Ch6 Socioemotional Development In Test Questions & Answers

Essentials of Life-Span Development, 6e (Santrock)

Chapter 6 Socioemotional Development in Early Childhood

1) According to Erik Erikson, the psychosocial stage that characterizes early childhood is

A) initiative versus guilt.

B) autonomy versus shame and doubt.

C) industry versus inferiority.

D) trust versus mistrust.

2) According to Erik Erikson, the great governor of initiative is

A) conscience.

B) independence.

C) fear.

D) obedience.

3) In Erikson's portrait of early childhood, the young child clearly has begun to develop ________, which is the representation of self, the substance, and content of self-conceptions.

A) self-control

B) self-confidence

C) self-understanding

D) self-centeredness

4) Four-year-old Harlan says, "I'm always happy!" Researchers suggest that Harlan, like other kids his own age, has self-descriptions that are typically

A) reflective of reality.

B) reflective of what others think about them.

C) abstract and magical.

D) unrealistically positive.

5) ________ especially plays a key role in children's ability to manage the demands and conflicts they face in interacting with others. It is an important component of executive function.

A) Moral integrity

B) Emotion regulation

C) Moral development

D) Independence

6) Hans feels ashamed when his parents say, "You should feel bad about biting your sister!" To experience a ________ emotion like shame, Hans must be able to refer to himself as distinct from others.

A) social

B) self-conscious

C) penitent

D) sympathetic

7) In the context of expressing emotions, at what age does self-awareness occur?

A) at 1 to 2 months of age

B) at 3 to 6 months of age

C) at 9 to 12 months of age

D) at 15 to 18 months of age

8) Brianna is extremely upset because she got scolded by her teacher. Her mother decides to facilitate an open discussion about what happened and why Brianna is upset to help her figure out how to deal with the negative emotions. Her mother's approach of talking to Brianna about her emotions indicates that Brianna's mother is a(n) ________.

A) emotion-dismissing parent

B) authoritarian parent

C) emotion-coaching parent

D) indulgent parent

9) ________ parents interact with their children in a less rejecting manner, use more scaffolding and praise, and are more nurturant than are emotion-dismissing parents.

A) Emotion-dismissing

B) Emotion-facilitator

C) Emotion-coaching

D) Emotion-encouraging

10) The children of ________ parents are better at soothing themselves when they get upset, are more effective in regulating their negative affect, focus their attention better, and have fewer behavior problems than the children of emotion-dismissing parents.

A) emotion-coaching

B) emotion-facilitator

C) emotion-encouraging

D) emotion-independent

11) Developmental psychologists describe Jennifer as an emotion-dismissing parent to her son. Which of the following actions is Jennifer most likely to display?

A) Jennifer will praise her son when he performs a task well.

B) Jennifer will try to change her son's negative emotions.

C) Jennifer will use scaffolding to interact with her son.

D) Jennifer will assist her son in labeling emotions.

12) Barbara monitors her children's emotions. Her daughter is upset because she got reprimanded by her teacher. Barbara initially ignores her daughter's lamentations but then decides to try to change her daughter's emotions by saying that everyone gets reprimanded and that it is not a big deal. Barbara's approach of talking to her daughter about her negative emotions indicates that Barbara is a(n) ________.

A) indulgent parent

B) emotion-dismissing parent

C) emotion-coaching parent

D) authoritarian parent

13) Marjorie's son places last in a running race in his school. This makes him upset. He comes home and tells his mother about the result of the competition. His mother initially ignores him thinking that he will stop thinking about the competition. Later, when she sees that her son is still upset, she tries to distract him from the negative emotion by trying to change it. Marjorie's way of talking to her son about his negative emotions indicates that Marjorie is a(n) ________.

A) emotion-coaching parent

B) authoritarian parent

C) emotion-dismissing parent

D) indulgent parent

14) Why is it challenging for parents to discuss emotional topics with their young children?

A) Young children often avoid upsetting topics by changing the topic, pushing away, or running away.

B) They don't want to know what upsets their child.

C) They are afraid they can't comfort their child.

D) They struggle with their own emotions and change the topic.

15) Which of the following involves thoughts, feelings, and behaviors regarding rules and conventions about what people should do in their interactions with other people?

A) immanent justice

B) superego

C) moral development

D) pragmatism

16) According to Freud, the moral element of personality is called the

A) id.

B) superid.

C) ego.

