Ch4 Socioemotional Development In Infancy Test Bank Answers

Essentials of Life-Span Development, 6e (Santrock)

Chapter 4 Socioemotional Development in Infancy

1) Feelings or affects that occur when a person is in a state or an interaction that is important to him or her, especially to his or her well-being, are known as ________.

A) temperament

B) emotions

C) personality trait

D) feeling states

2) Which of the following statements is true about emotions?

A) Emotions are generally classified as positive or negative.

B) Emotions are seldom influenced by biological foundations and experiences.

C) The ability to regulate emotions is present at birth.

D) Self-conscious emotions are the first to develop in an infant.

3) Which of the following is an important role played by emotions during infancy?

A) cognition

B) communication

C) sensation

D) suckling

4) Especially in infancy, emotions play important roles in ________.

A) independence

B) reciprocal socialization

C) sensation

D) behavioral organization

5) The infant's ability to regulate emotions is tied to

A) the gradual maturation of the frontal regions of the cerebral cortex.

B) parental history of emotional control.

C) the pace of myelination in the parietal lobe.

D) the growth of the cerebellum in the initial four months after birth.

6) Which of the following statements is true about emotions?

A) Self-conscious emotions are the first language with which parents and infants communicate.

B) Social relationships seldom provide the setting for the development of emotions.

C) Biological evolution has endowed human beings to be emotional.

D) Embeddedness in relationships prevents diversity in emotional experiences.

7) Makiko feels ashamed when her friend who has come over for a play date teases her about wearing nighttime diapers. This is an example of ________ emotions.

A) primary

B) otherworldly

C) other-conscious

D) conscious

8) Molly is an 18-month-old child who shows an "other-conscious" emotion when her caregiver praises her for doing a certain task in the presence of other children her age. Identify the emotion being described in this scenario.

A) interest

B) pride

C) disgust

D) fear

9) Which of the following statements about self-conscious emotions is true?

A) They are emotions that are present in humans and other animals.

B) These emotions appear in the first six months of the infant's development.

C) They include emotions like surprise, interest, joy, anger, sadness, fear, and disgust.

D) They involve the emotional reactions of others when they are generated.

10) Experts on infant socioemotional development, such as Jerome Kagan, conclude that ________ makes it unlikely that emotions which require thought can be experienced in the first year.

A) the lack of innate emotions in the infant brain

B) the structural immaturity of the infant brain

C) incomplete myelination in the first two months

D) the lack of reciprocity of emotional expressions

11) What is the opinion of experts on infant socioemotional development, such as Jerome Kagan, on an infant's capacity to display emotions like guilt, pride, despair, shame, empathy, and jealousy in the first year?

A) The structural immaturity of the infant brain makes it unlikely that such emotions can be experienced in the first year.

B) Infants characterized by negative affectivity are more prone to experience such emotions in the first year.

C) The excitability of the amygdala plays an important role in the development of such emotions.

D) Cultural differences in temperament prevent Asian infants from experiencing such emotions in the first year.

12) Mario brings his mother his favorite teddy bear to comfort her when she has had a bad day at work. This demonstrates a(n) ________ emotion.

A) primary

B) self-conscious

C) negative

D) unconscious

13) Most ________ emotions occur for the first time at some point in the second half of the first year through the second year.

A) unconscious

B) primary

C) negative

D) self-conscious

14) Which of the following terms is used to describe the mutually regulated interactions between parents and infants?

A) other-conscious

B) innate

C) regulated

D) synchronous

15) Which of the following statements is true of crying?

A) Newborns seldom use crying as a means of communication.

B) The first cry verifies that the infant's lungs are filled with fluids.

C) Cries provide information about the health of the newborn's central nervous system.

D) Excessive infant crying in 3-month-olds triples the risk of behavioral, hyperactive, and mood problems at 5 to 6 years of age.

16) Two-month-old Trey is crying loudly. It is a sudden long, initial loud cry followed by breath holding. This type of cry indicates that Trey is

A) experiencing pain.

B) experiencing embarrassment.

C) very angry.

D) very hungry.

17) When one-month-old Mai is sleeping, it often looks like she is smiling. This is an example of a ________ smile.

A) private

B) reflexive

C) natural

D) social

18) A social smile differs from a reflexive smile in that a social smile

A) occurs in response to an external stimulus.

B) is first observed beyond the age of 12 months.

C) occurs only when the infant is asleep.

D) usually occurs when a child meets unfamiliar adults outside the home environment.

19) Three-month-old Zoey looks up at her mother and smiles. What do researchers call this smile?

