Chapter 7 Motivation and Emotion Test Bank - Psychology and Your Life 3rd Edition | Test Bank with Answer Key by Robert S. Feldman. DOCX document preview.
Chapter 07
Test Bank
1. ________ refers to the factors that direct and energize the behavior of humans and other organisms.
A. Development
B. Intelligence
C. Cognition
D. Motivation
Page: 295Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.
Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 22.1: Explain instinct approaches to motivation.
Module: 22: Explaining Motivation
Topic: Motivation
2. Declan, a PhD candidate, tells his department's undergraduate student organization that his dissertation research is in the area of motivation. Declan is investigating:
A. the ability to generate new solutions to problems.
B. the way behavior changes as a result of experience.
C. the factors that direct and energize the behavior of humans and other organisms.
D. the processes whereby information is encoded, stored, and retrieved.
Page: 295Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains.
APA Outcome: 1.3: Describe applications of psychology.
Bloom's: Apply
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: 22.1: Explain instinct approaches to motivation.
Module: 22: Explaining Motivation
Topic: Motivation
3. Inborn patterns of behavior that are biologically determined are called:
A. desires.
B. instincts.
C. notions.
D. motives.
Page: 295Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.
Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 22.1: Explain instinct approaches to motivation.
Module: 22: Explaining Motivation
Topic: Instinct Approaches
4. Which of the following is NOT among the shortcomings of instinct approaches to motivation?
A. Instinct approaches can account only for physiological motivations, not psychological ones.
B. Instinct theorists identified too many different instincts for the theory to be useful.
C. Instinct theorists disagreed on the precise instincts guiding behavior.
D. Instinct theorists fail to explain why certain specific patterns of behavior have evolved in a given species.
Page: 295Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains.
Bloom's: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: 22.1: Explain instinct approaches to motivation.
Module: 22: Explaining Motivation
Topic: Instinct Approaches
5. Which of the following statements best expresses the fate of instinct approaches to motivation within mainstream psychology?
A. Instinct approaches to motivation are gaining strength in psychology, as they reflect the cutting-edge perspective of cognitive psychology.
B. Instinct approaches to motivation still play a role in certain theories, especially those based on evolutionary approaches that focus on our genetic inheritance.
C. Instinct approaches to motivation have been abandoned and are really of only historical interest in psychology.
D. Instinct approaches have always been influential in the psychology of motivation.
Page: 295Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains.
Bloom's: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: 22.1: Explain instinct approaches to motivation.
Module: 22: Explaining Motivation
Topic: Instinct Approaches
6. The first two theoretical approaches to motivation that attained prominence in the history of modern psychology were:
A. the instinct approach and then the incentive approach.
B. the incentive approach and then the drive-reduction approach.
C. the drive-reduction approach and then the instinct approach.
D. the instinct approach and then the drive-reduction approach.
Page: 295Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.
Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 22.1: Explain instinct approaches to motivation.
Learning Objective: 22.2: Explain drive-reduction approaches to motivation.
Module: 22: Explaining Motivation
Topic: Instinct Approaches
7. Drive-reduction approaches to motivation are:
A. theories suggesting that a lack of some basic biological need produces a drive to push an organism to satisfy that need.
B. theories suggesting that we try to maintain certain levels of stimulation and activity.
C. theories suggesting that motivation stems from the desire to obtain valued external goals.
D. theories suggesting that motivation is a product of people's thoughts, expectations, and goals.
Page: 296Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.
Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 22.2: Explain drive-reduction approaches to motivation.
Module: 22: Explaining Motivation
Topic: Drive-Reduction Approaches
8. Which approach to motivation is correctly paired with a behavior to which it is especially appropriate?
A. Drive-reduction—eating
B. Arousal—studying
C. Cognitive—riding roller coasters
D. Incentive—sleeping
Page: 296Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.
Bloom's: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: 22.2: Explain drive-reduction approaches to motivation.
Module: 22: Explaining Motivation
Topic: Drive-Reduction Approaches
9. Motivational tension or arousal that energizes behavior to fulfill a need is termed a(n):
A. drive.
B. reflex.
C. incentive.
D. instinct.
Page: 296Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains.
Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 22.2: Explain drive-reduction approaches to motivation.
Module: 22: Explaining Motivation
Topic: Drive-Reduction Approaches
10. Why do drive-reduction approaches fail to offer a complete account of human motivation?
A. Homeostasis does not accurately describe the mechanism by which primary drives operate.
B. Drive-reduction approaches offer much better explanations of behaviors motivated by secondary drives than of behaviors motivated by primary drives.
C. People are sometimes motivated to increase rather than decrease their level of stimulation.
D. Drive-reduction approaches are vague about what, or even how many, primary drives exist.
Page: 297Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.
Bloom's: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: 22.2: Explain drive-reduction approaches to motivation.
Module: 22: Explaining Motivation
Topic: Drive-Reduction Approaches
11. Dr. LaGrange is skeptical of drive theories of motivation. Which of the following behaviors is he most likely to cite to justify his skepticism?
A. Bungee jumping
B. Engaging in sexual intercourse
C. Eating a quick meal
D. Pursuing a stranger with a knife
Page: 297Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains.
APA Outcome: 1.3: Describe applications of psychology.
Bloom's: Apply
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: 22.2: Explain drive-reduction approaches to motivation.
Module: 22: Explaining Motivation
Topic: Drive-Reduction Approaches
12. Does the drive-reduction approach offer a comprehensive account of motivation? Which of the following explains it?
A. No. The drive-reduction approach explains how primary drives motivate behavior but fails to satisfactorily explain a behavior in which the goal is to increase arousal level.
B. No. The drive-reduction approach fails to account for many motives, including physiological ones.
C. Yes. The drive-reduction approach offers a satisfactory explanation of not only physiological motives, but also offers a satisfactory explanation for more psychologically oriented ones.
D. Yes. The drive-reduction approach has been empirically supported.
Page: 297Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains.
Bloom's: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: 22.2: Explain drive-reduction approaches to motivation.
Module: 22: Explaining Motivation
Topic: Drive-Reduction Approaches
13. What is homeostasis?
A. A theory of need reduction
B. The body's tendency to maintain a steady internal state
C. The psychological representation of primary needs
D. The diffusion of fluids into a cell
Page: 296Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.
Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 22.2: Explain drive-reduction approaches to motivation.
Module: 22: Explaining Motivation
Topic: Homeostasis
14. When blood pH becomes overly acidic, respiration and kidney function change to bring the acidity back to its normal pH level of 7.4. What does this process best exemplify?
