Ch8 Community Corrections Probation And Test Bank + Answers

Chapter 8: Community Corrections: Probation and Intermediary Sanctions

Test Bank

Multiple Choice

1. What is/was judicial reprieve?

a. A delay in sentencing following a conviction that became permanent.

b. A sentence suspension by a judge, releasing a defendant on his or her own recognizance.

c. A postponement of sentencing contingent upon an offender’s future behavior.

d. A court-ordered period of correctional supervision in the community.

Learning Objective: 8-1: Explain the origins and purpose of probation.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: The Origins of Probation

Difficulty Level: Easy

2. The first real probation system was developed in the ______ by ______ in Boston, Ma.

a. 1790s; John Augustus

b. 1820s; John Locke

c. 1840s; John Augustus

d. 1870s; John Locke

Learning Objective: 8-1: Explain the origins and purpose of probation.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Founding Fathers of Probation: John Augustus and Matthew Davenport Hill

Difficulty Level: Easy

3. What was significant about the Massachusetts legislature’s authorization of Boston’s hiring of probation officers in 1878?

a. It marked the first time probationers received supervision.

b. It marked the first time probation officers received pay.

c. It marked the first time convicted offenders had an alternative to incarceration.

d. It marked the beginning of the first probation program in America.

Learning Objective: 8-1: Explain the origins and purpose of probation.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Founding Fathers of Probation: John Augustus and Matthew Davenport Hill

Difficulty Level: Easy

4. The passing of the National Probation Act of 1925 afforded:

a. judges the ability to suspend sentences and place convicted individuals on probation.

b. probation officers the same legal authority as police officers.

c. state governments the federal funds necessary for probation programs.

d. little actual change, as it was merely a political stunt.

Learning Objective: 8-1: Explain the origins and purpose of probation.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Founding Fathers of Probation: John Augustus and Matthew Davenport Hill

Difficulty Level: Easy

5. Any activity performed by agents of the state to assist offenders in establishing or reestablishing functional law-abiding roles in the community while simultaneously monitoring their behavior for criminal activity is known as:

a. parole

b. community corrections

c. probation

d. judicial reprieve

Learning Objective: 8-2: Explain the goals of community-based corrections, as opposed to incarceration.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Why Do We Need Community Corrections?

Difficulty Level: Easy

6. Upon receiving judicial reprieve, an offender’s sentence is:

a. suspended for a set period of time

b. suspended pending good behavior

c. commuted

d. delayed for a limited period

Learning Objective: 8-2: Explain the goals of community-based corrections, as opposed to incarceration.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Why Do We Need Community Corrections?

Difficulty Level: Easy

7. For each offender placed on probation rather than incarcerated, taxpayers’ save ______ per year.

a. US$25,000

b. US$35,000

c. US$50,000

d. none of these

Learning Objective: 8-2: Explain the goals of community-based corrections, as opposed to incarceration.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Why Do We Need Community Corrections?

Difficulty Level: Easy

8. Since 2013, it cost almost ______ times more (more for women, juveniles, and the elderly) for imprisonment than for community supervision

a. 7

b. 9

c. 11

d. 13

Learning Objective: 8-2: Explain the goals of community-based corrections, as opposed to incarceration.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Why Do We Need Community Corrections?

Difficulty Level: Easy

9. Powerful barriers against criminal offending are ______ and ______.

a. social bonds, social culture

b. social capital, familial bonds

c. familial bonds, social culture

d. social bonds, social capital

Learning Objective: 8-4: Describe the benefits of graduated sanctions and of engaging the community in offender rehabilitation.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Engaging the Community to Prevent Recidivism

Difficulty Level: Easy

10. It is important that probation officers spend time in their communities learning about:

a. the culture

b. the customs and values

c. the resources available

d. all of these

Learning Objective: 8-3: Analyze the probation officer’s role and models of probation supervision.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: The Probation Officer Role

Difficulty Level: Easy

11. Which type of officer set few rules and are reluctant to enforce the ones they set?

a. Authoritative

b. Permissive

c. Hybrid

d. Dismissive

Learning Objective: 8-3: Analyze the probation officer’s role and models of probation supervision.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: The Paradox of Probation and Models of Probation Supervision