A) trust smile

B) social smile

C) reflexive smile

D) attachment smile

20) Nikita is 18 months old, and she has a tendency to cry when strangers come near her. She is displaying one of a baby's earliest emotions, ________.

A) fear

B) embarrassment

C) jealousy

D) pride

21) Researchers have found that infant ________ is linked to guilt, empathy, and low aggression at six to seven years of age.

A) pride

B) embarrassment

C) fear

D) jealousy

22) The most frequent expression of an infant's fear involves

A) fear of heights.

B) separation protest.

C) stranger anxiety.

D) fear of walking.

23) The fear of strangers peaks

A) in the first three months after birth.

B) toward the end of the first year of life.

C) toward the middle of the second year of life.

D) in the first six months after birth.

24) In which of the following situations will 9-month-old Lucy show the most stranger anxiety?

A) when she meets a stranger in her home

B) when she meets another 9-month-old baby at her usual child care facility

C) when she meets a stranger in an unfamiliar place

D) when she meets her caregiver after spending the entire day at the child care facility

25) Infants show ________ when they are in familiar settings.

A) more stranger anxiety

B) no separation protest

C) less stranger anxiety

D) more separation protest

26) Carla is discussing stranger anxiety in toddlers with her friend, Maria. She tells Maria that her toddler, Beth, showed less stranger anxiety when she met her new nanny in their home. Which of the following statements best explains Beth's reaction?

A) Beth showed less stranger anxiety as she is used to being taken care of by nannies.

B) Beth showed less stranger anxiety as she was in a familiar setting.

C) Beth showed less stranger anxiety as she likes meeting strangers and is comfortable with them.

D) Beth showed less stranger anxiety as she is a disorganized child who was confused and did not know how to react.

27) Separation protest is characterized by

A) rejoicing when the caregiver returns.

B) crying when the caregiver shouts.

C) crying when the caregiver leaves.

D) indifference to the whereabouts of the caregiver.

28) Cindy has worked from home as a freelancer ever since she had a baby. Now that her baby, Hailey, is 15 months old, Cindy has accepted a full-time job offer. Every day when Cindy drops Hailey off at the day care, Hailey screams and cries for a couple of minutes. Which of the following terms best describes Hailey's behavior?

A) scaffolding

B) separation protest

C) surgency

D) social referencing

29) Which of the following statements is true regarding separation protest?

A) The percentage of infants who engaged in separation protest seldom varied across cultures.

B) Infants reached a peak of protest at about the same age across cultures.

C) It is initially displayed by infants at approximately 10 to 12 months.

D) It peaks at about 24 months among U.S. infants.

30) Which of the following statements is true about soothing crying infants?

A) Developmental psychologists increasingly agree that soothing crying infants is important to help infants develop a sense of trust.

B) Research shows that fathers are more likely than mothers to use soothing techniques to reduce infant crying.

C) Infants typically soothe themselves and seldom depend on their caregivers to help soothe their emotions.

D) A mother's negative emotions to her infant's cries are linked to higher self-confidence in the child's later years.

31) ________ involves individual differences in behavioral styles, emotions, and characteristic ways of responding.

A) Attachment

B) Temperament

C) Perception

D) Social referencing

32) "Easy child," "difficult child," and "slow-to-warm-up child" are three basic types of ________ identified by psychiatrists Alexander Chess and Stella Thomas.

A) trust

B) emotion

C) attachment

D) temperament

33) What is the term used to describe "reading" emotional cues in others to help determine how to act in a particular situation?

A) social referencing

B) deferred imitation

C) infinite generativity

D) reciprocal socialization

34) When Josh was dropped off at preschool on the very first day of class, he was quite upset. He cried for a long time and would not play with the other children. This behavior continued for a few more days. Some days, Josh would throw tantrums right before his mother dropped him off, and on other days he would cry and scream after his mom left him at the preschool. According to psychiatrists Alexander Chess and Stella Thomas, what type of temperament does Josh have?

A) slow-to-warm-up

B) easy

C) difficult

D) inflexible

35) Eva's mother describes her as a mildly active child. She also feels that Eva's mood is marginally negative. According to Chess and Thomas' classification, which of the following characteristics is Eva most likely to demonstrate?

A) Eva tends to throw tantrums and cry frequently.

B) Eva accepts and adapts easily to changes around her.

C) Eva displays a low intensity of mood.

D) Eva engages in irregular daily routines.

36) Sakura isn't a particularly active child, and he tends to be wary of new situations and people. Although he doesn't cry, he dislikes dealing with novel situations. According to Thomas and Chess, he would be classified as

A) an easy child.

B) a difficult child.

C) a slow-to-warm-up child.