D) superego.

17) Which of the following aspects of moral development most likely involves anxiety and guilt?

A) moral reasoning

B) moral thoughts

C) moral behavior

D) moral feelings

18) According to Freud, to reduce anxiety, avoid punishment, and maintain parental affection, children identify with parents, internalizing their standards of right and wrong, thus forming the

A) alter ego.

B) ego.

C) superego.

D) id.

19) Which of the following terms refers to responding to another person's feelings with an emotion that echoes the other's feelings?

A) anxiety

B) empathy

C) coaching

D) modeling

20) When her mother asks Selena why she feels so sad, Selena says it is because her best friend just lost her puppy. Selena is exhibiting

A) guilt.

B) empathy.

C) correspondence.

D) lack of perspective taking.

21) The ability to discern another's inner psychological state is known as

A) correspondence.

B) congruence.

C) perspective taking.

D) nurturance.

22) Which of the following is the first stage of Piaget's theory of moral development?

A) autonomous morality

B) initiative versus guilt

C) heteronomous morality

D) autonomy versus shame and doubt

23) From about ________ years of age, children display heteronomous morality.

A) 1 to 3

B) 4 to 7

C) 10 to 12

D) 2 to 4

24) Susan, a 5-year-old, thinks of justice and rules as unchangeable properties of the world, removed from the control of people. In the context of Jean Piaget's theory of moral development, Susan is most likely in the stage of moral reasoning known as

A) heteronomous morality.

B) empathy.

C) autonomous morality.

D) sympathy.

25) According to Piaget's theory, from ________ years of age, children are in a transition showing some features of the first stage of moral reasoning and some features of the second stage, autonomous morality.

A) 7 to 10

B) 4 to 7

C) 10 to 12

D) 1 to 4

26) At about ________ years of age and older, children show autonomous morality.

A) 7

B) 4

C) 10

D) 5

27) Jerome, 6, and Hani, 10, get up early on Saturday morning to make "breakfast in bed" for their mother. While reaching for the bed tray in the back of the hall cabinet, they accidentally break their mother's favorite porcelain doll. Jerome knows that he's going to get into "big trouble." Hani tells him not to worry and that their mom would understand that it was an accident. In what stage would Jean Piaget categorize the moral reasoning of Jerome and Hani?

A) Jerome—autonomous morality; Hani—heteronomous morality

B) Jerome—heteronomous morality; Hani—autonomous morality

C) Jerome—universal law morality; Hani—context-specific morality

D) Jerome—context-specific morality; Hani—universal law morality

28) Ben, a 12-year-old, judges the rightness or goodness of behavior by considering its consequences, not the intentions of the actor. In the context of Jean Piaget's theory of moral development, Ben will most likely be classified as a(n)

A) autonomous moralist.

B) heteronomous moralist.

C) pragmatist.

D) authoritarian.

29) Julie believes that Jason's accidental act of breaking 12 plates is worse than Peter intentionally breaking two plates. Julie can be best described as a(n)

A) moral autonomist.

B) gender-typed individual.

C) empathic thinker.

D) heteronomous moralist.

30) Dante is a 10-year-old boy who likes to play soccer during recess. One day, a friend teaches him a different set of rules about the game. Dante accepts the rules and now plays soccer in a new way. Dante is in which stage of moral development?

A) autonomous morality

B) heteronomous morality

C) basic morality

D) extended morality

31) Katrina, a 6-year-old, becomes extremely upset when her brother tries to change the rules of their game and yells, "You can't do that! You can't change rules!" Which of the following types of moral reasoning is Katrina exhibiting?

A) autonomous morality

B) heteronomous morality

C) peer-negotiated morality

D) immanent justice morality

32) In the context of Jean Piaget's theory of moral development, which of the following is a characteristic of children showing heteronomous morality?

A) They believe intentions are more important than consequences when judging behavior.

B) They think of justice as an unchangeable property of the world.

C) They are nonbelievers of the concept of immanent justice.

D) They are aware that rules and laws are created by people.

33) Older children, who are ________, recognize that punishment occurs only if someone witnesses the wrongdoing and that even then, punishment is not inevitable.

A) moral autonomists

B) empathic thinkers

C) gender-typed

D) heteronomous thinkers

34) Maria believes that if a rule is broken, punishment will be meted out immediately. In the context of Jean Piaget's theory of moral development, this scenario indicates that Maria believes in the concept of

A) immanent justice.