Difficulty Level: Easy

12. Intensive supervision probation, work release, and boot camps are all examples of what?

a. Intermediate sanctions

b. Coercive corrections

c. Alternative justice

d. Community corrections

Learning Objective: 8-5: Identify the various intermediate community sanctions and what they have to offer.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Intermediate Sanctions

Difficulty Level: Easy

13. All of the following are benefits of intermediate sanctions in general, except:

a. They cost less than prison

b. They reduce prison overcrowding

c. They lower recidivism rates over prison

d. They provide for better public safety than regular probation

Learning Objective: 8-5: Identify the various intermediate community sanctions and what they have to offer.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Intermediate Sanctions

Difficulty Level: Medium

14. ______ describes the act of encouraging probationers to seek treatment through carrots and sticks.

a. Recidivating

b. Sanctioning

c. Probation

d. Coercion

Learning Objective: 8-5: Identify the various intermediate community sanctions and what they have to offer.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Intensive-Supervision Probation

Difficulty Level: Easy

15. ______ involves more frequent surveillance of a probationer and is typically limited to more serious offenders.

a. Intensive supervision program

b. Work release

c. Shock probation

d. Victim-offender reconciliation program

Learning Objective: 8-5: Identify the various intermediate community sanctions and what they have to offer.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Intensive-Supervision Probation

Difficulty Level: Easy

16. ______ is/are designed to control offenders in a secure environment while at the same time allowing them to maintain employment.

a. Intensive supervision programs

b. Work release

c. Shock probation

d. Victim–offender reconciliation programs

Learning Objective: 8-5: Identify the various intermediate community sanctions and what they have to offer.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Work Release

Difficulty Level: Easy

17. ______ involves being sentenced to prison, serving a short period of time, and then being placed on probation.

a. Intensive supervision program

b. Work release

c. Shock probation

d. Victim-offender reconciliation program

Learning Objective: 8-5: Identify the various intermediate community sanctions and what they have to offer.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Shock Probation or Parole and Boot Camps

Difficulty Level: Easy

18. Which type of officer are firm enforcers but fair, setting boundaries and following through with consequences

a. Authoritarian

b. Social work

c. Dismissive

d. Permissive

Learning Objective: 8-3: Analyze the probation officer’s role and models of probation supervision.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: The Paradox of Probation and Models of Probation Supervision

Difficulty Level: Easy

19. What percentage of offenders received technical violations when supervised by a treatment-oriented officer?

a. 5%

b. 13%

c. 33%

d. 43%

Learning Objective: 8-3: Analyze the probation officer’s role and models of probation supervision.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: The Paradox of Probation and Models of Probation Supervision

Difficulty Level: Easy

20. Those selected for shock probation tend to be:

a. violent offenders

b. repeat offenders

c. first-time offenders

d. none of these

Learning Objective: 8-5: Identify the various intermediate community sanctions and what they have to offer.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Shock Probation or Parole and Boot Camps

Difficulty Level: Easy

21. What is the relationship between corrections boot camps and recidivism?

a. They are effective

b. They increase recidivism

c. They are ineffective

d. They have not yet been properly assessed

Learning Objective: 8-5: Identify the various intermediate community sanctions and what they have to offer.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Shock Probation or Parole and Boot Camps

Difficulty Level: Easy

22. What is the relationship between shock probation programs and recidivism?

a. They reduce recidivism

b. They increase recidivism

c. They do not reduce recidivism

d. They have not yet been properly assessed

Learning Objective: 8-5: Identify the various intermediate community sanctions and what they have to offer.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Shock Probation or Parole and Boot Camps

Difficulty Level: Easy

23. What is the relationship between work release programs and recidivism?

a. They reduce recidivism

b. They increase recidivism

c. They do not reduce recidivism

d. They have not yet been properly assessed

Learning Objective: 8-5: Identify the various intermediate community sanctions and what they have to offer.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Work Release

Difficulty Level: Easy

24. Probation violators constitute about ______ of all individuals admitted to prison each year.

a. a quarter

b. one third

c. one half

d. none of these

Learning Objective: 8-4: Describe the benefits of graduated sanctions and of engaging the community in offender rehabilitation.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Probation Violations and Graduated Sanctions