A. Metabolism
B. Acclimatization
C. Homeostasis
D. An opponent-process system
Page: 296Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains.
APA Outcome: 1.3: Describe applications of psychology.
Bloom's: Apply
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: 22.2: Explain drive-reduction approaches to motivation.
Module: 22: Explaining Motivation
Topic: Homeostasis
15. The arousal approach to motivation suggests that:
A. a lack of some basic biological need produces a drive to push an organism to satisfy that need.
B. if levels of stimulation and activity are too low, people will try to increase them by seeking stimulation.
C. motivation stems from the desire to obtain valued external goals.
D. motivation is a product of people's thoughts, expectations, and goals.
Page: 297Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.
Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 22.3: Explain arousal approaches to motivation.
Module: 22: Explaining Motivation
Topic: Arousal Approaches
16. How do arousal approaches to motivation differ from drive-reduction approaches?
A. Arousal approaches suggest that if our stimulation and activity levels become too low, we try to increase them.
B. Arousal approaches suggest that if our stimulation and activity levels become too high, we try to reduce them by seeking stimulation.
C. Arousal approaches emphasize the desirable qualities of internal stimuli to a greater extent than do drive-reduction approaches.
D. Arousal theories place greater emphasis on physiological needs than do drive theories.
Page: 297Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.
Bloom's: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: 22.2: Explain drive-reduction approaches to motivation.
Learning Objective: 22.3: Explain arousal approaches to motivation.
Module: 22: Explaining Motivation
Topic: Arousal Approaches
17. "Human behavior is varied and often seems unpredictable; also, people sometimes seek out extremely stimulating situations and activities." This statement is most likely that of a proponent of the ________ theory of motivation.
A. instinct
B. incentive
C. arousal
D. cognitive
Page: 297Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains.
APA Outcome: 1.3: Describe applications of psychology.
Bloom's: Apply
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: 22.3: Explain arousal approaches to motivation.
Module: 22: Explaining Motivation
Topic: Arousal Approaches
18. Of the following individuals, whose behavior may most easily be explained using the arousal approach to motivation?
A. Artie, who loves to bungee jump
B. Barry, who buys an expensive watch he can't resist
C. Callista, who studies long hours to earn good grades
D. Brooke, who sleeps extra hours after a tiring week at work
Page: 297Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains.
APA Outcome: 1.3: Describe applications of psychology.
Bloom's: Apply
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: 22.3: Explain arousal approaches to motivation.
Module: 22: Explaining Motivation
Topic: Arousal Approaches
19. Incentive approaches to motivation are:
A. theories suggesting that a lack of some basic biological need produces a drive to push an organism to satisfy that need.
B. theories suggesting that we try to maintain certain levels of stimulation and activity.
C. theories suggesting that motivation stems from the desire to attain external rewards.
D. theories suggesting that motivation is a product of people's thoughts, expectations, and goals.
Page: 297Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.
Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 22.4: Explain incentive approaches to motivation.
Module: 22: Explaining Motivation
Topic: Incentive Approaches
20. Motivation theorists refer to external rewards people seek to obtain as:
A. stimulants.
B. incentives.
C. drives.
D. reinforcers.
Page: 297Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.
Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 22.4: Explain incentive approaches to motivation.
Module: 22: Explaining Motivation
Topic: Incentive Approaches
21. In ________ approaches to motivation, the desirable properties of external stimuli account for a person's motivation.
A. drive-reduction
B. arousal
C. incentive
D. cognitive
Page: 297Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.
Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 22.4: Explain incentive approaches to motivation.
Module: 22: Explaining Motivation
Topic: Incentive Approaches
22. Cognitive approaches to motivation are:
A. theories suggesting that a lack of some basic biological need produces a drive to push an organism to satisfy that need.
B. theories suggesting that we try to maintain certain levels of stimulation and activity.
C. theories suggesting that motivation stems from the desire to obtain valued external goals.
D. theories suggesting that motivation is a product of people's thoughts, beliefs, expectations, and goals.
Page: 298Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.
Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 22.5: Explain cognitive approaches to motivation.
Module: 22: Explaining Motivation
Topic: Cognitive Approaches
23. Which of the following refers to the cause that pushes us to participate in an activity for our own enjoyment rather than for any actual or concrete reward that it will bring us?
A. Intrinsic motivation
B. Extrinsic motivation
C. External factors
D. Observable factors
Page: 299Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.
Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: 22.5: Explain cognitive approaches to motivation.
Module: 22: Explaining Motivation
Topic: Cognitive Approaches
24. Shellie takes college courses that interest her and enjoys learning for its own sake. Tori takes courses in which she is fairly certain she'll do well and studies mainly to ensure good grades. Shellie is ________ motivated, whereas Tori is ________ motivated.
A. intrinsically; extrinsically
B. internally; externally
C. extrinsically; intrinsically
D. externally; internally
Page: 299Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains.
APA Outcome: 1.3: Describe applications of psychology.
Bloom's: Apply
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: 22.5: Explain cognitive approaches to motivation.
Module: 22: Explaining Motivation
Topic: Cognitive Approaches
25. Dr. Fiore conducts a study in which two groups of participants work on challenging puzzles: one group is extrinsically motivated, whereas the other is intrinsically motivated. Thus, one group is paid for its participation, while the other is not. Dr. Fiore records the length of time each participant spent working on the puzzle and how enjoyable each participant rated the puzzle. Based on the theories of intrinsic and extrinsic motivation, what might you expect?
A. The paid group would work harder on the puzzle but enjoy it less than the unpaid group.
B. The paid group would not work as hard on the puzzle and enjoy it less than the unpaid group.
C. The paid group would work harder on the puzzle and enjoy it more than the unpaid group.
D. The paid group would not work as hard on the puzzle but enjoy it more than the unpaid group.
Page: 299Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains.
APA Outcome: 1.3: Describe applications of psychology.
Bloom's: Apply
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: 22.5: Explain cognitive approaches to motivation.
Module: 22: Explaining Motivation
Topic: Cognitive Approaches
26. Which of the following is true of intrinsic and extrinsic motivation?
A. Intrinsic motivation causes us to do something for money, a grade, or some other concrete, tangible reward.
B. Extrinsic motivation causes us to participate in an activity for our own enjoyment rather than for any concrete, tangible reward that it will bring us.
C. In some cases, providing rewards for desirable behavior actually may decrease intrinsic motivation.
D. We are more apt to persevere, work harder, and produce work of higher quality when motivation for a task is extrinsic rather than intrinsic.
