8.3.2: Describe the contributions of parenting styles and peer relationships to socialization
Topic: Early and Middle Childhood
123. Based on her research findings, which of Baumrind’s parenting types results in immature, impulsive, and dependent children?
a) Authoritarian type
b) Resistant type
c) Authoritative type
d) Permissive type
Skill Level: Understand
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 8.3.2: Describe the contributions of parenting styles and peer relationships to socialization
Topic: Early and Middle Childhood
124.Which theorist suggested that children move through a series of stages, namely gender identity, gender stability, and gender constancy, prior to developing a gender role?
a) Erik Erikson
b) Sandra Bem
c) Lawrence Kohlberg
d) Noam Chomsky
Skill Level: Understand
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 8.3.3: Outline the various theoretical approaches to explaining gender role development
Topic: Early and Middle Childhood
125. When considering the effects of early or late puberty on adolescents, which of the following is false?
a) Some early maturing boys may show more aggression and hostility than later-maturing boys.
b) Early-maturing girls are more likely than late-maturing girls to develop eating disorders.
c) Some early-maturing boys tend to have more confidence, feel more secure, and have more success with academics.
d) Late-maturing girls have more unwanted pregnancies than early-maturing girls.
Skill Level: Understand
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 8.4.1: Describe the physical and psychological effects of puberty on adolescents
Topic: Adolescence
126. Which of the following is false regarding teens’ development?
a) Teens with permissive parents were more likely to use alcohol and drugs and have conduct problems.
b) Most adolescents have good relationships with their parents.
c) Teens with authoritarian parents experienced less self-reliance and self-confidence in adolescence.
d) Research shows that the authoritarian parenting style during adolescence is the least effective type of parenting.
Skill Level: Understand
Difficulty: Difficult
Learning Objective: 8.4.2: Compare the contributions of parents and peers to teens’ development
Topic: Adolescence
127. According to research by Glenn Roisman and his colleagues, which of the following is not a domain of development addressed in the topic of emerging adulthood?
a) Global
b) Conduct
c) Work
d) Academic
Skill Level: Understand
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 8.4.3: Outline the characteristics of emerging adulthood
Topic: Adolescence
128. Based on the research regarding menopause, which of the following is false?
a) Menopause marks the end of reproductive ability.
b) Menopause is marked by a period of irritability, mood swings, and anxiety for some women.
c) Most women do not experience psychological problems while going through menopause.
d) Most women experience depressed mood.
Skill Level: Understand
Difficulty: Difficult
Learning Objective: 8.5.1: Describe the physical and cognitive changes that occur in early and middle adulthood
Topic: Early and Middle Adulthood
129. Based on the results of the Seattle Longitudinal Study, which intellectual skill showed a decline for both men and women from about age 25 to 80?
a) Verbal fluency
b) Perceptual speed
c) Spatial skills
d) Verbal meaning
Skill Level: Understand
Difficulty: Difficult
Learning Objective: 8.5.1: Describe the physical and cognitive changes that occur in early and middle adulthood
Topic: Early and Middle Adulthood
130. _____ intelligence is defined by one’s verbal ability and accumulated knowledge.
a) Fluid
b) Nonverbal
c) Contextual
d) Crystallized
Skill Level: Understand
Difficulty: Difficult
Learning Objective: 8.5.1: Describe the physical and cognitive changes that occur in early and middle adulthood
Topic: Early and Middle Adulthood
131. Mental flexibility and abstract reasoning make up _____ intelligence.
a) crystallized
b) nonverbal
c) perceptual
d) fluid
Skill Level: Understand
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 8.5.1: Describe the physical and cognitive changes that occur in early and middle adulthood
Topic: Early and Middle Adulthood
132. _____ intelligence tends to increase over the lifespan, whereas _____ intelligence tends to decrease as time goes on.
a) Fluid; crystallized
b) Nonverbal; fluid
c) Crystallized; fluid
d) Nonverbal; verbal
Skill Level: Understand
Difficulty: Difficult
Learning Objective: 8.5.1: Describe the physical and cognitive changes that occur in early and middle adulthood
Topic: Early and Middle Adulthood
133. Which of the following is false regarding social development and early to middle adulthood?
a) Most adults choose to marry and have a family.
b) The notion of the empty nest syndrome has little basis in reality and is not supported by research.
c) About 75 percent of mothers who have school-aged children are employed and work outside the home.
d) Men and women alike seek promotions to upper-level management positions and typically work continuously throughout this time period.