Difficulty Level: Easy

25. When VORPs are utilized, about ______ of victims invited to participate accept.

a. 15%

b. 37%

c. 60%

d. 82%

Learning Objective: 8-5: Identify the various intermediate community sanctions and what they have to offer.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Victim–Offender Reconciliation Programs

Difficulty Level: Easy

26. Probation and parole officers have two main roles, one is law enforcement and the other is that of a:

a. profiler

b. investigator

c. social worker

d. supervisor

Learning Objective: 8-3: Analyze the probation officer’s role and models of probation supervision.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: The Probation Officer Role

Difficulty Level: Easy

27. Probation and parole officers can follow a “third” role, which follows what approach?

a. Hybrid

b. Profiler

c. Investigator

d. Social worker

Learning Objective: 8-3: Analyze the probation officer’s role and models of probation supervision.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Models of Probation Supervision

Difficulty Level: Easy

28. Satisfaction reports from victims involved with VORPs indicate:

a. reduced fear

b. increased insight in reasons why they were victimized

c. appreciation in getting to tell offender how they were affected

d. all of these

Learning Objective: 8-5: Identify the various intermediate community sanctions and what they have to offer.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Victim–Offender Reconciliation Programs

Difficulty Level: Easy

29. VORPs follow which correctional model?

a. Rehabilitative

b. Restorative

c. Retributive

d. Medical

Learning Objective: 8-5: Identify the various intermediate community sanctions and what they have to offer.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Victim–Offender Reconciliation Programs

Difficulty Level: Easy

30. Which correctional model is known as the balanced approach?

a. Rehabilitative

b. Restorative

c. Retributive

d. Medical

Learning Objective: 8-5: Identify the various intermediate community sanctions and what they have to offer.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Victim–Offender Reconciliation Programs

Difficulty Level: Easy

31. The restorative justice model is drive by

a. the offender.

b. the offender and the victim.

c. the offender, the victim, and the community.

d. the offender, the victim, the community, and the justice system

Learning Objective: 8-5: Identify the various intermediate community sanctions and what they have to offer.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Victim–Offender Reconciliation Programs

Difficulty Level: Easy

32. Many crime victims seek _____ as defined by them

a. fairness

b. justice

c. restitution

d. all of these

Learning Objective: 8-5: Identify the various intermediate community sanctions and what they have to offer.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Victim–Offender Reconciliation Programs

Difficulty Level: Easy

33. In a VORP, who is responsible for monitoring the terms of the contract and scheduling further face-to-face meetings?

a. the victim

b. the offender

c. the mediator

d. the judge

Learning Objective: 8-5: Identify the various intermediate community sanctions and what they have to offer.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Victim–Offender Reconciliation Programs

Difficulty Level: Easy

34. VORPs are used most often for which types of offenders?

a. violent juvenile offenders

b. violent adult offenders

c. nonviolent juvenile offenders

d. nonviolent adult offenders

Learning Objective: 8-5: Identify the various intermediate community sanctions and what they have to offer.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Victim–Offender Reconciliation Programs

Difficulty Level: Easy

35. A system of justice that gives approximately equal weight ot community protection, offender accountability, and offender competency is referred to as

a. incapacitation

b. restorative justice

c. rehabilitation

d. victims rights

Learning Objective: 8-5: Identify the various intermediate community sanctions and what they have to offer.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Victim–Offender Reconciliation Programs

Difficulty Level: Easy

36. Under shock probation programs, offenders are typically send to prison for _____ days.

a. 14

b. 30

c. 45

d. 60

Learning Objective: 8-5: Identify the various intermediate community sanctions and what they have to offer.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Shock Probation or Parole and Boot Camps

Difficulty Level: Easy

37. Work release is also used for _____ parolees.

a. incapacitation

b. reintegrating

c. deterring

d. rehabilitation

Learning Objective: 8-5: Identify the various intermediate community sanctions and what they have to offer.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Work Release

Difficulty Level: Easy

38. _____ is a country in which probation volunteers still dominate.

a. The United States

b. China

c. Canada

d. Japan

Learning Objective: 8-4: Describe the benefits of graduated sanctions and of engaging the community in offender rehabilitation