D) a slow child.

37) Betty and Allen are part of a theatrical group, so they travel frequently. Their child, Cara, is an 11-month-old baby and travels everywhere with them. Even though Cara is usually comfortable with strangers, a full-time nanny, who Cara grew fond of in a day, helps take care of her when her parents are performing. Cara has a regular routine but easily adapts to new eating and sleeping habits whenever the family moves across states. According to Chess and Thomas, Cara would be classified as

A) a passive child.

B) an easy child.

C) a slow-to-warm-up child.

D) an inhibited child.

38) Jerome Kagan's classification of temperament focuses on

A) inhibition to the unfamiliar.

B) a positive or negative mood state.

C) effortful control.

D) (hyper) activity level.

39) According to Jerome Kagan, children with which of the following types of temperament at age two to three later showed social phobia symptoms at seven years of age?

A) inhibited

B) extremely uninhibited

C) intermediate

D) surgent

40) The recent focus on ________ emphasizes that individuals can engage in a more cognitive, flexible approach to stressful circumstances.

A) extraversion

B) extreme inhibition

C) negative affectivity

D) effortful control

41) According to Jerome Kagan, temperament

A) is the result of inherited physiological characteristics; however, it can be modified to some degree by experiences.

B) is the result of inherited physiological characteristics and cannot be modified by the environment.

C) is minimally influenced by inherited physiological characteristics but is primarily the result of environmental input.

D) results completely from environmental factors such as parenting styles.

42) Quimby, a 15-month-old child, looks to her mother to see if she should be afraid of the stranger who has come to her home. Quimby relaxes when she sees her mother smiling and speaking to the stranger in a calm voice. Quimby is engaging in

A) social checking.

B) social scoping.

C) social referencing.

D) social validation.

43) An inhibited temperament has been associated with

A) low thyroxine levels.

B) unstable heart rate.

C) low levels of the hormone cortisol.

D) high activity in the right frontal lobe of the brain.

44) In Canada, parents tend to prefer children with a(n) ________ temperament, whereas in China a(n) ________ temperament is more highly valued.

A) active; inhibited

B) inhibited; active

C) inner-focused; outward-focused

D) outward-focused; inner-focused

45) ________ refers to the match between a child's temperament and the environmental demands the child must cope with.

A) Social referencing

B) Secure attachment

C) Goodness of fit

D) Reciprocal socialization

46) Monsena is an independent and adventurous child who likes to explore new places in her environment. However, her mother is overprotective and forbids Monsena from playing in the backyard or the garden of their house. Developmental psychologists would say that this discrepancy concerns

A) goodness of fit.

B) nonreciprocal interactions.

C) social dysfunction.

D) insecure attachment.

47) Alexa and Mandy are discussing the best parenting strategies in relation to a child's temperament. Alexa thinks that the best strategy is putting standard goals in place to deal with children's individualities. However, Mandy disagrees with Alexa's view. Which of the following statements supports Mandy's view?

A) A goal may be accomplished in one way with one child, but it does not necessarily mean the same can be applied to all children.

B) Dealing with children's individualities cannot be considered a strategy to deal with a child's temperament as there is no correlation between the two.

C) A child's individuality changes so frequently that it is impossible to come up with goals to deal with it.

D) It has been proved that focusing on structuring a child's environment is a better strategy than paying attention to a child's individuality and coming up with goals to deal with it.

48) Which of the following statements is true about Erik Erikson's trust-versus-mistrust stage of development?

A) The issue of trust versus mistrust is resolved once and for all in the first year of the infant's life.

B) Even though the issue of trust versus mistrust arises at each successive stage of development, it can have only positive outcomes.

C) Infants who learn trust by being cared for in a consistent, warm manner will never develop mistrust in life.

D) Children who leave infancy with a sense of trust can still have their sense of mistrust activated at a later stage, perhaps if their parents get divorced.

49) Which of the following would Erik Erikson most likely recommend to soothe a crying infant?

A) Do not soothe the baby because he or she will be spoiled.

B) Pick up the baby and soothe him or her so that a healthy sense of trust develops.

C) Allow the infant to cry because this will encourage the development of a self-sufficient child.

D) Soothe the baby every other time, so that he or she does not become dependent on external comforters.

50) Researchers have had mothers put a dot of rouge on the noses of babies and place the babies in front of mirrors to see their reaction. These researchers are studying the concept of

A) trust.

B) attachment.

C) temperament.

D) sense of self.

51) Eva wanted to check if her 8-month-old nephew, Michael, could recognize his own reflection in a mirror. She places him in front of a mirror and applies a bit of baby powder on his nose. Which of the following is most likely to happen?