B) restorative justice.

C) reciprocal socialization.

D) egocentrism.

35) Piaget concluded that the changes in moral reasoning in children come about through

A) authoritative parent-child relations.

B) religious and social conditioning.

C) the children's family experiences.

D) the mutual give-and-take of peer relations.

36) According to Jean Piaget, parent-child relations are less likely to advance moral reasoning than peer relations because

A) parents are inconsistent in delivering the consequences for broken rules.

B) peers are less likely to allow negotiation and reasoning about broken rules.

C) parents often hand down rules in an authoritarian way.

D) peer groups immediately mete out punishments for rule breaking.

37) Which of the following approaches holds that the processes of reinforcement, punishment, and imitation explain the development of moral behavior?

A) Freud's psychoanalytic approach

B) the evolutionary psychology approach

C) the behavioral and social cognitive approach

D) the biological approach

38) Twice each month, Gini helps to serve dinner at the "Community Table," a program that assists homeless people in the town. She brings her two children, aged nine and eleven, with her and talks to them about the need to share time, food, and kindness with others who are less fortunate. Social cognitive theorists would say that Gini's children

A) are likely to develop moral behavior that includes helping others.

B) are not likely to be impacted by this as their moral behavior is modeled on peers, not parents.

C) will not benefit from these experiences until they are teens.

D) will fail to model their behavior to their mother's unless they see some reward in it.

39) ________ refers to an internal regulation of standards of right and wrong that involves an integration of all three components of moral development, namely moral thought, feeling, and behavior.

A) Ethics

B) Protocol

C) Constitution

D) Conscience

40) Nicola tries to take steps to avert potential misbehavior by her children before it takes place. The moment she sees that her 4-year-old daughter is going to have a meltdown, she distracts her with her favorite activity. She has regular talks with her ten-year-old son wherein she tries to impart her cherished values to him and indicates what is expected of him as he grows older. Nicola is

A) being overly cautious in her parenting approach.

B) being too authoritative in her approach to her children's moral development.

C) acting as moral police to her children and may have a detrimental effect on their moral development.

D) proactive in her approach to her children's moral development.

41) ________ involves a sense of one's own gender, including knowledge, understanding, and acceptance of being male or female.

A) Gender role

B) Gender typing

C) Gender identity

D) Gender labeling

42) Sets of expectations that prescribe how females and males should think, act, and feel are known as gender

A) roles.

B) identities.

C) expectancies.

D) rules.

43) Meena is a 3-year-old. She is aware that she is a girl and understands and accepts being a female. This indicates that Meena is conscious of her ________.

A) gender neutrality

B) gender identity

C) ethnicity

D) socioeconomic status

44) Gender ________ refers to acquisition of a traditional masculine or feminine role.

A) acquisition

B) reflection

C) typing

D) acceptance

45) The social role theory suggests that

A) social hierarchy and division of labor are important causes of gender differences in power, assertiveness, and nurturing.

B) the mother role and the father role are social constructions that have emerged from our evolutionary past.

C) social roles are chosen, not determined.

D) nature is the primary determinant of differences between the social labels that we call "gender."

46) The ________ of gender stems from the view that a preschool child develops a sexual attraction to the opposite-sex parent.

A) psychoanalytic theory

B) social cognitive theory

C) evolutionary psychology view

D) social role theory

47) The psychoanalytic theory of gender stems from Freud's view that a preschool child develops a sexual attraction to the opposite-sex parent. Which of the following describes this condition in girls?

A) the Galatea effect

B) the Electra complex

C) the Golem effect

D) the Oedipus complex

48) According to Freud, preschool boys develop a sexual attraction to the opposite-sex parent in a process called the

A) Oedipus complex.

B) Electra complex.

C) Pygmalion effect.

D) Golem effect.

49) From a young age, Karen has always been praised by her parents for her feminine behavior. Her parents reward her behavior by saying such statements as "Karen, you look very pretty in your frock." Her brother, on the other hand, is reprimanded for playing with Karen's dolls. In the context of social influences on gender development, this scenario is in accordance with the ________ of gender.

A) psychoanalytic theory

B) social cognitive theory

C) gender schema theory

D) social role theory

50) According to a research review by Bronstein (2006), which of the following statements is true of parental influences on children's gender development?

A) Mothers socialize their sons to be more obedient and responsible than their daughters.