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Engaging the Community to Prevent Recidivism

Difficulty Level: Easy

39. What is an example of social capital?

a. education

b. employment

c. prosocial network

d. all of these

Learning Objective: 8-4: Describe the benefits of graduated sanctions and of engaging the community in offender rehabilitation

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Engaging the Community to Prevent Recidivism

Difficulty Level: Easy

40. One of the most important job stressors for probation and parole officers are

a. psychological withdrawal

b. frequent absenteeism

c. high turnover

d. all of these

Learning Objective: 8-3: Analyze the probation officer’s role and models of probation supervision

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Probation Officer Stress

Difficulty Level: Easy

True/False

1. The practice of imprisoning convicted criminals has been the primary means of punishment in the Americas since its discovery.

Learning Objective: 8-1: Explain the origins and purpose of probation.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: The Origins of Probation

Difficulty Level: Easy

2. There were fewer than two million Americans on probation in 2014

Learning Objective: 8-1: Explain the origins and purpose of probation.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Probation Today

Difficulty Level: Easy

3. Studies found that 64% of offenders completed their work release and were successfully released.

Learning Objective: 8-5: Identify the various intermediate community sanctions and what they have to offer.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Work Release

Difficulty Level: Easy

4. Many jurisdictions require their probationers to pay for the costs of supervision.

Learning Objective: 8-2: Explain the goals of community-based corrections, as opposed to incarceration.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Why Do We Need Community Corrections?

Difficulty Level: Easy

5. Most probation/parole officers are White and middle class.

Learning Objective: 8-3: Analyze the probation officer’s role and models of probation supervision.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: The Paradox of Probation and Models of Probation Supervision

Difficulty Level: Easy

6. One study found that 13% of offenders supervised by a “hybrid” officer received a technical violation.

Learning Objective: 8-3: Analyze the probation officer’s role and models of probation supervision.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: The Paradox of Probation and Models of Probation Supervision

Difficulty Level: Easy

7. Authoritarian supervision styles can lead to hostility and rebelliousness among those to whom it is directed.

Learning Objective: 8-3: Analyze the probation officer’s role and models of probation supervision.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: The Paradox of Probation and Models of Probation Supervision

Difficulty Level: Easy

8. Many more offenders get into trouble because of pathologies, not deficiencies.

Learning Objective: 8-2: Explain the goals of community-based corrections, as opposed to incarceration.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Why Do We Need Community Corrections?

Difficulty Level: Easy

9. In 1916, the Supreme Court ruled to allow judges to sentence offenders to probation.

Learning Objective: 8-1: Explain the origins and purpose of probation.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Founding Fathers of Probation: John Augustus and Matthew Davenport Hill

Difficulty Level: Easy

10. The first real probation system in which a reprieved person was supervised and helped was developed in the United States in the 1840s.

Learning Objective: 8-1: Explain the origins and purpose of probation.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Founding Fathers of Probation: John Augustus and Matthew Davenport Hill

Difficulty Level: Easy

11. About half of probation officers are females.

Learning Objective: 8-3: Analyze the probation officer’s role and models of probation supervision.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: The Paradox of Probation and Models of Probation Supervision

Difficulty Level: Easy

12. The boot camp idea of corrections is generally unpopular with the public.

Learning Objective: 8-5: Identify the various intermediate community sanctions and what they have to offer.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Shock Probation or Parole and Boot Camps

Difficulty Level: Easy

13. In Japan, there are 50,000 professional probation officers and only 800 volunteers.

Learning Objective: 8-4: Describe the benefits of graduated sanctions and of engaging the community in offender rehabilitation.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Engaging the Community to Prevent Recidivism

Difficulty Level: Easy

14. Good case management in community corrections requires little to no community involvement.

Learning Objective: 8-4: Describe the benefits of graduated sanctions and of engaging the community in offender rehabilitation.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Engaging the Community to Prevent Recidivism

Difficulty Level: Easy

15. The average salary for probation officers is US$51,410 a year.

Learning Objective: 8-3: Analyze the probation officer’s role and models of probation supervision.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Probation Officer Stress

Difficulty Level: Easy

16. The term probation comes from the Latin term probative meaning “to prohibit.”

Learning Objective: 8-1: Explain the origins and purpose of probation.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: The Origins of Probation

Difficulty Level: Easy

17. Probation and parole officers are not officers of the courts.

Learning Objective: 8-3: Analyze the probation officer’s role and models of probation supervision.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: The Probation Officer Role

Difficulty Level: Easy

18. Whites constitute about 55% of the adult probation population.

Learning Objective: 8-1: Explain the origins and purpose of probation.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Probation Today

Difficulty Level: Easy

19. Social capital refers to connections to others and social institutions that promote prosocial behavior and discourage antisocial behavior.