A) Michael will touch his own nose to wipe off the powder.

B) Michael will touch the reflection of his nose on the mirror because he wants to wipe the powder off his own nose.

C) Michael will touch the reflection on the mirror because he wonders why the other child has powder on his nose.

D) Michael will crawl away from the mirror because he does not recognize his own reflection in the mirror.

52) Twenty-four-month-old Tyler is placed in front of a mirror with a spot of rouge on his nose. Tyler will most likely

A) touch his own nose to wipe off the spot.

B) touch the spot on the mirror because he wants to wipe the spot off his own nose.

C) touch the spot on the mirror because he wonders why the other child has a spot on his nose.

D) crawl away from the mirror because he does not recognize himself with the spot on his nose.

53) Erik Erikson describes the second stage of personality development as the stage of ________ versus shame and doubt.

A) curiosity

B) dependence

C) autonomy

D) fear

54) Tara holds her two-month-old daughter, Sonia, close to her, makes eye contact, and smiles and sings softly to her. Tara is engaging in

A) face-to-face play.

B) parallel play.

C) joint attention.

D) imitation.

55) Nick is 24 months old. His nanny observes that he has better locomotion skills than other children his age. He loves to walk and run around more than other children. Which of the following would most likely be a result of this behavior?

A) increase in face-to-face play

B) increased independent social interchanges

C) coincidental cooperative behavior

D) decreased expectation of positive interaction

56) Juan has been showing a marked increase in his imitative and reciprocal play. He goes around imitating nonverbal actions like jumping and running. Juan is probably

A) around six months old.

B) between six and nine months old.

C) between 12 and 18 months old.

D) between 18 and 24 months old.

57) Which concept helps the infant understand that other people have intentions?

A) habituation

B) joint attention

C) the core knowledge approach

D) the A-not-B error

58) Researchers are discovering that infants are more socially sophisticated and insightful at younger ages than previously envisioned. In which aspect is this sophistication and insight reflected?

A) in infants' perceptions of others' actions as intentionally motivated and goal-directed

B) in infants' awareness of their selves as an independent entity

C) in infants' development of more finely refined sensory perceptions, such as vision and hearing

D) in infants' ability to manipulate objects in an effective manner

59) According to Freud, infants become attached to the person or object

A) that is perceived to be a non-stranger.

B) that provides physical comfort.

C) that provides oral satisfaction.

D) that provides a sense of trust.

60) What is the significant finding of Harlow's experiments on monkeys reared by surrogate mothers?

A) Thermal comfort is the crucial element in the attachment process.

B) Feeding is the crucial element in the attachment process.

C) Contact comfort is the crucial element in the attachment process.

D) Feeding and contact comfort are equally important in the attachment process.

61) According to Erikson, ________ are key to establishing a basic sense of trust in infants.

A) physical comfort and sensitive care

B) feeding and physical comfort

C) contact comfort and feeding

D) oral satisfaction and physical comfort

62) During phase 1 of John Bowlby's conceptualization of attachment, what is most likely to occur?

A) An infant will show signs of attachment toward the caregiver and anxiety toward strangers.

B) An infant will begin to attach to one person and can distinguish between familiar and unfamiliar people.

C) An infant is securely attached to the mother but is still trying to form an attachment with the father.

D) An infant is likely to exhibit smiling or crying in response to strangers, siblings, or parents.

63) Anna is at a phase of attachment where she takes the feelings of others into consideration before acting. According to John Bowlby, what age range would Anna fall under?

A) She is either 6 months of age or younger.

B) She is between 12 and 18 months old.

C) She is between 18 and 20 months old.

D) She is 24 months of age or older.

64) Which of the following characterizes phase 1 of Bowlby's conceptualization of attachment?

A) Infants instinctively direct their attachment to human figures.

B) Children become aware of others' feelings, goals, and plans and begin to take these into account in forming their own actions.

C) Attachment becomes focused on one figure, usually the primary caregiver.

D) Infants start to lose attachment to their primary caregivers.

65) Amy is a 5-month-old baby girl. She tends to smile and become comfortable when her mother picks her up. However, when she sees an unknown face, she gets upset and cries for her mother. Which of the following phases of Bowlby's conceptualization of attachment is Amy currently in?

A) phase 3

B) phase 1

C) phase 2

D) phase 4

66) According to Bowlby's conceptualization of attachment, how long does phase 1 last?

A) from 10 to 18 months

B) from birth to 2 months

C) from 2 to 7 months

D) from 18 to 24 months

67) According to Bowlby's conceptualization of attachment, which of the following occurs during phase 3?