B) Mothers place more restrictions on sons' autonomy than on daughters'.

C) Fathers engage in more activities with their daughters than with their sons.

D) Fathers put more effort to promote sons' intellectual development than daughters'.

51) Who among the following is most likely to be rejected by peers based on conformation to gender roles?

A) a little girl in boy's clothing

B) a little boy playing with a doll

C) a little boy playing with a toy truck

D) a little girl carrying a baseball mitt

52) Around the age of ________, children already show a preference to spend time with same-sex playmates.

A) three

B) one

C) two

D) one and a half

53) Children between the ages of 4 and 12 usually prefer to play in groups that are made up of

A) mixed ages.

B) the same sex as theirs.

C) both boys and girls.

D) children from their own socioeconomic status.

54) In the context of the size of same-sex groups of children, from about 5 years of age onward

A) boys are more likely to associate together in larger clusters than girls are.

B) girls are more likely to engage in rough-and-tumble play than boys.

C) girls are more likely to participate in organized group games than boys are.

D) boys are more likely than girls to play in dyads or triads.

55) According to research studies by Maccoby (1998, 2002), which of the following statements is true of how boys and girls interact in same-sex groups?

A) Girls are more likely to act in a reciprocal manner.

B) Boys are more likely to avoid rough-and-tumble play.

C) Girls are more likely to engage in ego display.

D) Boys are more likely to engage in collaborative discourse.

56) A ________ is a cognitive structure, a network of associations that guides an individual's perceptions.

A) format

B) schema

C) subset

D) system

57) A gender ________ organizes the world in terms of female and male.

A) role

B) identity

C) bias

D) schema

58) Children are internally motivated to perceive the world and to act in accordance with their developing

A) preferences.

B) schemas.

C) roles.

D) orientations.

59) Bit by bit, children pick up what is gender-appropriate and gender-inappropriate in their culture and develop gender ________ that shape how they perceive the world and what they remember.

A) identities

B) roles

C) schemas

D) types

60) Which of the following fuels gender typing?

A) gender schema

B) gender identity

C) gender bias

D) gender mismatch

61) Suzie, aged three, must eat everything on her plate at dinner. When she does not, her father punishes her by sending her to bed without dinner the next day. Suzie also has strict schedules for playing, watching television, and studying, and any disobedience leads to spanking and punishment. Suzie's father is most likely a(n)

A) authoritarian parent.

B) authoritative parent.

C) indulgent parent.

D) neglectful parent.

62) Juan, a father of two children, tells his children, "In my house, my word is the law." He spanks his children frequently when they do not follow his rules. His children are fearful of Juan and try their best to avoid him when he is around. In the context of Diana Baumrind's parenting styles, Juan is best classified as a(n)

A) authoritarian parent.

B) authoritative parent.

C) indulgent parent.

D) neglectful parent.

63) A parent who uses a restrictive, punitive style to control the behavior of his or her children is a(n)

A) authoritarian parent.

B) authoritative parent.

C) indulgent parent.

D) neglectful parent.

64) Lucy frequently spanks her children, enforces rigid household rules, and exhibits rage toward them when those rules are broken. Her children are unhappy and have weak communication skills. Lucy also pressurizes them to eat when they are already full. In the context of Diana Baumrind's parenting styles, Lucy is most likely a(n)

A) authoritarian parent.

B) authoritative parent.

C) indulgent parent.

D) neglectful parent.

65) A parent who encourages his or her children to be independent but still places limits and controls on their actions is a(n)

A) authoritarian parent.

B) authoritative parent.

C) indulgent parent.

D) neglectful parent.

66) Logan is a warm and loving parent, but he also has high expectations of his kids. As Logan encourages independent and age-appropriate behavior from his children, Baumrind would classify him as a(n)

A) authoritarian parent.

B) authoritative parent.

C) indulgent parent.

D) neglectful parent.

67) Ursula can set her own schedules for playtime and for studying. Her mother drives her to her ballet classes and soccer practice. However, Ursula needs to keep her grades up and must go to bed early on most weeknights. Ursula's mom is most likely a(n)

A) authoritarian parent.

B) authoritative parent.

C) indulgent parent.

D) neglectful parent.

68) In the context of Diana Baumrind's parenting styles, children of authoritative parents differ from children of authoritarian parents in that children of authoritative parents

A) cope poorly with stress.

