Ch.7 Test Bank Docx Theories Of Media And Social Learning

Chapter 7 Theories of Media and Social Learning

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 7, Question 1

1) Using imitation to argue significant media effects is doomed to failure because ______.

Feedback: Imitation is the direct mechanical reproduction of behavior. Identification, on the other hand, is a particular form of imitation in which copying a model, generalized beyond specific acts.

Page reference: Television Violence Theories

a. imitation is difficult to observe

b. the modeling effects are often masked in imitation

c. its serious occurrences are relatively few

d. advertising proves that imitation works

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 7, Question 2

2) Aggressive behavior related to the observation of rewarded media violence is an example of _______.

Feedback: A media representation that depicts reward for a threatening or prohibited behavior is often sufficient to increase the likelihood that the consumer of the representation will make that behavior.

Page reference: Television Violence Theories

a. environmental incentive

b. inhibitory effects

c. disinhibitory effects

d. behavioral hierarchies

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 7, Question 3

3) Inhibitory effects are likely to occur when an observer ______.

Feedback: Seeing a model punished for exhibiting a certain behavior decreases the likelihood that observers will make that behavior.

Page reference: Television Violence Theories

a. sees the negative consequences of some observed behavior

b. sees only encouraged behavior

c. is rewarded sufficiently in the environment

d. is a young child

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 7, Question 4

4) Viewers learn novel responses through simple observation of those responses. Whether the response is inhibited or disinhibited however, is a function of the _____.

Feedback: Although observational learning can occur in the absence of any reinforcement, vicarious or real, whether observers actually engage in that learned behavior is a function of the reinforcement contingencies they associate with it.

Page reference: Television Violence Theories

a. behavioral hierarchy

b. amount of peer pressure

c. valence of the vicarious reinforcement

d. degree of social learning

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 7, Question 5

5) The idea that the simple viewing of televised violence can reduce our aggressive drive is called ______.

Feedback: Catharsis, as applied to the viewing of mediated content, has been discredited.

Page reference: Television Violence Theories

a. reductionism

b. desensitization

c. inhibitory effects

d. catharsis

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 7, Question 6

6) A simple summary of the limited-effects findings on the effects of TV violence is that viewing of violent programming normally ___.

Feedback: Limited effects researchers argued that mediating facors protected most children from harmful effects.

Page reference: Overview

a. influences some types of children under certain circumstances

b. has no influence on average children

c. has a uniform and moderately bad influence on most children

d. has a random influence on some types of children

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 7, Question 7

7) The researcher most associated with the development of social cognitive theory is _______.

Feedback: Bandura conducted many classic experiments having direct bearing on several aspects of the media effects debate.

Page reference: Television Violence Theories

a. Albert Bandura

b. Clyde Wasserman

c. Leonard Berkowitz

d. Joseph Klapper

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 7, Question 8

8) Big Bird on Sesame Street is given a prize because he was able to count to ten. This is an example of an effort to teach children to count by using _________.

Feedback: When we see a television character rewarded or punished for some action, it is as if we ourselves have actually been rewarded or punished.

Page reference: Television Violence Theories

a. delayed gratification

b. vicarious reinforcement

c. conditioned response

d. sublimation

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 7, Question 9

9) A relatively recently developed theory of media violence effects tries to integrate several related of aggression. This theory is the ____.

Feedback: In an effort to integrate existing theories of aggression into a unified whole, Craig Anderson and his colleagues attempted to provide a general framework for the argument that mediated violence does indeed increase viewer aggression.

Page reference: The General Aggression Model

a. General Aggression Model

b. Cognitive Development Model

c. Catharsis Model

d. Empowered-Child Model

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 7, Question 10

10) Sociologist Urie Bronfenbrenner said that American backyards were growing smaller and school yards growing bigger, meaning ____.

Feedback: He demonstrated that, whereas parents and church had been the primary socializing agents for prewar American adolescents, by the mid-1960s, media and peers had become their primary socializers.

Page reference: Overview

a. the country was becoming more suburbanized

b. the country was becoming more urban

c. young people were being socialized both at home and in school

d. young people were increasingly being socialized away from parents’ influence

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 7, Question 11

11) The 1969 Surgeon General’s Scientific Advisory Committee on Television and Social Behavior concluded that ______.

Feedback: The report did little to end the controversy over television’s effects. Industry officials and lobbyists worked hard to block development and implementation of new FCC regulations for children’s programming.

Page reference: Focus on Children and Violence

a. only some TV program affected some kids some of the time

b. As long as parents were diligent, they had little to fear from their kids viewing TV violence

c. the causal link between media violence and viewer aggression was not sufficiently demonstrated to warrant action

d. the causal link between media violence and viewer aggression was sufficiently demonstrated to warrant action

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 7, Question 12

12) Where some research did indeed show a reduction in young people’s levels of aggression after viewing TV violence, the more likely cause was ________ rather than catharsis.

Feedback: Rather, viewers saw that the violence might not be appropriate in a given situation and its expression was therefore inhibited.

Page reference: Focus on Children and Violence

a. disinhibitory effects

b. inhibitory effects

c. sublimation

d. Behavioural hierarchy

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 7, Question 13

13) _______ is the direct mechanical reproduction of behavior.

Feedback: Identification, on the other hand, is a particular form of imitation in which copying a model, generalized beyond specific acts.

Page reference: Television Violence Theories

a. Vicarious reinforcement

b. Social learning

c. Identification

d. Imitation

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 7, Question 14

14) Media portrayals of violence are almost always in some narrative context, and that context provides information telling viewers when and against whom violence is acceptable. As such, they contain ______.