A) Attachment becomes focused on one figure, usually the primary caregiver, as the baby gradually learns to distinguish familiar from unfamiliar people.

B) Strangers, siblings, and parents are equally likely to elicit smiling or crying from the infant.

C) Children become aware of others' feelings, goals, and plans and begin to take these into account in forming their own actions.

D) With increased locomotor skills, babies actively seek contact with regular caregivers, such as the mother or father.

68) According to Bowlby's conceptualization of attachment, which of the following is the time period for phase 3?

A) from birth to 2 months

B) from 2 to 7 months

C) from 7 to 24 months

D) from 24 months on

69) According to Bowlby's conceptualization of attachment, what is the time period of phase 2?

A) from 2 to 7 months

B) from birth to 2 months

C) from 12 to 24 months

D) from 8 to 12 months

70) Anthony is just starting to crawl and has taken to following his mother around the house. He also lifts his arms up to her when he wants to be picked up. According to Bowlby's conceptualization of attachment, which phase is Anthony currently in?

A) phase 1

B) phase 2

C) phase 4

D) phase 3

71) John Bowlby argued that infants develop a(n) ________ model of attachment.

A) external working

B) internal working

C) external passive

D) internal passive

72) According to John Bowlby, infants' internal working model of attachment includes a simple mental model of the caregiver, their relationship, and the self as

A) being independent.

B) deserving of nurturant care.

C) deserving of constant attention.

D) being helpless.

73) The Strange Situation is an observational measure of infant attachment developed by Mary Ainsworth. It requires the infant to

A) crawl through a dark tunnel with his or her caregiver and a stranger waiting on the other side.

B) move through a series of introductions, separations, and reunions with his or her caregiver and a stranger.

C) experience loud noises in a room with only a stranger present.

D) choose between his or her mother and father in a strange situation.

74) When put on the floor to play, baby Elaine cries as if she wants to be held. When her mother picks her up though, Elaine pushes away with both arms and turns her head away. Mary Ainsworth would say that Elaine is

A) securely attached.

B) insecure avoidant.

C) insecure resistant.

D) insecure disorganized.

75) In the Strange Situation, Latoya basically ignored her mother, was not upset when she left the room, and did not seek her out when she returned. Mary Ainsworth would most likely classify Latoya as being

A) securely attached.

B) insecure avoidant.

C) insecure resistant.

D) insecure antisocial.

76) In the Strange Situation, Jermaine used his mother as a "safe base" as he actively explored the playroom. Mary Ainsworth would most likely classify Jermaine as being

A) securely attached.

B) trusting attached.

C) agape-love attached.

D) solidly attached.

77) In the Strange Situation, Quentin cries mildly when his caregiver departs. However, he is happy upon reunion, and then he continues to explore once the caregiver has returned. He would be classified as being

A) securely attached.

B) insecure disorganized.

C) insecure resistant.

D) insecure avoidant.

78) Diego is in the Strange Situation with his caregiver; he explores the room and examines the toys that have been placed in it. He uses the caregiver as a secure base from which to explore the room. He would be classified as being

A) insecure resistant.

B) insecure avoidant.

C) securely attached.

D) insecure disorganized.

79) Austin is in the Strange Situation and shows strong patterns of avoidance and resistance. He also displays extreme fearfulness around the caregiver. He would be classified as being

A) resistant.

B) avoidant.

C) attached.

D) disorganized.

80) Parker is in the Strange Situation, where he shows little interaction with his caregiver. He isn't distressed upon separation and does not reestablish contact upon reunion. He would be classified as being

A) securely attached.

B) insecure avoidant.

C) insecure resistant.

D) insecure disorganized.

81) Insecure avoidant babies show

A) displeasure by violently reacting to the situation.

B) insecurity by avoiding the caregiver.

C) secure attachment to the caregiver.

D) insecurity by avoiding the stranger.

82) Natalie is in the Strange Situation, and she clings anxiously to her caregiver. She does not explore the playroom. She would most likely be classified as being

A) securely attached.

B) insecure disorganized.

C) insecure resistant.

D) insecure avoidant.

83) According to the Strange Situation created by Mary Ainsworth, which of the following babies would appear disoriented?

A) Tina, a baby who is is securely attached to her caregiver

B) Henry, who is an insecure resistant baby

C) Clara, who is an insecure disorganized baby

D) Tobias, a baby who is insecure and avoidant toward his caregiver

84) Tiara is in the Strange Situation and appears dazed, confused, and fearful. She would most likely be classified as being

A) insecure avoidant.

B) insecure disorganized.

C) insecure resistant.