Learning Objective: 8-4: Describe the benefits of graduated sanctions and of engaging the community in offender rehabilitation.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Engaging the Community to Prevent Recidivism

Difficulty Level: Easy

20. Job stress for probation officers may eventually led to psychological withdrawal from the job, shortchanging probationers and the community.

Learning Objective: 8-3: Analyze the probation officer’s role and models of probation supervision.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Probation Officer Stress

Difficulty Level: Easy

Short Answer

1. Why do experienced offenders sometimes prefer prison to probation?

Learning Objective: 8-2: Explain the goals of community-based corrections, as opposed to incarceration.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Why Do We Need Community Corrections?

Difficulty Level: Medium

2. List the ways in which probation benefits communities as opposed to imprisonment.

Learning Objective: 8-2: Explain the goals of community-based corrections, as opposed to incarceration.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Why Do We Need Community Corrections?

Difficulty Level: Medium

3. What is social capital?

Learning Objective: 8-4: Describe the benefits of graduated sanctions and of engaging the community in offender rehabilitation.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Engaging the Community to Prevent Recidivism

Difficulty Level: Medium

4. How does treatment coercion help offenders?

Learning Objective: 8-5: Identify the various intermediate community sanctions and what they have to offer.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Intensive Supervision Probation

Difficulty Level: Medium

5. What are the most important job stressors identified by probation officers?

Learning Objective: 8-3: Analyze the probation officer’s role and models of probation supervision.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Probation Officer Stress

Difficulty Level: Medium

6. What is judicial reprieve?

Learning Objective: 8-1: Explain the origins and purpose of probation.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: The Origins of Probation

Difficulty Level: Medium

7. What notion does the general public have about offenders receiving probation?

Learning Objective: 8-2: Explain the goals of community-based corrections, as opposed to incarceration.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Why Do We Need Community Corrections?

Difficulty Level: Medium

8. Name the three roles probation and parole officers can follow.

Learning Objective: 8-2: Explain the goals of community-based corrections, as opposed to incarceration.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Why Do We Need Community Corrections?

Difficulty Level: Medium

9. What is intensive supervision probation?

Learning Objective: 8-5: Identify the various intermediate community sanctions and what they have to offer.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Intensive Supervision Probation

Difficulty Level: Medium

10. What is shock probation?

Learning Objective: 8-5: Identify the various intermediate community sanctions and what they have to offer.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Shock Probation or Parole and Boot Camps

Difficulty Level: Medium

reEssay

1. Why do we need community corrections? In your response, discuss the reasons the book gave, but also discuss which reason(s) you believe in and why.

Learning Objective: 8-2: Explain the goals of community-based corrections, as opposed to incarceration.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Why Do We Need Community Corrections?

Difficulty Level: Hard

2. Describe the judicial reprieve and the beginnings of the first real probation system.

Learning Objective: 8-1: Explain the origins and purpose of probation.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: The Origins of Probation

Difficulty Level: Hard

3. What is intensive supervision probation? What type of offenders better fit this type of probation? Make sure to mention the components of ISP in your discussion.

Learning Objective: 8-5: Identify the various intermediate community sanctions and what they have to offer.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Intensive Supervision Probation

Difficulty Level: Hard

4. What are VORP’s and why do victims like them?

Learning Objective: 8-5: Identify the various intermediate community sanctions and what they have to offer.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Victim–Offender Reconciliation Programs

Difficulty Level: Medium

5. What are graduated sanctions and why were they developed.

Learning Objective: 8-4: Describe the benefits of graduated sanctions and of engaging the community in offender rehabilitation.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Probation Violations and Graduated Sanctions

Difficulty Level: Medium