Skill Level: Understand
Difficulty: Difficult
Learning Objective: 8.5.2: List the themes of social development in early and middle adulthood
Topic: Early and Middle Adulthood
134. Julianna is a chemistry professor and is established in her career. Even after 20 years of employment, she enjoys her work thoroughly and intends on staying there until retirement. Based on the research by Donald Super, in which of the phases of career development is Julianna?
a) The growth stage
b) The maintenance stage
c) The stabilization stage
d) The exploratory stage
Skill Level: Apply
Difficulty: Difficult
Learning Objective: 8.5.2: List the themes of social development in early and middle adulthood
Topic: Early and Middle Adulthood
135. _____ is a process in which the reductions in the speed of neural transmission lead to a slowing of physical and mental functions.
a) Anticipatory aging
b) Expected neural tapering
c) General slowing
d) Emerging aging
Skill Level: Understand
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 8.6.1: Describe the physical and cognitive changes that occur in the later adult years
Topic: Later Adulthood
136. Which of the following is false of individuals in the United States over 65 years of age?
a) About 25 percent of those over 65 years old need assistive devices such as a cane or wheelchair.
b) About 50 percent of those over 65 years old are sexually active.
c) About 90 percent of those over 65 years old have income levels above the poverty level.
d) Nearly 90 percent of those over 65 years old need no help with activities of daily living.
Skill Level: Understand
Difficulty: Difficult
Learning Objective: 8.6.1: Describe the physical and cognitive changes that occur in the later adult years
Topic: Later Adulthood
137. According to present chapter, which of the following events seems to be the most stressful in the lives of older adults?
a) Retirement
b) Change in sleep patterns
c) Physical changes
d) Death of a spouse
Skill Level: Understand
Difficulty: Difficult
Learning Objective: 8.6.2: Explain the adjustment challenges that older adults face
Topic: Later Adulthood
138. Which of the following is not a factor of successful aging, according to researchers Rowe and Kahn?
a) Continued social activities
b) Keeping one’s cognitive abilities
c) Engaging in productive activities
d) Having financial surplus
Skill Level: Understand
Difficulty: Difficult
Learning Objective: 8.6.3: List the components of successful aging
Topic: Later Adulthood
139. Which of the following pairings is correct?
a) Erik Erikson—moral development
b) Lawrence Kohlberg—attachment
c) Jean Piaget—psychosocial stages of development
d) Elisabeth Kübler-Ross—death and dying
Skill Level: Understand
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 8.6.4: Describe people’s responses to approaching death and bereavement
Topic: Later Adulthood
140. Which of the following is not a stage of death and dying based on research with 200 terminally ill individuals?
a) Acceptance
b) Forgiveness
c) Bargaining
d) Denial
Skill Level: Understand
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 8.6.4: Describe people’s responses to approaching death and bereavement
Topic: Later Adulthood
141. Audrey has just learned that she has cancer of the pancreas. Because she is a nurse, she knows that pancreatic cancer is an aggressive cancer and usually takes someone’s life about a year after the diagnosis. However, she is convinced that the doctors have mixed up her chart with someone else’s chart. After she is shown that it is indeed her chart, she tells the doctor that the results are clearly erroneous. Audrey is experiencing _____ according to research by Kübler-Ross.
a) anger
b) depression
c) denial
d) forgiveness
Skill Level: Apply
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 8.6.4: Describe people’s responses to approaching death and bereavement
Topic: Later Adulthood
142. William was simply devastated by the loss of his brother to colon cancer. The time between the diagnosis and his death was only three months. Shortly thereafter, William started to show signs of sadness and withdrawal that worried other family members. He just couldn’t seem to shake his despair. Which of the following stages of death and dying might William be experiencing?
a) Anger
b) Bargaining
c) Denial
d) Depression
Skill Level: Apply
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 8.6.4: Describe people’s responses to approaching death and bereavement
Topic: Later Adulthood
143. Making promises to do good things in exchange for a longer life is demonstrated in the _____ stage of death and dying.
a) bargaining
b) forgiveness
c) acceptance
d) depression
Skill Level: Analyze
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 8.6.4: Describe people’s responses to approaching death and bereavement
Topic: Later Adulthood
144. Ten-year-old Emily has been sick with cancer for the last three years. She tells her Dad that she no longer wants chemotherapy and that she is ready to go to heaven. He can’t help but notice how peaceful she seems with her decision. According to Kübler-Ross, Emily is in the _____ stage of death and dying.
a) bargaining
b) denial
c) anger
d) acceptance
Skill Level: Apply
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 8.6.4: Describe people’s responses to approaching death and bereavement
Topic: Later Adulthood
Completion (Fill-in-the-Blank)
1. “Out of sight, out of mind” characterizes the early part of Piaget’s _____ stage of cognitive development.