D) securely attached.

85) Mariposa is in the Strange Situation; she moves freely away from her mother but keeps track of where she is through periodic glances. She would most likely be classified as being

A) insecurely attached.

B) extremely inhibited.

C) securely attached.

D) difficult.

86) In the Strange Situation, Cameron did not explore the playroom, clung to his mother when she was in the room, and was very upset when she left the room. When she returned, he appeared to be ambivalent—wanting to be comforted by his mother but pushing her away when she attempted to do so. Mary Ainsworth would most likely classify Cameron as being

A) securely attached.

B) insecure avoidant.

C) insecure resistant.

D) insecure disorganized.

87) According to critics, the Strange Situation might not be able to capture important differences among infants because

A) it is a controlled, artificial situation.

B) there is too little control of contextual factors in it.

C) its information is biased by observers' impressions.

D) as a measure of attachment, it may be culturally biased.

88) In every culture studied so far, the most common classification of attachment is

A) secure attachment.

B) insecure resistant attachment.

C) disorganized attachment.

D) insecure avoidant attachment.

89) Jeremy is a securely attached infant, while Jason is an insecure infant. Which of the following statements about later functioning for these children is true?

A) There will be no differences in their social functioning by age eight.

B) Jeremy is likely to have more learning difficulties in elementary school than Jason.

C) Jeremy is likely to be more shy and withdrawn than Jason.

D) Jeremy is likely to have more self-confidence than Jason.

90) Andy showed secure attachment as an early infant, and now he is in his early childhood. Which of the following would we expect to see from Andy?

A) increased social competence with peers

B) greater intelligence than his peers

C) increased social anxiety

D) increased aggression with his peers

91) Shoko responds positively to being picked up by others, and when put back down, freely moves away to play. She would most likely be classified as being

A) securely attached.

B) extremely inhibited.

C) difficult.

D) insecurely attached.

92) According to Mary Ainsworth, a(n) ________ infant avoids the mother or is ambivalent toward her, fears strangers, and is upset by minor, everyday separations.

A) extraverted

B) insecurely attached

C) easily adaptable

D) slow-to-warm-up

93) The ________ model involves connections across domains over time that influence developmental pathways and outcomes.

A) internal working

B) external working

C) Strange Situation

D) developmental cascade

94) ________ can include connections between a wide range of biological, cognitive, and socioemotional processes, and also can involve social contexts such as families, peers, schools, and culture.

A) Reciprocal socializations

B) Developmental cascades

C) Secure attachments

D) Scaffolding

95) Jerome Kagan and other developmentalists stress that ________ play a more important role in a child's social competence than the attachment theorists, such as Bowlby and Ainsworth, are willing to acknowledge.

A) the child's genetic characteristics and temperament

B) the quality of parenting and the extra support provided to mothers

C) security of attachment to a primary caregiver and the subsequent experiences of the child

D) maternal care and the diversity of social contexts in which the child participates

96) Carla and Mike are discussing secure attachment in infancy. Carla believes that secure attachment in an infant's life provides an important foundation for psychological development that occurs later in life. She strongly feels that there is enough evidence to support this. However, Mike rejects her view. Which of the following statements, if true, supports Mike's view?

A) Studies have shown that a mother's negative emotional reactions (anger and anxiety) to her infant's crying do not have an effect either on the child's attachment security or on the child's psychological development later in life.

B) It has been proven that social agents and contexts seldom influence an infant's secure attachment and thereby later development.

C) Biologically based factors such as genes and temperament have not been given adequate consideration on how they influence an infant's secure attachment and thereby later development.

D) It has been observed and proven in all cultures that secure attachment is the least common factor to influence an infant's later development.

97) Recent studies found that a disorganized attachment style developed in infancy only when infants had the short version of the serotonin transporter gene, 5-HTTLPR. This gene-environment interaction only occurred when

A) the infants' other-consciousness developed poorly in the first six months after birth.

B) mothers showed a low level of responsiveness toward their infants.

C) maternal nutrition was deficient during the prenatal period.

D) the infants were temperamentally inclined toward negative affectivity.

98) Blanca rarely holds Joey, her baby, and tends to respond to his needs in an angry, irritable fashion. It is most likely that Joey will develop a(n) ________ with his mother.

A) secure attachment

B) insecure avoidant attachment

C) insecure resistant attachment

D) disorganized resistant attachment

99) Carrie is a 19-year-old single mother. She often feels overwhelmed and depressed about her situation and frequently neglects her eight-month-old son and his needs. On several occasions, she has slapped his hand when he reaches for her cell phone. Carrie's baby is most likely to develop a(n) ________ toward her.