Page: 299Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains.
Bloom's: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: 22.5: Explain cognitive approaches to motivation.
Module: 22: Explaining Motivation
Topic: Cognitive Approaches
27. Which of the following sequences best expresses the order in which the needs in Maslow's pyramid must be fulfilled from the first to the last?
A. Physiological, safety, love and belongingness, esteem, and self-actualization
B. Physiological and safety, esteem, love and belongingness, and self-actualization
C. Self-actualization, esteem, love and belongingness, and physiological and safety
D. Self-actualization, love and belongingness, esteem, and physiological and safety
Page: 299Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.
Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: 22.6: Apply Maslow's hierarchy of needs to motivation.
Module: 22: Explaining Motivation
Topic: Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs
28. According to Abraham Maslow, a major prerequisite for becoming self-actualized is having:
A. all of one's lower-order needs fulfilled.
B. a major altruistic streak.
C. a very selfless nature.
D. suffered in the past so one can truly appreciate the good aspects of life.
Page: 300Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.
Bloom's: Understand
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 22.6: Apply Maslow's hierarchy of needs to motivation.
Module: 22: Explaining Motivation
Topic: Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs
29. According to Maslow, our highest-level need is the need for:
A. self-esteem.
B. self-efficacy.
C. self-love.
D. self-actualization.
Page: 300Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.
Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 22.6: Apply Maslow's hierarchy of needs to motivation.
Module: 22: Explaining Motivation
Topic: Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs
30. A state of self-fulfillment in which people realize their highest potentials in their own unique way is known as ________ in Maslow's model.
A. self-reliance
B. self-actualization
C. self-efficacy
D. self-regulation
Page: 300Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.
Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 22.6: Apply Maslow's hierarchy of needs to motivation.
Module: 22: Explaining Motivation
Topic: Motivation
31. According to the self-determination theory, ________ is the need to produce desired outcomes.
A. development
B. autonomy
C. relatedness
D. competence
Page: 300Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.
Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 22.6: Apply Maslow's hierarchy of needs to motivation.
Module: 22: Explaining Motivation
Topic: Motivation
32. According to the self-determination theory, ________ is the perception that we have control over our own lives.
A. reliance
B. autonomy
C. relatedness
D. competence
Page: 300Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.
Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 22.6: Apply Maslow's hierarchy of needs to motivation.
Module: 22: Explaining Motivation
Topic: Motivation
33. Which of the following is true of approaches to motivation?
A. A large number of approaches are contradictory rather than complementary.
B. Employing more than one approach to motivation in a given situation can prevent us from understanding motivation in a particular instance.
C. Even specific behaviors like the need for food can be drawn on several approaches for the fullest account of what motivates one's behavior.
D. A maximum of two approaches should be used to study any behavior.
Page: 301Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains.
Bloom's: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: 22.7: Apply the different approaches to motivation.
Module: 22: Explaining Motivation
Topic: Motivation
34. People with a body mass index (BMI) greater than 30 are considered:
A. overweight.
B. obese.
C. normal.
D. underweight.
Page: 303Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.
Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 23.1: Describe the biological and social factors that underlie hunger.
Module: 23: Human Needs and Motivation
Topic: Obesity
35. People with a body mass index (BMI) between 25 and 30 are considered:
A. overweight.
B. obese.
C. normal.
D. underweight.
Page: 303Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.
Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 23.1: Describe the biological and social factors that underlie hunger.
Module: 23: Human Needs and Motivation
Topic: Obesity
36. Natalie's body mass index (BMI) is 26. She is best described as:
A. overweight.
B. obese.
C. normal.
D. underweight.
Page: 303Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains.
APA Outcome: 1.3: Describe applications of psychology.
Bloom's: Apply
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: 23.1: Describe the biological and social factors that underlie hunger.
Module: 23: Human Needs and Motivation
Topic: Obesity
37. Misty's body mass index (BMI) is 27 and Marnie's is 31. Misty is considered ________. Marnie is ________.
A. overweight; overweight as well
B. overweight; obese
C. obese; obese as well
D. normal weight; overweight
Page: 303Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains.
APA Outcome: 1.3: Describe applications of psychology.
Bloom's: Apply
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: 23.1: Describe the biological and social factors that underlie hunger.
Module: 23: Human Needs and Motivation
Topic: Obesity
38. Which of the following brain structures has been implicated in monitoring food intake?
A. The amygdala
B. The hypothalamus
C. The hippocampus
D. The thalamus
Page: 305Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains.
Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 23.1: Describe the biological and social factors that underlie hunger.
Module: 23: Human Needs and Motivation
Topic: Biology of Hunger
39. ________ is the rate at which food is converted to energy and expended by the body.
A. Neutralization
B. Phagocytosis
C. Metabolism
D. Emulsification
Page: 305Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.
Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 23.1: Describe the biological and social factors that underlie hunger.
Module: 23: Human Needs and Motivation
Topic: Biology of Hunger
40. Carrie's body rapidly converts food into energy. Mandy's body converts food into energy more slowly. Carrie and Mandy have different:
A. metabolic rates.
B. eating disorders.
C. homeostatic ratios.
D. g factors.
Page: 305Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains.
APA Outcome: 1.3: Describe applications of psychology.
Bloom's: Apply
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 23.1: Describe the biological and social factors that underlie hunger.
Module: 23: Human Needs and Motivation
Topic: Biology of Hunger
41. When does one's body start storing fat either by increasing the number of fat cells or by increasing the size of existing fat cells?
A. Starts at birth
B. During the first year of life
C. During adulthood
D. Starts by the end of adolescence
Page: 307Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.
Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 23.1: Describe the biological and social factors that underlie hunger.
Module: 23: Human Needs and Motivation
Topic: Biology of Hunger
42. Anorexia nervosa is among the ________ most frequent causes of disability in young women.
A. three
B. five
C. ten
D. two
Page: 307Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.
Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 23.1: Describe the biological and social factors that underlie hunger.
Module: 23: Human Needs and Motivation
Topic: Anorexia Nervosa
43. Approximately ________ of those who suffer from anorexia nervosa literally starve themselves to death.
A. 1%
B. 5%
C. 10%
D. 15%
Page: 307Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.
Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 23.1: Describe the biological and social factors that underlie hunger.
Module: 23: Human Needs and Motivation
Topic: Anorexia Nervosa
44. ________ is a severe eating disorder in which people may refuse to eat while denying that their behavior and appearance —which can become skeleton-like—are unusual.
A. Anorexia nervosa
B. Compulsive eating
C. Bulimia
D. Binge eating
Page: 307Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.
Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 23.1: Describe the biological and social factors that underlie hunger.
Module: 23: Human Needs and Motivation
Topic: Anorexia Nervosa
45. Which of the following is NOT one of the characteristics of anorexia nervosa?
A. Eating a large amount of food in a single setting
B. An interest in cooking for others
C. Serious dieting which somehow gets out of control
D. Going shopping for food frequently
Page: 307Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains.
Bloom's: Understand
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 23.1: Describe the biological and social factors that underlie hunger.
Module: 23: Human Needs and Motivation
Topic: Anorexia Nervosa
46. Which of the following is true of anorexia nervosa?
A. People suffering from this eating disorder binge on large quantities of food.
B. This mainly afflicts females between the ages of 12 and 40.
C. The weight of the person suffering from this disorder remains normal.
D. People suffering from this eating disorder induce vomiting or take laxatives to rid themselves of the food.
Page: 307Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.
Bloom's: Understand
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 23.1: Describe the biological and social factors that underlie hunger.
Module: 23: Human Needs and Motivation
Topic: Anorexia Nervosa
47. ________ is a disorder in which a person binges on large quantities of food, followed by efforts to purge the food through vomiting or other means.
A. Anorexia nervosa
B. Compulsive eating
C. Bulimia
D. Binge-eating disorder
Page: 307Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.
Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 23.1: Describe the biological and social factors that underlie hunger.
Module: 23: Human Needs and Motivation
Topic: Bulimia Nervosa
48. Meghan is bulimic. Which of the following statements is most likely to be accurate?
A. Meghan is more likely than other individuals of her age to be overweight.
B. Meghan is more likely than other individuals of her age to be underweight.
C. Meghan is neither more nor less likely than other individuals of her age to be overweight.
D. Meghan is probably seriously underweight.
Page: 309Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains.
APA Outcome: 1.3: Describe applications of psychology.
Bloom's: Apply
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: 23.1: Describe the biological and social factors that underlie hunger.
Module: 23: Human Needs and Motivation
Topic: Bulimia Nervosa
49. What is true of brain scans of people with bulimia?
A. They show that those with bulimia have the same level of connectivity in those areas of the brain associated with eating behaviors when compared to those of healthy individuals.
B. They show that those with bulimia have a lower level of connectivity in those areas of the brain associated with eating behaviors when compared to those of healthy individuals.
C. They show that those with bulimia do not process information about food when compared to healthy individuals.
D. They show that those with bulimia process information about food differently from healthy individuals.
Page: 309Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains.
Bloom's: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: 23.1: Describe the biological and social factors that underlie hunger.
Module: 23: Human Needs and Motivation
Topic: Bulimia Nervosa
50. Which figure best approximates the percentage of Americans who say they want to lose weight?
A. 40%
B. 50%
C. 60%
D. 75%
Page: 310Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.
Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 23.1: Describe the biological and social factors that underlie hunger.
Module: 23: Human Needs and Motivation
Topic: Social Factors in Eating
51. How often should you exercise?
A. At least 30 consecutive minutes three times each week
B. At least seven hours a week
C. At least 100 minutes every other day
D. At least two hours every day
Page: 310Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.3: Describe applications of psychology.
Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 23.1: Describe the biological and social factors that underlie hunger.
Module: 23: Human Needs and Motivation
Topic: Obesity
52. Each semester, during advising week, Dylan asks his faculty advisor to identify the easiest courses and teachers that would satisfy his degree requirements. Dylan's need for achievement is probably:
A. high.
B. moderately high.
C. medium.
D. low.
Page: 311Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains.
APA Outcome: 1.3: Describe applications of psychology.
Bloom's: Apply
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: 23.3: Explain how needs related to achievement, affiliation, and power are exhibited.
Module: 23: Human Needs and Motivation
Topic: Need for Achievement
53. The ________ is a stable, learned characteristic in which a person obtains satisfaction by striving for and meeting challenging goals.
A. need for achievement
B. need for survival
C. need for affiliation
D. need for power
Page: 311Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.
Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 23.3: Explain how needs related to achievement, affiliation, and power are exhibited.
Module: 23: Human Needs and Motivation
Topic: Need for Achievement
54. The need for achievement is often assessed with the:
A. Thematic Apperception Test (TAT).
B. Rorschach Inkblot Test.
C. Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory.
D. California Personality Inventory.
Page: 312Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains.
APA Outcome: 2.1: Use scientific reasoning to interpret psychological phenomena.
Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 23.3: Explain how needs related to achievement, affiliation, and power are exhibited.
Module: 23: Human Needs and Motivation
Topic: Need for Achievement
55. Mary Jo is taking the Thematic Apperception Test (TAT). She is looking at:
A. inkblots.
B. pictures.
C. sentences.
D. numerical problems.
Page: 312Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains.
APA Outcome: 1.3: Describe applications of psychology.
APA Outcome: 2.1: Use scientific reasoning to interpret psychological phenomena.
Bloom's: Apply
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 23.3: Explain how needs related to achievement, affiliation, and power are exhibited.
Module: 23: Human Needs and Motivation
Topic: Need for Achievement
56. The need for ________ is an interest in establishing and maintaining relationships with other people.
A. achievement
B. survival
C. power
D. affiliation
Page: 312Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.
Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 23.3: Explain how needs related to achievement, affiliation, and power are exhibited.
Module: 23: Human Needs and Motivation
Topic: Need for Affiliation
57. Larissa is highly invested in initiating and maintaining relationships. She is high in the need for:
A. conformity.
B. assembly.
C. affiliation.
D. approval.
Page: 312Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.
APA Outcome: 1.3: Describe applications of psychology.
Bloom's: Apply
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 23.3: Explain how needs related to achievement, affiliation, and power are exhibited.
Module: 23: Human Needs and Motivation
Topic: Need for Affiliation
58. Which of the following is true of the need for affiliation?
A. People who have higher affiliation needs desire to be alone more of the time than those who have lower affiliation needs.
B. People who have lower affiliation needs desire to be with friends more than those who have higher affiliation needs.
C. Regardless of their affiliative orientation, male students spend significantly more time with their friends.
D. People who have higher affiliation needs are particularly sensitive to relationships with others.
Page: 312Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains.
Bloom's: Understand
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 23.3: Explain how needs related to achievement, affiliation, and power are exhibited.
Module: 23: Human Needs and Motivation
Topic: Need for Affiliation
59. The need for ________ is a tendency to seek impact, control, or influence over others and to be seen as an influential individual.