B) are more anxious about comparing themselves to others.

C) are more achievement-oriented.

D) are more likely to be overweight or obese.

69) According to Baumrind, a parent who is uninvolved in a child's life, showing neither responsiveness nor control, is displaying a(n) ________ parenting style.

A) authoritarian

B) authoritative

C) indulgent

D) neglectful

70) According to Baumrind, a parent who is highly involved with his/her children but places few demands or controls on them is displaying a(n) ________ parenting style.

A) authoritarian

B) authoritative

C) indulgent

D) neglectful

71) Josh's mother makes his favorite food—burgers, fries, and pizza—every night for dinner. His mother lets Josh play as much as he wants to and study only when he feels like it and imposes no fixed bedtime. Josh's mom is most likely a(n)

A) authoritarian parent.

B) authoritative parent.

C) indulgent parent.

D) neglectful parent.

72) Bernard brought home his report card and placed it on the television set. Bernard told his dad that he was required to take the card back to school tomorrow with the signature of one of his parents. Bernard's dad told him to move out of the way as he could not see the television set. The next morning, Bernard found his report card where he had left it the previous day and it was unsigned. He signed his dad's name and put it in his backpack. Bernard's dad is most likely a(n)

A) authoritarian parent.

B) authoritative parent.

C) indulgent parent.

D) neglectful parent.

73) Misha was sent to his room for hitting his baby sister. Later, his mother talks to him about why he cannot treat his sister this way and about other, more acceptable ways for him to express his anger. Which parenting style does this exemplify?

A) authoritarian parenting

B) authoritative parenting

C) indulgent parenting

D) neglectful parenting

74) In which parenting style do parents show pleasure and support in response to children's constructive behavior?

A) authoritarian parenting

B) authoritative parenting

C) indulgent parenting

D) neglectful parenting

75) Which parenting style could lead to social incompetence, truancy, and delinquency in children?

A) authoritarian parenting

B) authoritative parenting

C) indulgent parenting

D) neglectful parenting

76) Which parenting style leads to egocentric, domineering, and noncompliant behavior in children?

A) authoritarian parenting

B) authoritative parenting

C) indulgent parenting

D) neglectful parenting

77) Which parenting style is demanding and controlling while also being accepting and responsive?

A) authoritarian parenting

B) indulgent parenting

C) authoritative parenting

D) neglectful parenting

78) In the context of Diana Baumrind's parenting styles, which of the following is a characteristic of parents following an indulgent parenting style?

A) They let their children do what they want.

B) They are uninvolved in their children's lives.

C) They allow little verbal exchange and place firm limits on their children.

D) They show pleasure in response to their children's constructive behavior.

79) Which parenting style is undemanding and uncontrolling but also rejecting and unresponsive?

A) authoritarian parenting

B) indulgent parenting

C) authoritative parenting

D) neglectful parenting

80) Which parenting style is demanding and controlling while also being rejecting and unresponsive?

A) authoritarian parenting

B) indulgent parenting

C) authoritative parenting

D) neglectful parenting

81) Which parenting style is undemanding and uncontrolling but is also accepting and responsive?

A) authoritarian parenting

B) indulgent parenting

C) authoritative parenting

D) neglectful parenting

82) Research conducted by Ruth Chao suggests that

A) the high control of Asian parents is best conceptualized as "training" and is distinct from the domineering control characteristic of an authoritarian style of parenting.

B) "authoritarian" parenting is "authoritarian" parenting, whether the parent is Asian American, African American, or European American.

C) contrary to stereotypes, Asian parents are indulgent and permissive.

D) consistent with stereotypes, Asian parents are domineering and controlling and have rigid/unrealistic expectations for academic achievement in their children.

83) According to most child psychologists, which of the following is an effective way of handling a child's misbehavior?

A) mild spanking that would not hurt the child

B) time out, in which the child is removed from a setting that offers positive reinforcement

C) shouting at the child just enough to get the point across

D) instilling rigid household rules and meting out severe corporal punishment if those rules are broken

84) Four-year-old Becky has just hit her sister again. According to most developmental psychologists, Becky's mother should

A) spank Becky; she is too young to understand reasoning.

B) explain to Becky that "hitting hurts"; she is old enough to understand the consequences of her behavior for others.

C) send Becky to bed without dinner; she is too young to understand reasoning.

D) spank Becky; she is old enough to understand the consequences of her behavior and would expect to be punished accordingly.