A) insecure avoidant attachment

B) insecure disorganized attachment

C) insecure resistant attachment

D) secure attachment

100) When people become parents through pregnancy, adoption, or step-parenting, they face ________ and must adapt.

A) equilibrium

B) disturbance

C) disequilibrium

D) symmetry

101) Which of the following statements is true about the transition to parenthood?

A) All mothers are satisfied with their partners' efforts in parenting.

B) Women do less than an hour of additional work during the transition to parenthood in comparison to 40 minutes for men.

C) Couples agree that babies either bring them closer or move them apart.

D) Research shows that all married couples report an increase in marriage satisfaction after the baby is born.

102) Which of the following is a characteristic of reciprocal socialization?

A) It is bidirectional.

B) It is asynchronous.

C) It is nontransactional.

D) It is harmful to infants.

103) When a mother plays peek-a-boo with her baby, she moves from covering the baby and saying "peek-a-boo" to covering her own eyes and saying it. This illustrates

A) sociability.

B) scaffolding.

C) emotionality.

D) disorganized attachment.

104) Which of the following is the best description of scaffolding?

A) Parents time interactions in such a way that the infant experiences turn taking with the parents.

B) The caregiver and the infant focus on the same object or event.

C) Mothers and their infants interact in a dance-like pattern of closely coordinated actions.

D) The child is presented with a series of introductions, separations, and reunions with the caregiver.

105) Which of the following is a good example of scaffolding?

A) child-directed speech

B) the Strange Situation

C) a game of peek-a-boo

D) social referencing

106) A mother hands her baby a rattle, saying, "Here you are." She then gently takes the rattle away, smiling and saying, "Thank you." She does this repeatedly, letting the baby keep the rattle for several seconds each time and encouraging the baby to offer the rattle. Eventually, the baby takes the rattle, holds it for a few seconds, and then holds it out to her mother and smiles. This is an example of

A) sociability.

B) scaffolding.

C) emotionality.

D) reciprocal socialization.

107) Mary often plays the game peek-a-boo with her baby. Initially, Mary covers her baby and then removes the cover, registering "surprise" at the baby's reappearance. After a time, her baby does the covering and uncovering. This is an example of

A) object permanence.

B) scaffolding.

C) attachment.

D) sociability.

108) Which of the following statements is true about scaffolding?

A) Studies indicate that when adults used explicit scaffolding (encouragement) with 13- and 14-month-old infants, they were twice as likely to engage in helping behavior as were their counterparts who did not receive the scaffolding.

B) A study of disadvantaged families revealed that an intervention designed to enhance maternal scaffolding with infants was linked to lower cognitive skills when the children were 4 years old.

C) Turn taking and games like peek-a-boo seldom reflect the development of joint attention by the caregiver and the infant.

D) Scaffolding discourages parental support in children's efforts; the emphasis is on allowing children to be more skillful by relying only on their own abilities.

109) Which of the following statements regarding paternal caregiving is true?

A) Stay-at-home fathers are rarely satisfied with their marriage.

B) Fathers tend to be ostracized when they take their children to playgrounds.

C) Fathers lack the ability to act as sensitively and responsively as mothers with their infants.

D) Paternal interactions usually center on child-care activities, such as feeding, changing diapers, and bathing.

110) Research on fathers as caregivers indicates that fathers

A) tend to be less nurturing caregivers than mothers.

B) are biologically more suited for a nurturing caregiver role than mothers.

C) typically engage in child-care activities such as feeding or bathing rather than play.

D) interact with their babies in different ways than mothers do regardless of which parent is the primary caregiver.

111) Which of the following best exemplifies the difference between how mothers and fathers interact with their children?

A) Mothers smile more at their children.

B) Fathers engage in more physical play with their children.

C) Mothers express more emotions with their children.

D) Fathers are less affectionate with their children.

112) Ryan is father to an 11-month-old baby boy. He loves spending time with his son when he is back from work. Which of the following activities is he most likely to engage in with his son?

A) peek-a-boo games

B) reciprocal socialization

C) rough-and-tumble play

D) pat-a-cake games

113) The United States currently grants up to ________ weeks of ________ leave for caring for a newborn.

A) 12; unpaid

B) 14; paid

C) 18; paid

D) 18; unpaid

114) The ________ mandated a paid 14-week maternity leave in 1992.

A) United Nations

B) United States

C) European Union

D) WHO

115) One study of two- and three-year-old children revealed that an increase in the number of child-care arrangements the children experienced was linked to a(n)

A) decrease in reciprocal socialization.

B) increase in behavioral problems.