A. achievement
B. survival
C. power
D. affiliation
Page: 312Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.
Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 23.3: Explain how needs related to achievement, affiliation, and power are exhibited.
Module: 23: Human Needs and Motivation
Topic: Need for Power
60. Men with high power needs tend to show high levels of:
A. alcohol consumption.
B. nurturing behavior.
C. participation in cultural events.
D. concern for others.
Page: 312Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains.
Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 23.3: Explain how needs related to achievement, affiliation, and power are exhibited.
Module: 23: Human Needs and Motivation
Topic: Need for Power
61. Women with high power needs display high levels of:
A. alcohol consumption.
B. nurturing behavior.
C. aggression.
D. sexually exploitative mannerisms.
Page: 312Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains.
Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 23.3: Explain how needs related to achievement, affiliation, and power are exhibited.
Module: 23: Human Needs and Motivation
Topic: Need for Power
62. According to the approach which organizes emotions using a hierarchy, which of the following is derived from a negative emotion?
A. Guilt
B. Infatuation
C. Pride
D. Contentment
Page: 316Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.
Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: 24.1: Define the range of emotions.
Module: 24: Understanding Emotional Experience
Topic: Emotion
63. According to William James and Carl Lange, which of the following leads one to label emotional experiences?
A. Cognitive beliefs
B. Overt behaviors
C. A specific pattern of visceral responses
D. A set of related feelings and psychological responses
Page: 317Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains.
Bloom's: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: 24.2: Explain the roots of emotions.
Module: 24: Understanding Emotional Experience
Topic: James-Lange Theory
64. According to the ________ theory of emotion, emotional experience is a reaction to bodily events occurring as a result of an external situation.
A. James-Lange
B. Maslow
C. Schachter-Singer
D. Cannon-Bard
Page: 317Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.
Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 24.2: Explain the roots of emotions.
Module: 24: Understanding Emotional Experience
Topic: James-Lange Theory
65. In the James-Lange theory of emotion, physiological responses _____ emotional experiences.
A. follow
B. precede
C. occur simultaneously with
D. are unrelated to
Page: 317Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.
Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 24.2: Explain the roots of emotions.
Module: 24: Understanding Emotional Experience
Topic: James-Lange Theory
66. The concept of visceral experience can be attributed to the _____ theory of emotion.
A. James-Lange
B. Maslow
C. Schachter-Singer
D. Cannon-Bard
Page: 317Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.
Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 24.2: Explain the roots of emotions.
Module: 24: Understanding Emotional Experience
Topic: James-Lange Theory
67. Which of the following sequences reflects the order of the major theories of emotion from the earliest to the most recent?
A. James-Lange, Cannon-Bard, and Schachter-Singer
B. Cannon-Bard, Schachter-Singer, and James-Lange
C. Cannon-Bard, James-Lange, and Schachter-Singer
D. James-Lange, Schachter-Singer, and Cannon-Bard
Page: 317Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.
Bloom's: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: 24.2: Explain the roots of emotions.
Module: 24: Understanding Emotional Experience
Topic: Cannon-Bard TheoryTopic: James-Lange TheoryTopic: Schacter-Singer Theory
68. According to the ________ theory of emotion, both physiological arousal and emotional experience are produced simultaneously by the same nerve stimulus.
A. James-Lange
B. Maslow
C. Schachter-Singer
D. Cannon-Bard
Page: 318Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.
Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 24.2: Explain the roots of emotions.
Module: 24: Understanding Emotional Experience
Topic: Cannon-Bard Theory
69. One of Cannon's major objections to the James-Lange theory of emotion was that:
A. physiological arousal alone does not lead to the perception of emotion.
B. the sympathetic nervous system was not given a more prominent role.
C. emotions have different intensities.
D. emotions are subjective experiences; therefore, no theory can be adequate in explaining them.
Page: 318Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.
Bloom's: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: 24.2: Explain the roots of emotions.
Module: 24: Understanding Emotional Experience
Topic: Cannon-Bard TheoryTopic: James-Lange Theory
70. In the Cannon-Bard theory of emotion, physiological reactions _____ emotional experiences.
A. follow
B. precede
C. occur simultaneously with
D. have little to do with
Page: 318Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.
Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 24.2: Explain the roots of emotions.
Module: 24: Understanding Emotional Experience
Topic: Cannon-Bard Theory
71. The Cannon-Bard theory states that after we perceive an emotion-producing stimulus, the _____ is the initial site of the emotional response.
A. hypothalamus
B. thalamus
C. hippocampus
D. amygdala
Page: 318Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.
Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 24.2: Explain the roots of emotions.
Module: 24: Understanding Emotional Experience
Topic: Cannon-Bard Theory
72. In relation to the Cannon-Bard theory of emotion, more recent research:
A. supports the assumption that physiological arousal alone accounts for emotions.
B. has disconfirmed the assumption that physiological and emotional experiences occur simultaneously.
C. supports the notion that emotional experiences are controlled by the thalamus.
D. has disconfirmed the idea that emotional experiences are controlled by the thalamus.
Page: 318Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.
Bloom's: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: 24.2: Explain the roots of emotions.
Module: 24: Understanding Emotional Experience
Topic: Cannon-Bard Theory
73. According to the ________ theory of emotion, emotions are determined jointly by a nonspecific kind of physiological arousal and its interpretation, based on environmental cues.
A. James-Lange
B. Maslow
C. Schachter-Singer
D. Cannon-Bard
Page: 319Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.
Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 24.2: Explain the roots of emotions.
Module: 24: Understanding Emotional Experience
Topic: Schacter-Singer Theory
74. Which alternative below correctly identifies one of the results in Schachter and Singer's experiment?
A. The injection of epinephrine had no effect on participants.
B. The confederate's behavior had unanticipated effects on participants' emotional state.
C. The confederate's behavior had no effect on participants' emotional state.
D. The confederate's behavior had the expected effect on participants' emotional state.
Page: 319Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.
Bloom's: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: 24.2: Explain the roots of emotions.
Module: 24: Understanding Emotional Experience
Topic: Schacter-Singer Theory
75. The results of the Schachter-Singer experiment:
A. indicate that emotional experience and visceral reaction are the same thing.
B. indicate that emotions are actually the result of parasympathetic rebound.
C. support a cognitive view of emotions.
D. support the view that people can never experience "true" emotions.
Page: 319Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.
Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: 24.2: Explain the roots of emotions.
Module: 24: Understanding Emotional Experience
Topic: Schacter-Singer Theory
76. Which of the following theories of emotion most explicitly recognizes the importance of the cognitive component of emotion?