Feedback: These cues help determine when and against whom viewers aggress.

Page reference: Television Violence Theories

a. aggressive cues

b. inhibitory power

c. behavioral hierarchies

d. reinforcement contingencies

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 7, Question 15

15) The General Aggression Model assumes that social behavior depends on people's understanding of events in the present environment, including their interpretation of these events, beliefs about typical ways of responding to such events, perceived competencies for responding in different ways, and ________.

Feedback: These cognitions provide a basis for some stability of behavior across a variety of situations, but also allow considerable situational specificity.

Page reference: The General Aggression Model

a. the way they were raised

b. what their culture suggests is appropriate

c. expectations regarding likely outcomes

d. if they are experiencing sublimation

Type: True or False

Title: Chapter 7, Question 16

16) One part of the General Aggression Model is the episode—when a person is in a social situation and can behave either with or without aggression toward another.

Feedback: The other part is the developmental/personality processes—the aggression-related knowledge structures brought to that situation.

Page reference: The General Aggression Model

a. True

b. False

Type: True or False

Title: Chapter 7, Question 17

17) The General Aggression Model includes person factors that will influence a person’s likely display of aggression, for example an insult might increase the likelihood of aggression; the presence of your parents might decrease it.

Feedback: These are situation factors.

Page reference: The General Aggression Model

a. True

b. False

Type: True or False

Title: Chapter 7, Question 18

18) Media enter the General Aggression Model as part of a person’s developmental/personality processes.

Feedback: The model asserts that repeated violent game playing, for example, increases learning, rehearsal, and reinforcement of aggression-related cognitions.

Page reference: The General Aggression Model

a. True

b. False

Type: True or False

Title: Chapter 7, Question 19

19) The 1969 Surgeon General’s Scientific Advisory Committee on Television and Social Behavior definitively resolved the question of media violence’s impact on viewer aggression.

Feedback: The report did little to end the controversy over television’s effects. Industry officials and lobbyists cited inconclusive research and restated limited effects arguments to deflect from the scientific findings.

Page reference: Focus on Children and Violence

a. True

b. False

Type: True or False

Title: Chapter 7, Question 20

20) After watching Spike TV’s Ultimate Fighting Championship, 23 Connecticut teens engage in a backyard slugfest/tournament mimicking what they saw on the screen. This is identification.

Feedback: No; it is imitation, the direct mechanical reproduction of behavior.

Page reference: Television Violence Theories

a. True

b. False

Type: True or False

Title: Chapter 7, Question 21

21) After seeing a TV character arrested for beating up his friend, you are less likely to engage in similar behavior because you have experienced catharsis.

Feedback: Catharsis has been debunked; most likely you experienced inhibitory effects.

Page reference: Television Violence Theories

a. True

b. False

Type: True or False

Title: Chapter 7, Question 22

22) Social cognitive theory argues that observers can acquire symbolic representations of observed behavior.

Feedback: These “pictures in their heads” provide them with information on which to base their own subsequent behavior.

Page reference: Television Violence Theories

a. True

b. False

Type: True or False

Title: Chapter 7, Question 23

23) Operant learning theory asserts that people learn new behaviors when they are presented with stimuli, make a response to those stimuli, and have those responses reinforced either positively or negatively.

Feedback: In this way, new behaviors are learned, or added to people’s behavioral repertoire—the behaviors available to an individual in a given circumstance.

Page reference: Television Violence Theories

a. True

b. False

Type: True or False

Title: Chapter 7, Question 24

24) Social cognition through the use of media representations operates in one or more of three ways, behavioral hierarchy, inhibitory effects, and disinhibitory effects.

Feedback: The first way should have read observational learning.

Page reference: Television Violence Theories

a. True

b. False

Type: True or False

Title: Chapter 7, Question 25

25) Although observational learning can occur in the absence of any reinforcement, whether observers actually engage in that learned behavior is a function of the reinforcement contingencies they associate with it.

Feedback: This vicarious reinforcement tells us where to place the observationally learned behavior in our behavioral hierarchy.

Page reference: Television Violence Theories

a. True

b. False

Type: True or False

Title: Chapter 7, Question 26

26) Social prompting describes a situation when sufficient incentive is present in the environment to move a behavior up the hierarchy to a point where we choose it from among a number of alternatives.

Feedback: There are times when we ignore possible negative consequences and perform a behavior that we associate with punishment or restraints.

Page reference: Television Violence Theories

a. True

b. False

Type: True or False

Title: Chapter 7, Question 27

27) Inhibition is the mitigation or reduction of anxious physiological arousal in response to depictions of violence, both mediated and real-world, as the result of habitual consumption of mediated violence.

Feedback: This describes desensitization; inhibitory effects are cognitive rather than affective.

Page reference: Television Violence Theories

a. True

b. False

Type: True or False

Title: Chapter 7, Question 28

28) Media aggression that viewers see as justified produces greater levels of modeling, and unjustified media violence results in less viewer aggression.

Feedback: Viewers are cued to the appropriateness (or inappropriateness) of using aggression.

Page reference: Television Violence Theories

a. True

b. False

Type: True or False

Title: Chapter 7, Question 29

29) The link between media violence and subsequent aggression has more scientific support than that of the relationship between self-examination and early detection of breast cancer.

Feedback: It is also stronger than the link between the amount of calcium intake and bone mass and the use of condoms to prevent sexually transmitted disease.

Page reference: Television Violence Theories

a. True

b. False

Type: True or False

Title: Chapter 7, Question 30

30) Sublimation is another name for catharsis.

Feedback: Catharsis, as applied to the viewing of mediated content, has been discredited.

Page reference: Television Violence Theories

a. True

b. False