Difficulty: Difficult
Skill Level: Analyze
Learning Objective: 8.1.1: Explain Piaget’s approach to cognitive development
Topic: Theories of Development
2. Four-month-old Vinny is playing with an infant toy. According to Piaget, Vinny will likely _____ when his older brother takes it away from him.
Difficulty: Difficult
Skill Level: Evaluate
Learning Objective: 8.1.1: Explain Piaget’s approach to cognitive development
Topic: Theories of Development
3. Piaget’s stages (in order) are _____, _____, _____, and _____.
Difficulty: Moderate
Skill Level: Understand
Learning Objective: 8.1.1: Explain Piaget’s approach to cognitive development
Topic: Theories of Development
4. Eight-year-old James is told to look at two equal amounts of juice in two identical glasses. Then, right in front of him, one of the glasses of juice is poured into a tall, skinny glass. James is convinced that the juice in the tall, skinny glass is more than the juice in the original glass. According to Piaget, James does not yet understand the concept of _____.
Difficulty: Moderate
Skill Level: Apply
Learning Objective: 8.1.1: Explain Piaget’s approach to cognitive development
Topic: Theories of Development
5. Hypothetico-deductive thinking is to the formal operational stage as _____ is to the preoperational stage.
Difficulty: Difficult
Skill Level: Analyze
Learning Objective: 8.1.1: Explain Piaget’s approach to cognitive development
Topic: Theories of Development
6. Lev Vygotsky believed that a child’s cognitive development through social interactions was afforded primarily through the medium of _____.
Difficulty: Difficult
Skill Level: Understand
Learning Objective: 8.1.2: Outline the explanations of cognitive development proposed by the neo-Piagetians
Topic: Theories of Development
7. Four-year-old Mia enjoys working on puzzles, even though she is not yet able to assemble many pieces. Her older brother Zachary is quite good at putting together puzzles. When Zachary helps Mia, he is working within her _____, according to Vygotsky.
Difficulty: Moderate
Skill Level: Apply
Learning Objective: 8.1.2: Outline the explanations of cognitive development proposed by the neo-Piagetians
Topic: Theories of Development
8. “You scratch my back and I’ll scratch yours” is indicative of the _____ level of moral reasoning.
Difficulty: Moderate
Skill Level: Analyze
Learning Objective: 8.1.3: Explain Kohlberg’s theory of moral reasoning
Topic: Theories of Development
9. According to Kohlberg, in order to function at the conventional level of moral development, an individual must be at Piaget’s _____ stage of cognitive development.
Difficulty: Difficult
Skill Level: Understand
Learning Objective: 8.1.3: Explain Kohlberg’s theory of moral reasoning
Topic: Theories of Development
10. Erik Erikson believed that the groundwork for our adult personality was laid primarily during _____.
Difficulty: Difficult
Skill Level: Analyze
Learning Objective: 8.1.4: Explain Erikson’s theory of psychosocial development
Topic: Theories of Development
11. “Mom, I have an idea... how about we go for a walk?” said four-year-old Tyrone. According to Erikson, Tyrone’s question reflects the _____ stage of Erikson’s psychosocial development theory.
Difficulty: Moderate
Skill Level: Apply
Learning Objective: 8.1.4: Explain Erikson’s theory of psychosocial development
Topic: Theories of Development
12. As a fourth grade teacher, Marjoe knows how important it is to help children accomplish tasks. He wants his students to feel a sense of pride when they make something or complete a task. Marjoe is supporting the _____ stage of Erikson’s psychosocial development theory.
Difficulty: Moderate
Skill Level: Apply
Learning Objective: 8.1.4: Explain Erikson’s theory of psychosocial development
Topic: Theories of Development
13. According to Erikson, _____ is essential for the successful resolution of the intimacy vs. inferiority stage.
Difficulty: Difficult
Skill Level: Analyze
Learning Objective: 8.1.4: Explain Erikson’s theory of psychosocial development
Topic: Theories of Development
14. Jade is a well-educated and successful professional in her field. She has many close family members and friends and owns her own home. At age 34, she is comfortably single but admits that she wouldn’t mind meeting that special someone. According to Erikson, Jade falls on the _____ side of _____, the psychosocial stage appropriate for her age and situation.