A. James-Lange
B. Cannon-Bard
C. Schachter-Singer
D. Maslow
Page: 319Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.
Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 24.2: Explain the roots of emotions.
Module: 24: Understanding Emotional Experience
Topic: Schacter-Singer Theory
77. The ________, in the brain's temporal lobe, plays an important role in our experience of emotion.
A. amygdala
B. cerebellum
C. corpus callosum
D. medulla
Page: 320Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.
Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 24.2: Explain the roots of emotions.
Module: 24: Understanding Emotional Experience
Topic: Neuroscience of Emotion
78. In one study, participants undergoing positron emission tomography (PET) brain scans were asked to recall events that made them feel sad, or events that made them feel happy. What did the results of such studies show?
A. The two emotions produced similar levels of activity in the same areas of the brain.
B. Happiness showed a decrease in activity in certain areas of the cerebral cortex, whereas sadness showed increases in activity in particular portions of the cortex.
C. The two emotions produced different patterns of activation in the same areas of the brain.
D. Happiness showed an increase in activity in certain areas of the cerebellum and brain stem, whereas sadness showed decreases in activity in particular portions of the brain stem alone.
Page: 319Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains.
Bloom's: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: 24.2: Explain the roots of emotions.
Module: 24: Understanding Emotional Experience
Topic: Neuroscience of Emotion
79. The _____ plays an important role in the consolidation of memories.
A. hippocampus
B. cerebellum
C. corpus callosum
D. medulla
Page: 320Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains.
Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 24.2: Explain the roots of emotions.
Module: 24: Understanding Emotional Experience
Topic: Neuroscience of Emotion
80. According to the facial-feedback hypothesis, _____.
A. we pay close attention to others' facial expressions
B. our emotions activate specific facial-affect patterns
C. facial expressions can actually determine our emotional experience
D. facial expressions are strongly influenced by our immediate environment and our larger cultures
Page: 322Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.
Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: 24.2: Explain the roots of emotions.
Module: 24: Understanding Emotional Experience
Topic: Culture and Emotion
81. Motivational tension, or arousal, that energizes behavior to fulfill a need is called a(n) drive.Page: 296APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.
Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 22.2: Explain drive-reduction approaches to motivation.
Module: 22: Explaining Motivation
Topic: Drive-Reduction Approaches
82. Homeostasis is the body's tendency to maintain a steady internal state.Page: 296APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.
Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 22.2: Explain drive-reduction approaches to motivation.
Module: 22: Explaining Motivation
Topic: Homeostasis
83. Intrinsic motivation causes us to participate in an activity for our own enjoyment rather than for any actual or concrete reward that it will bring us.Page: 299APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.
Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 22.5: Explain cognitive approaches to motivation.
Module: 22: Explaining Motivation
Topic: Cognitive Approaches
84. "Be all that you can be," exhorted the U.S. Army in one of its recruitment campaigns. In Maslow's terms, the Army is promoting itself as the road to self-actualization.Page: 299APA Outcome: 1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains.
APA Outcome: 1.3: Describe applications of psychology.
Bloom's: Apply
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: 22.6: Apply Maslow's hierarchy of needs to motivation.
Module: 22: Explaining Motivation
Topic: Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs
85. Obesity refers to body weight that is more than 20% above the average weight for a person of a particular height.Page: 303APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.
Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 23.1: Describe the biological and social factors that underlie hunger.
Module: 23: Human Needs and Motivation
Topic: Obesity
86. Valerie is obese—that is, her body mass index (BMI) exceeds 30.Page: 303APA Outcome: 1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains.
APA Outcome: 1.3: Describe applications of psychology.
Bloom's: Apply
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 23.1: Describe the biological and social factors that underlie hunger.
Module: 23: Human Needs and Motivation
Topic: Obesity
87. The weight set point is the particular level of weight that the body strives to maintain.Page: 305APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.
Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 23.1: Describe the biological and social factors that underlie hunger.
Module: 23: Human Needs and Motivation
Topic: Biology of Hunger
88. The rate at which food is converted to energy and expended by the body is termed metabolism.Page: 305APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.
Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 23.1: Describe the biological and social factors that underlie hunger.
Module: 23: Human Needs and Motivation
Topic: Biology of Hunger
89. Gwen eats huge amounts of food in a single sitting, and then vomits and uses laxatives to purge the excess food. Gwen appears to suffer from bulimia.Page: 304APA Outcome: 1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains.
APA Outcome: 1.3: Describe applications of psychology.
Bloom's: Apply
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 23.1: Describe the biological and social factors that underlie hunger.
Module: 23: Human Needs and Motivation
Topic: Bulimia Nervosa
90. Rory and his friends are practicing free throws. They are goofing around, disregarding the line painted on the concrete. Although one friend stands quite close to the basket to practically guarantee sinking the ball, Rory stands at a more challenging intermediate distance. Rory has a(n) higher need for achievement than his friend.Page: 311APA Outcome: 1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains.
APA Outcome: 1.3: Describe applications of psychology.
Bloom's: Apply
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 23.3: Explain how needs related to achievement, affiliation, and power are exhibited.
Module: 23: Human Needs and Motivation
Topic: Need for Achievement
91. The Thematic Apperception Test, or TAT, is a projective test used to assess needs such as the need for achievement.Page: 312APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.
APA Outcome: 2.1: Use scientific reasoning to interpret psychological phenomena.
Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 23.3: Explain how needs related to achievement, affiliation, and power are exhibited.
Module: 23: Human Needs and Motivation
Topic: Need for Achievement
92. Establishing and maintaining relationships is very important to Amelia; she has a high need for affiliation.Page: 312APA Outcome: 1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains.
APA Outcome: 1.3: Describe applications of psychology.
Bloom's: Apply
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: 23.3: Explain how needs related to achievement, affiliation, and power are exhibited.
Module: 23: Human Needs and Motivation
Topic: Need for Affiliation
93. The prominent early American psychologist William James argued that rather than crying because we feel hurt, "we feel sorry because we cry."Page: 317APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.
Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 24.2: Explain the roots of emotions.
Module: 24: Understanding Emotional Experience
Topic: James-Lange Theory
94. A "gut" reaction of internal organs is more formally termed a(n) visceral experience.Page: 318APA Outcome: 1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains.
Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 24.2: Explain the roots of emotions.
Module: 24: Understanding Emotional Experience
Topic: James-Lange Theory
95. The amygdala plays an important role in the experience of emotions for it provides a link between the perception of an emotion-producing stimulus and the recall of that stimulus later.Page: 320APA Outcome: 1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains.
Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 24.2: Explain the roots of emotions.
Module: 24: Understanding Emotional Experience
Topic: Neuroscience of Emotion
96. Briefly describe instinct, drive-reduction, arousal, incentive, and cognitive approaches to motivation.
The answer should contain the following points:
Instinct approaches: According to these approaches, people and animals are born preprogrammed with sets of behaviors essential to their survival. Those instincts provide the energy that channels behavior in appropriate directions. This theory has largely been discredited. Explanations based on the approach of instincts do not go very far toward explaining why certain specific patterns of behavior have evolved in a given species, while other patterns have not evolved. In addition, much of the variety and complexity of human behavior is learned and thus can't be seen as instinctual.
Drive-reduction approaches: These approaches to motivation suggest that a lack of some basic biological need (such as a lack of water) produces a drive to push an organism to satisfy that need (in this case, seeking water).We usually try to satisfy a primary drive by reducing the need underlying it. Homeostasis, the body's tendency to maintain a steady internal state, underlies primary drives.
Arousal approaches: These approaches propose that we try to maintain a certain level of stimulation and activity. When the levels of stimulation and activity are too low or too high, we are motivated to increase or decrease them.
Incentive approaches: These approaches suggest that motivation stems from the desire to obtain valued external goals, or incentives. In this view, the desirable properties of external stimuli whether grades, money, affection, food, or sex-account for a person's motivation.
Cognitive approaches: These approaches suggest that motivation is a product of people's thoughts, expectations, and goals. For instance, the degree to which people are motivated to study for a test is based on their expectation of how well studying will pay off in terms of a good grade. Cognitive theories of motivation draw a key distinction between intrinsic and extrinsic motivation. Intrinsic motivation causes us to participate in an activity for our own enjoyment rather than for any actual or concrete reward that it will bring us. In contrast, extrinsic motivation causes us to do something for money, a grade, or some other actual, concrete reward.Page: 295APA Outcome: 1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains.
APA Outcome: 4.1: Demonstrate effective writing for different purposes.
Bloom's: Understand
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 22.1: Explain instinct approaches to motivation.
Learning Objective: 22.2: Explain drive-reduction approaches to motivation.
Learning Objective: 22.3: Explain arousal approaches to motivation.
Learning Objective: 22.4: Explain incentive approaches to motivation.
Learning Objective: 22.5: Explain cognitive approaches to motivation.
Module: 22: Explaining Motivation
Topic: Arousal ApproachesTopic: Cognitive ApproachesTopic: Drive-Reduction ApproachesTopic: Incentive ApproachesTopic: Instinct Approaches
97. Review the biological factors involved in the regulation of hunger. Make sure you discuss what areas of the brain may be involved with hunger and what blood chemicals are involved.
The answer should contain the following points:
Blood chemicals and hormones: Changes in levels of glucose, a kind of sugar, regulate feelings of hunger. In addition, the hormone insulin leads the body to store excess sugar in the blood as fats and carbohydrates. Finally, the hormone ghrelin communicates to the brain feelings of hunger. The production of ghrelin increases according to meal schedules as well as the sight or smell of food, producing the feeling that tells when one is hungry and should eat.
The hypothalamus: The brain's hypothalamus monitors glucose levels. Increasing evidence suggests that the hypothalamus carries the primary responsibility for monitoring food intake. Injury to the hypothalamus has radical consequences for eating behavior, depending on the site of the injury. For example, rats whose lateral hypothalamus is damaged may literally starve to death. They refuse food when it is offered; unless they are force-fed, they eventually die. Rats with an injury to the ventromedial hypothalamus display the opposite problem: extreme overeating. Rats with this injury can increase in weight by as much as 400%. Similar phenomena occur in humans who have tumors of the hypothalamus.
One hypothesis suggests that injury to the hypothalamus affects the weight set point, or the particular level of weight that the body strives to maintain, which in turn regulates food intake. Acting as a kind of internal weight thermostat, the hypothalamus calls for either greater or less food intake.Page: 304APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.
APA Outcome: 4.1: Demonstrate effective writing for different purposes.
Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: 23.1: Describe the biological and social factors that underlie hunger.
Module: 23: Human Needs and Motivation
Topic: Biology of Hunger
98. Review what is known regarding the roots of obesity. Distinguish between the set point and the settling point hypotheses.
The answer should make reference to the following accounts of obesity:
Some psychologists suggest that oversensitivity to external eating cues based on social factors, coupled with insensitivity to internal hunger cues, produce obesity. Others argue that overweight people have higher weight set points than other people do. Because their set points are unusually high, their attempts to lose weight by eating less may make them especially sensitive to external, food-related cues and therefore more apt to overeat and perpetuate their obesity.
Higher weight set point: Obese individuals may have a higher weight set point than others. One biological explanation is that obese individuals have a higher level of the hormone leptin, which appears to be designed, from an evolutionary standpoint, to "protect" the body against weight loss.
Another biologically based explanation for obesity relates to fat cells in the body. Starting at birth, the body stores fat either by increasing the number of fat cells or by increasing the size of existing fat cells. Furthermore, any loss of weight past infancy does not decrease the number of fat cells; it only affects their size. Consequently, people are stuck with the number of fat cells they inherit from an early age, and the rate of weight gain during the first 4 months of life is related to being overweight during later childhood.
According to the weight-set-point hypothesis, the presence of too many fat cells from earlier weight gain may result in the set point's becoming "stuck" at a higher level than desirable. In such circumstances, losing weight becomes a difficult proposition because one is constantly at odds with one's own internal set point when dieting.
Higher weight settling point: Some researchers argue that the body does not try to maintain a fixed weight set point. Instead, they suggest, the body has a settling point, determined by a combination of our genetic heritage and the nature of the environment in which we live. If high-fat foods are prevalent in our environment and we are genetically predisposed to obesity, we settle into an equilibrium that maintains relatively high weight. In contrast, if one's environment is nutritionally healthier, a genetic predisposition to obesity will not be triggered, and one will settle into an equilibrium in which his or her weight is lower.Page: 303APA Outcome: 1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains.
APA Outcome: 4.1: Demonstrate effective writing for different purposes.
Bloom's: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: 23.1: Describe the biological and social factors that underlie hunger.
Module: 23: Human Needs and Motivation
Topic: Obesity
99. Describe the needs for achievement and affiliation. Identify some of the characteristics associated with each of these needs. How are these needs often assessed?