85) Tom and Katie have recently split up, but for the benefit of their child, they attempt to provide one another support in jointly raising their child. This is an example of

A) joint parenting.

B) cooperative parenting.

C) collaborative parenting.

D) coparenting.

86) The public and many professionals use the term child abuse to refer to both abuse and neglect; developmentalists increasingly use the term

A) child neglect.

B) child maltreatment.

C) child battery.

D) child assault.

87) Punching, beating, kicking, biting, burning, and shaking a child constitute

A) verbal abuse.

B) sexual abuse.

C) child neglect.

D) physical abuse.

88) In the context of child maltreatment, which of the following would most likely constitute child neglect?

A) beating a child

B) allowing chronic truancy

C) commercial exploitation of a child

D) fondling a child's genitals

89) Damian's parents fail to provide for his basic needs; he is often unfed and dirty when he gets to school. This constitutes

A) physical abuse.

B) mental injury.

C) child neglect.

D) child inattention.

90) Nine-year-old Tadako's uncle has been taking pictures of her naked body and selling them on the Internet. This constitutes

A) verbal abuse.

B) sexual abuse.

C) child neglect.

D) physical abuse.

91) Eight-year-old Sara's mom has repeatedly called her fat and worthless, which has caused Sara to become withdrawn at home and in school. These actions are best characterized as

A) child neglect.

B) sexual abuse.

C) emotional abuse.

D) child assault.

92) Which of the following is true about childhood maltreatment?

A) Two-thirds of parents who are abused go on to abuse their own children.

B) Childhood maltreatment can be caused by a single factor.

C) Violence on television does not impact the violence we see in families.

D) Parenting stress, substance abuse, social isolation, single parenting, and socioeconomic difficulties all may contribute to childhood maltreatment.

93) According to a research study by Kramer and Perozynski (1999), in families with two siblings 2 to 5 years of age, the most frequent parental reaction to verbal or physical sibling confrontations is to

A) threaten the children.

B) try to help the children.

C) admonish the children.

D) do nothing at all.

94) Laurie Kramer, who has conducted a number of research studies on siblings, says that

A) it is best to not intervene in sibling conflict and to allow the siblings to work it out on their own.

B) it is best to let sibling conflicts escalate so that children learn coping strategies to handle anger and disagreement with peers.

C) intervening and helping children resolve sibling conflict are not good strategies.

D) not intervening and letting sibling conflict escalate are not good strategies.

95) Which of the following is true of the characteristics of sibling relationships as described by Judy Dunn?

A) There is no observable variation in sibling relationships.

B) Most siblings report that they do not really know each other very well.

C) There is considerable variation in sibling relationships.

D) Most children have predominantly negative feelings toward their siblings.

96) In the context of birth order, research indicates that firstborn children are ________ than later-born children.

A) more rebellious

B) less self-controlled

C) less helpful

D) more adult-oriented

97) Why do more researchers think that birth-order influences on child development have been emphasized too strongly?

A) There are no clear patterns of birth-order influences on personality.

B) With continued study on birth-order influences, the findings are bound to create self-fulfilling prophecies that will perpetuate birth order.

C) The patterns of birth-order influences that scientists describe are largely speculation and are not based on evidence.

D) Birth order by itself shows limited ability to predict behavior when all the factors that influence behavior are considered.

98) Which of the following is true of how parents' work affects the development of their children?

A) The nature of parents' work has more influence on children's development than whether a parent works outside the home.

B) Children of working mothers are less likely to develop a secure attachment to their parents.

C) Children (especially girls) of working mothers engage in more gender stereotyping.

D) Whether one or both parents work outside the home is critical to children's development.

99) In the context of working parents, a consistent finding is that in contrast to children whose mothers are not employed outside the home, children of working mothers

A) have more egalitarian views of gender.

B) engage in more gender stereotyping.

C) are more stressed and demanding.

D) enjoy more free time.

100) Maribel works as a housekeeper at a hotel. She has no autonomy in her work, works long hours, and feels quite stressed by her job. Kim is a lawyer who works long hours but has control over her work and a great office environment. Ann Crouter would say that

A) Kim's children are likely to experience less effective parenting than Maribel's children.

B) Maribel's children are likely to experience less effective parenting than Kim's children.

C) both Maribel's and Kim's children are likely to do poorly in school.