Difficulty: Difficult
Skill Level: Apply
Learning Objective: 8.1.4: Explain Erikson’s theory of psychosocial development
Topic: Theories of Development
15. Conception typically takes place in the _____, which begins the stage of prenatal development referred to as the _____.
Difficulty: Moderate
Skill Level: Understand
Learning Objective: 8.2.1: Outline the stages of prenatal development
Topic: Prenatal Development and Infancy
16. The period of prenatal development that is the longest is the _____.
Difficulty: Easy
Skill Level: Understand
Learning Objective: 8.2.1: Outline the stages of prenatal development
Topic: Prenatal Development and Infancy
17. The period of the embryo ends at about week _____ of gestation, when the _____ first appear.
Difficulty: Moderate
Skill Level: Understand
Learning Objective: 8.2.1: Outline the stages of prenatal development
Topic: Prenatal Development and Infancy
18. At 3 weeks of gestation, the developing human organism is called the _____; it is called the _____ at 31 weeks.
Difficulty: Easy
Skill Level: Analyze
Learning Objective: 8.2.1: Outline the stages of prenatal development
Topic: Prenatal Development and Infancy
19. In 1960, Gibson and Walk used the “visual cliff” to ascertain whether crawling infants had _____.
Difficulty: Easy
Skill Level: Analyze
Learning Objective: 8.2.2: Describe the changes in infants’ abilities that occur over the first 18 months of life
Topic: Prenatal Development and Infancy
20. According to research by Thomas, Chess, and Birch, our temperament is a result of _____.
Difficulty: Moderate
Skill Level: Analyze
Learning Objective: 8.2.3: Describe the effects of temperament on infants’ behavior
Topic: Prenatal Development and Infancy
21. _____, _____, and _____ were the three temperament types that came out of the New York Longitudinal Study, with _____ being the most common.
Difficulty: Moderate
Skill Level: Understand
Learning Objective: 8.2.3: Describe the effects of temperament on infants’ behavior
Topic: Prenatal Development and Infancy
22. Classic studies on attachment have been performed by _____ and _____.
Difficulty: Easy
Skill Level: Understand
Learning Objective: 8.2.4: Analyze the components of infant–caregiver attachment
Topic: Prenatal Development and Infancy
23. Eight-month-old Eva cried when her new babysitter approached her. Eva’s Mom knew that she was displaying _____, which peaks around _____ of age.
Difficulty: Difficult
Skill Level: Apply
Learning Objective: 8.2.4: Analyze the components of infant–caregiver attachment
Topic: Prenatal Development and Infancy
24. Four-year-old Stacia proudly exclaimed, “Dad, I writed my name all by myself!” Stacia just demonstrated the _____ error, which tends to be common among children learning language.
Difficulty: Moderate
Skill Level: Apply
Learning Objective: 8.3.1: Contrast the views of learning theorists, nativists, and interactionists on language development
Topic: Early and Middle Childhood
Essay Questions
1. Describe Kohlberg’s study and view of moral development and explain its connection to Piaget’s view of cognitive development.
2. List Erikson’s stages of psychosocial development in order and explain the concept behind this theory.
3. Chris is 32 years of age and has problems in relationships. Using Erikson’s stages of psychosocial development, analyze what may have contributed to this.
4. Contrast the stereotypes of older adulthood with the facts. Discuss brain changes, cognition, physical and social-emotional functioning. Include ways to age successfully.
5. Discuss the four parenting styles. Describe each one and discuss its effects on children.
1. Why does a child demonstrate egocentrism during the preoperational stage of cognitive development?
2. Why don’t some individuals reach the postconventional level of moral reasoning?
3. Why is Kohlberg’s theory of moral reasoning controversial?
4. Why does Erik Erikson’s theory of psychosocial development cross the entire lifespan?
5. Josh and Kara have a one-month-old infant at home. Their parents have told them over and over not to pick up the baby while she is crying because she will end up spoiled. How would Erik Erikson respond to that advice?
6. Why can’t infants be taught to walk or crawl or speak much before the typical age at which these skills are attained?
7. Would the topic of temperament be significant to a daycare provider? Why or why not?
8. Why is the difficult temperament labeled as such?
9. Why is a secure infant attachment so important?
10. Are Kübler-Ross’s stages of death and dying universal? Why or why not?
Skill Level: Apply
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 8.6.4: Describe people’s responses to approaching death and bereavement
Topic: Later Adulthood
Document Information
Connected Book
Mastering the World of Psychology 6th Edition Exam Pack
By Samuel E. Wood