The answer should include the following points:
Need for achievement: The need for achievement is a stable, learned characteristic in which a person obtains satisfaction by striving for and achieving challenging goals. People with a high need for achievement seek out situations in which they can compete against some objective standard-such as grades, money, or winning a game-and prove themselves successful. But people who have a high need for achievement are selective when it comes to picking their challenges: They tend to avoid situations in which success will come too easily (which would be unchallenging) or situations in which success is highly unlikely. Instead, people high in achievement motivation generally choose tasks that are of intermediate difficulty. In contrast, people with low achievement motivation tend to be motivated primarily by a desire to avoid failure. As a result, they seek out easy tasks so they are sure to avoid failure, or they seek out very difficult tasks for which failure has no negative implications because almost anyone would fail at them. People with a high fear of failure will stay away from tasks of intermediate difficulty because they may fail where others have been successful.
A high need for achievement generally produces positive outcomes, at least in a success-oriented culture such as Western society. For instance, people motivated by a high need for achievement are more likely to attend college than their low-achievement counterparts; once they are in college, they tend to receive higher grades in classes that are related to their future careers. Furthermore, high achievement motivation indicates future economic and occupational success.
Need for affiliation: It is an interest in establishing and maintaining relationships with other people. People who have higher affiliation needs are particularly sensitive to relationships with others. They desire to be with their friends more of the time and alone less often, compared with people who are lower in the need for affiliation. However, gender is a greater determinant of how much time is actually spent with friends: Regardless of their affiliative orientation, female students spend significantly more time with their friends and less time alone than male students do.
Assessment: The needs for achievement and assessment may be assessed by the Thematic Apperception Test (TAT), In the TAT, an examiner shows a series of ambiguous pictures. The examiner tells participants to write a story that describes what is happening, who the people are, what led to the situation, what the people are thinking or wanting, and what will happen next. Researchers then use a standard scoring system to determine the amount of achievement imagery in people's stories.
Someone who writes a story in which the main character strives to beat an opponent, studies in order to do well at some task, or works hard in order to get a promotion shows clear signs of an achievement orientation. The inclusion of such achievement-related imagery in the participants' stories is assumed to indicate an unusually high degree of concern with-and therefore a relatively strong need for-achievement. Individuals with a high need for affiliation write TAT stories that emphasize the desire to maintain or reinstate friendships and show concern over being rejected by friends.Page: 311APA Outcome: 1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains.
APA Outcome: 4.1: Demonstrate effective writing for different purposes.
Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: 23.3: Explain how needs related to achievement, affiliation, and power are exhibited.
Module: 23: Human Needs and Motivation
Topic: Need for AchievementTopic: Need for Affiliation
100. Compare and contrast the James-Lange and Schachter-Singer theories of emotion.
The answer might include points such as the following:
James-Lange theory: To William James and Carl Lange, who were among the first researchers to explore the nature of emotions, emotional experience is, very simply, a reaction to instinctive bodily events that occur as a response to some situation or event in the environment. They suggested that for every major emotion there is an accompanying physiological or "gut" reaction of internal organs-called a visceral experience. It is this specific pattern of visceral response that leads us to label the emotional experience. In sum, James and Lange proposed that we experience emotions as a result of physiological changes that produce specific sensations. The brain interprets these sensations as specific kinds of emotional experiences. This view has come to be called the James-Lange theory of emotion.
Schachter-Singer theory: This approach to explaining emotions emphasizes that one identifies the emotion he or she is experiencing by observing his or her environment and comparing oneself with others. It supported a cognitive view of emotions in which emotions are determined jointly by a relatively nonspecific kind of physiological arousal and the labeling of that arousal on the basis of cues from the environment. Although later research has found that arousal is more specific than Schachter and Singer believed, they were right in assuming that when the source of physiological arousal is unclear, one may look to his or her surroundings to determine what he or she is experiencing.Page: 317APA Outcome: 1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains.
APA Outcome: 4.1: Demonstrate effective writing for different purposes.
Bloom's: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: 24.2: Explain the roots of emotions.
Module: 24: Understanding Emotional Experience
Topic: James-Lange TheoryTopic: Schacter-Singer Theory
Category # of Questions
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation 80
APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 59
APA Outcome: 1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 40
APA Outcome: 1.3: Describe applications of psychology. 20
APA Outcome: 2.1: Use scientific reasoning to interpret psychological phenomena. 3
APA Outcome: 4.1: Demonstrate effective writing for different purposes. 5
Bloom's: Apply 19
Bloom's: Remember 59
Bloom's: Understand 22
Difficulty: Easy 63
Difficulty: Medium 37
Learning Objective: 22.1: Explain instinct approaches to motivation. 7
Learning Objective: 22.2: Explain drive-reduction approaches to motivation. 13
Learning Objective: 22.3: Explain arousal approaches to motivation. 5
Learning Objective: 22.4: Explain incentive approaches to motivation. 4
Learning Objective: 22.5: Explain cognitive approaches to motivation. 7
Learning Objective: 22.6: Apply Maslow's hierarchy of needs to motivation. 7
Learning Objective: 22.7: Apply the different approaches to motivation. 1
Learning Objective: 23.1: Describe the biological and social factors that underlie hunger. 25
Learning Objective: 23.3: Explain how needs related to achievement, affiliation, and power are exhibited. 14
Learning Objective: 24.1: Define the range of emotions. 1
Learning Objective: 24.2: Explain the roots of emotions. 22
Module: 22: Explaining Motivation 38
Module: 23: Human Needs and Motivation 39
Module: 24: Understanding Emotional Experience 23
Topic: Anorexia Nervosa 5
Topic: Arousal Approaches 5
Topic: Biology of Hunger 7
Topic: Bulimia Nervosa 4
Topic: Cannon-Bard Theory 6
Topic: Cognitive Approaches 7
Topic: Culture and Emotion 1
Topic: Drive-Reduction Approaches 8
Topic: Emotion 1
Topic: Homeostasis 3
Topic: Incentive Approaches 4
Topic: Instinct Approaches 5
Topic: James-Lange Theory 9
Topic: Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs 4
Topic: Motivation 6
Topic: Need for Achievement 7
Topic: Need for Affiliation 5
Topic: Need for Power 3
Topic: Neuroscience of Emotion 4
Topic: Obesity 8
Topic: Schacter-Singer Theory 6
Topic: Social Factors in Eating 1
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Psychology and Your Life 3rd Edition | Test Bank with Answer Key
By Robert S. Feldman