D) neither Maribel's nor Kim's children will be negatively affected by their mothers' jobs.

101) Which of the following is true of children in divorced families?

A) Most children in divorced families have a harder time adjusting than those from nondivorced families.

B) Divorces inevitably impair children's ability to adapt to difficulties in their lives.

C) Competent children cannot be raised in single-parent families.

D) Children in divorced families are no more likely than children in nondivorced families to have academic problems.

102) Bernice is raised by two lesbian mothers, whereas Jessica is raised by a heterosexual couple. According to research, it is most likely that

A) Bernice is more popular than Jessica, whereas Jessica is more psychologically adjusted than Bernice.

B) Bernice and Jessica are the same with regard to popularity and mental health.

C) Bernice will have a homosexual orientation; Jessica will have a heterosexual orientation.

D) both will grow up and marry men, but Bernice is more likely to get divorced.

103) The overwhelming majority of children from gay or lesbian families

A) are also homosexual.

B) have a heterosexual orientation.

C) are likely to be bisexual.

D) grow up confused about their sexual orientation.

104) Carl and Tulip are getting a divorce and want to know how they can best communicate the news to their young children. Ellen Galinsky and Judy David would suggest that

A) the children be told that the support they receive from their parents is bound to change.

B) it is best that only one parent be present while breaking the news.

C) it is best that this painful matter should not be discussed repeatedly with the children.

D) the children be told that they are not the cause of the separation.

105) In general, in the United States, African American and Latino family orientations differ from White family orientations in that

A) the nuclear family is less prominent in White families.

B) the extended family plays a greater role in African American and Latino families.

C) the emphasis in African American and Latino families is on individual self-reliance.

D) the emphasis in White families is on family attachment and unity.

106) Cultural changes that occur when one culture comes in contact with another are referred to as

A) affiliation.

B) acculturation.

C) accommodation.

D) adaptation.

107) In contrast to lower-socioeconomic status parents, higher-socioeconomic status parents

A) are less directive and more conversational with their children.

B) are more concerned that their children conform to society's expectations.

C) use physical punishment more in disciplining their children.

D) create a home atmosphere with an authoritarian style of parenting.

108) Which of the following is most likely a function that a child's peer group performs which is difficult for a sibling to do?

A) having a same-sex friend

B) getting a chance to share intimate feelings

C) providing comparison on how the child compares with other children of the same age

D) giving a view of what the world looks like from another person's perspective

109) Sigmund Freud and Erik Erikson considered play to be valuable because

A) it helps a child master anxieties and conflicts.

B) it advances a child's cognitive development.

C) it helps children satisfy their need for mastery over their environment.

D) it allows children to interact with their peers.

110) Jean Piaget and Lev Vygotsky considered play to be valuable because

A) it helps children release tension.

B) it advances children's cognitive development.

C) it helps children satisfy their need for mastery over their environment.

D) it allows children to interact with their peers.

111) Which statement best summarizes Daniel Berlyne's views about children's play?

A) Play is important for developing motor skills and coordination.

B) Play is important only because it occupies children during times when they are not learning more important things.

C) Children use play to digest past experiences and to derive meaning from what has happened to them.

D) Children use play to explore new things to satisfy their natural curiosity about the world.

112) ________ play, which can be engaged in throughout life, involves the repetition of behavior when new skills are being learned or when physical or mental mastery and coordination of skills are required for games or sports.

A) Pretense

B) Practice

C) Social

D) Sensorimotor

113) In the context of the types of children's play, identify a true statement about practice play.

A) Practice play primarily involves social interactions with peers.

B) Practice play is confined to infancy as children learn to transform objects.

C) Practice play occurs when a child transforms the physical environment into a symbol.

D) Practice play can be engaged in throughout life.

114) In the context of the types of children's play, identify a true statement about pretense play.

A) In this type of play, children transform the physical environment into a symbol.

B) This type of play often appears at about 7 months of age.

C) In this type of play, children refuse to share their pretend play with peers.

D) In this type of play, children transform people and act toward them as if they were other people.

115) In the context of the types of children's play, the play in which infants engage in exploratory and playful visual and motor transactions in the second quarter of the first year of life is known as

A) practice play.

B) sensorimotor play.

C) social play.

D) constructive play.

116) In the context of the types of children's play, which of the following is a form of play that occurs when children engage in the self-regulated creation of a product or a solution?