C) increase in prosocial behavior.

D) increase in secure attachment.

116) Carla is writing an article for a women's magazine. The article mainly highlights the child-care policies in different nations. She hopes that one of the beneficial child-care policies in Sweden will also be implemented in the United States in the near future. Which of the following policies is she referring to?

A) inclusion of the father in parental leave

B) provision of low-cost child care

C) inclusion of the extended family in child-care benefits

D) provision of developmentally appropriate child care

117) Which of the following statements about child care and socioeconomic status is true?

A) High-quality child care is available only to those children whose parents are wealthy.

B) Children are more likely to experience poor-quality child care if their parents have few resources.

C) Children staying in day care for longer than 40 hours/week tend to experience depression regardless of the quality of care.

D) There is not enough research on child care and socioeconomic status to be able to make any correlations.

118) The longitudinal study conducted by the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development in 1991 concluded that

A) a majority of the child care in the first three years of life was of very high quality.

B) a child in child care, regardless of the quality, will be more socially incompetent.

C) the home environment is the most important predictor of attachment to caregivers.

D) children who were given high-quality child care performed better on cognitive and language tasks.

119) The results of the study conducted by National Institute of Child Health and Human Development in 1991 indicate that

A) extensive use of day care hurts parent-child relationships.

B) the influence of families and parenting is not weakened by extensive use of day care.

C) a majority of the child care in the first three years of life was of high quality.

D) child-care quality was linked to attachment security at 36 months of age.

120) ________ has been the most consistent predictor of a secure attachment.

A) Genetic predisposition

B) Parental sensitivity

C) Extraversion

D) Uninhibited disposition

121) Baby Tia is crying. Her crying is characterized by the sudden appearance of loud crying without preliminary moaning, followed by breath holding. Identify this type of cry.

122) Ariel is a newborn baby. Her mother notices that she often smiles in her sleep during the first 30 days. Identify the type of smile being described in this scenario.

123) Alicia is a single working mother. Earlier, Alicia's mother used to help care for her baby while she worked. Since her mother passed away, Alicia now has to leave her baby with a neighbor. The neighbor tells Alicia that her baby seldom shows interest in playing with toys or with the other children and gets upset when anyone tries to pick her up or touch her toys. According to Alexander Chess and Stella Thomas, what type of temperament is this baby displaying?

124) Identify the term that refers to the match between a child's temperament and the environmental demands with which the child must cope.

125) Alexa, a cheerful 2-year-old girl, has just been introduced to her neighbor's puppy. She has never played with a puppy before. Therefore, she is excited and anxious to play with it. She looks toward her mom, who gives her a reassuring smile. Alexa then moves forward confidently to pet the puppy. Identify the term used to describe this situation.

126) Name the ethological psychiatrist who believes that both infants and their primary caregivers are biologically predisposed to form attachments.

127) Nicole is in the Strange Situation scenario. She does not play with her caregiver nor does she ask her caregiver to pick her up. When the caregiver leaves the room, Nicole continues to play on her own. Even after the caregiver's return, Nicole continues to play on her own. Based on Nicole's behavior in the Strange Situation, what would she be classified as?

128) Identify a form of reciprocal socialization in which parents time interactions in such a way that the infant experiences turn taking with parents.

129) Socialization between parents and children is not a one-way process. Parents do socialize with children, but socialization in families is bidirectional. Identify the term used to describe this type of socialization.

130) Distinguish between primary emotions and self-conscious or other-conscious emotions. Give an example of each type of emotion.

131) List and describe the three types of cries that have been identified in babies.

132) What are some cultural differences that occur in the emotional experiences of infants?

133) Distinguish between reflexive and social smiles. Explain the role of maternal effort in infant smiling and laughter.

134) What is stranger anxiety, and when does it develop? What is separation protest, and when does it peak?

135) Describe the emotional regulation and coping techniques that infants develop over the initial years.

136) What is temperament? Describe temperament in terms of predispositions toward emotional reactivity and self-regulation.

137) List the three types of temperament as classified by Alexander Chess and Stella Thomas. Explain how a baby with each type might respond to meeting a new person in a new situation.

138) What are the recommended parenting strategies for different children's temperaments?

139) Briefly describe the four phases of attachment as identified by John Bowlby.

140) Describe the three main types of insecurely attached infants.

141) Describe the Strange Situation. What is an important criticism of this method?

142) Explain reciprocal socialization and scaffolding. Explain the importance of scaffolding in infant development.

143) Explain how parents can manage and guide their infants' behaviors in an attempt to reduce or eliminate undesirable behaviors.

144) Explain how the quality and quantity of child care affect children.