A) constructive play

B) games

C) collective play

D) social play

117) In the context of the types of children's play, which of the following is most likely a characteristic of constructive play?

A) It involves deriving pleasure from exercising sensorimotor schemes.

B) It increases in the preschool years as symbolic play increases and sensorimotor play decreases.

C) It involves interaction with peers.

D) It leads to children transforming objects and acting toward them as if they were other objects.

118) Which of the following refers to activities engaged in for pleasure that include rules and often involve competition with one or more individuals?

A) symbolic play

B) role-play

C) constructive play

D) games

119) Steur, Applefield, and Smith conducted an experiment where preschool children were randomly assigned to two groups. One group watched cartoons containing violence, and the other group watched cartoons with the violence removed. During a free-play session, the children who watched the cartoons containing violence showed more aggression than children who watched the nonviolent cartoons. What conclusion was drawn from this study?

A) Preschool children are naturally more aggressive than older children.

B) Violent TV cartoons caused the increased aggression in the children in this investigation.

C) The cause of aggression cannot be determined since aggression is caused by so many other factors.

D) Exposure to TV violence caused the aggression in the children in this investigation.

120) A meta-analysis of studies in 14 countries by Mares and Pan (2013) found that children's shows such as Sesame Street

A) produced positive outcomes in the area of social reasoning.

B) were detrimental to children learning positive social interchange.

C) were good electronic babysitters but not good at teaching any skills.

D) led to negative attitudes toward outgroups.

121) Which theorist stated that the psychological stage of childhood was "initiative versus guilt"?

122) Which theorist suggested that children internalize their parents' standards of right and wrong in order to reduce anxiety and avoid punishment?

123) Which theorist proposed that gender differences result from the contrasting roles of men and women in societies where women have less power and status than men and control fewer resources?

124) Which theorist proposed the four classifications of parenting involving combinations of acceptance and responsiveness on one hand and demand and control on the other?

125) Which leading theorist on sibling relationships described the three important characteristics of sibling relationships as emotional quality, familiarity and intimacy, and variation?

126) In the context of how parents talk with their children about emotions, which approach is taken by parents who monitor their children's emotions, view their children's negative emotions as opportunities for teaching, and assist them in labeling their emotions?

127) According to Jean Piaget, which is the first stage of moral development in which children think of justice and rules as unchangeable properties of the world?

128) Which theory states that children's gender development occurs through observing and imitating what other people say and do and through being rewarded and punished for gender-appropriate and gender-inappropriate behavior?

129) Nathan's parents are highly involved in his life but place few demands and controls on him. They believe that the combination of warm involvement and few restraints will produce a creative, confident child, so they allow him to do whatever he wants. In the context of Diana Baumrind's parenting styles, which parenting style are Nathan's parents displaying?

130) What is the parenting technique for handling misbehavior in children that is characterized by removing the child from a setting that offers positive reinforcement?

131) What is the term for the support that parents provide one another in jointly raising a child?

132) In the context of the types of children's play, what kind of play combines sensorimotor/practice play with symbolic representation and occurs when children engage in the self-regulated creation of a product or a solution?

133) Explain Eric Erikson's stage of initiative versus guilt. Provide an example of initiative and an example of guilt as it is used by Erikson.

134) Why are young children's self-descriptions typically unrealistically positive?

135) Discuss self-conscious emotions and provide two examples. What are the two criteria necessary for children to experience self-conscious emotions?

136) What are some of the differences between emotion-coaching and emotion-dismissing parents?

137) Name and briefly describe the two stages of moral reasoning in children as identified by Jean Piaget. Provide an example of each.

138) Compare and contrast the three major social theories of gender. Which would you argue is the dominant approach today?

139) Cultures around the world tend to give mothers and fathers different roles in parenting. Describe the different socializing strategies that mothers and fathers use in raising their children.

140) List four characteristics that are generally associated with the firstborn child. Discuss what accounts for these differences.

141) Should parents stay in an unhappy or conflicted marriage for the sake of their children?

142) What are the developmental consequences of abuse of children?

143) What is emotion security theory? What factors influence an individual child's vulnerability to suffering negative consequences from living in a divorced family?

144) In the context of the influence of ethnicity on parenting, what are some of the stressors experienced by immigrant families? How do ethnic minority families deal with stress?

145) Discuss how parents influence their children's peer relations.

146) Discuss the negative influence of too much screen time on children.