Ch8 Socioemotional Development In Middle And Test Bank Docx

Essentials of Life-Span Development, 6e (Santrock)

Chapter 8 Socioemotional Development in Middle and Late Childhood

1) Which of the following statements is true of the development of self-understanding in children?

A) Self-understanding becomes more complex in middle and late childhood.

B) From 8 to 11 years of age, self-understanding is focused on the description of physical characteristics.

C) During the elementary school years, children are less likely to recognize social aspects of the self.

D) Children's self-understanding in the elementary school years includes distinguishing themselves from others in absolute terms.

2) In terms of self-understanding, children in late childhood are more likely than children in early childhood to

A) compare themselves with others.

B) refrain from social comparison.

C) use physical characteristics to describe themselves.

D) use outer states to describe themselves.

3) In the context of emotional and personality development, which of the following is true of perspective taking?

A) It is the social cognitive process involved in assuming the viewpoint of others and understanding their thoughts and feelings.

B) It is referred to as the global evaluative dimension of the self.

C) It is referred to as the domain-specific evaluation of the self.

D) It is the belief that one can master a situation and produce favorable outcomes.

4) In the context of emotional and personality development, identify a true statement about perspective taking.

A) Executive function is at work in perspective taking.

B) Children decrease their perspective taking in middle and late childhood.

C) Perspective taking refers to global evaluations of the self.

D) Perspective taking hinders children's likelihood of understanding and sympathizing with others.

5) In the context of prosocial behavior, which of the following statements is true of perspective taking?

A) It improves children's likelihood of understanding and sympathizing with others when they are distressed or in need.

B) It makes children become less skeptical of others' claims.

C) It is likely to make children engage in more aggressive and oppositional behavior.

D) It plays a minimal role in determining whether children develop prosocial attitudes and behavior.

6) In terms of ________ behavior, taking another's perspective improves children's likelihood of understanding and sympathizing with others when they are distressed or in need.

A) aggressive

B) antisocial

C) atypical

D) prosocial

7) Eight-year-old Trey stands in front of a group of kids and says, "I am smart." Which of the following is the most plausible reaction to this incident?

A) Children 6 years of age are more likely to reject Trey's self-report.

B) Children 9 years of age are more likely to reject Trey's self-report.

C) Children 5-6 years of age are more likely to reject Trey's self-report.

D) Children 10-11 years of age are more likely to accept Trey's self-report.

8) Which of the following terms refers to domain-specific evaluations of the self?

A) self-concept

B) self-esteem

C) self-awareness

D) self-control

9) ________ refers to global evaluations of the self.

A) Self-control

B) Self-concept

C) Self-esteem

D) Self-awareness

10) ________ is also called self-worth or self-image.

A) Self-control

B) Self-esteem

C) Self-efficacy

D) Self-concept

11) Mary thinks that she is a good person. This observation reflects Mary's

A) self-control.

B) self-concept.

C) self-efficacy.

D) self-esteem.

12) When Robert says, "I have brown eyes and black hair," it reflects Robert's

A) self-control.

B) self-concept.

C) self-efficacy.

D) self-esteem.

13) Which of the following statements is true of the consequences of low self-esteem in children?

A) It makes children prone to both prosocial and antisocial actions.

B) It has been implicated in overweight and obesity, anxiety, depression, suicide, and delinquency.

C) It often translates into an arrogant, grandiose, and unwarranted sense of superiority over others.

D) It reflects accurate perceptions of one's self that often match reality.

14) Children with high self-esteem typically

A) become bullies as they grow up.

B) are prone to both prosocial and antisocial actions.

C) tend to be insecurely attached to their parents.

D) have low initiative, which produces uniquely positive outcomes.

15) Which of the following statements is true of children's self-esteem?

A) Children have the highest self-esteem when they perform competently in domains that are important to them.

B) Self-esteem decreases when children face a problem and try to cope with it.

C) Self-esteem increases when children avoid a problem.

D) The straightforward teaching of real skills to children often results in decreased achievement and, thus, in diminished self-esteem.

16) Many of today's children grow up receiving praise for mediocre or even poor performance. What could be a possible consequence of this practice?

A) They tend to undervalue the rewards that aggression can bring.

B) The increased self-esteem produces better school performance.

C) They are increasingly prone to develop antisocial actions.

D) They may have difficulty handling competition and criticism.

17) Children have the highest self-esteem when

A) they are competent in all tasks that are given to them.

B) they perform competently in domains that are important to them.

C) they are extrinsically rewarded by role models.

D) they are encouraged to avoid problems they face rather than cope with them.

18) The belief that one can master a situation and produce favorable outcomes is called

A) self-concept.

B) self-confidence.

C) self-efficacy.

D) self-esteem.

19) According to Albert Bandura, which of the following statements is most likely to be endorsed by students with high self-efficacy?

A) "I think I am better than everyone else."

B) "I wish I could perform well in sports."

C) "I will not be able to do well at this activity."

D) "I know that I will be able to achieve the objective in this class."

20) Students with ________ endorse such statements as "I know that I will be able to learn the material in this class" and "I expect to be able to do well at this activity."

A) high self-efficacy

B) high self-esteem

C) low self-efficacy

D) low self-esteem

21) According to Albert Bandura, which of the following statements is true of self-efficacy?

A) It is a critical factor in whether or not students achieve.

B) It is characterized by deliberate efforts to manage one's behavior, emotions, and thoughts.

C) It is linked to developmental advances in the brain's prefrontal cortex.

D) It refers to global evaluations of the self.

22) Students with ________ for learning may avoid many learning tasks, especially those that are challenging.

A) high self-efficacy

B) diffused self-concept

C) low self-efficacy

D) low self-awareness

23) Which of the following is true of Dale Schunk's findings about students with high self-efficacy?

A) They are less likely than students with low self-efficacy to expend effort on learning tasks.

B) They have an "I cannot" attitude and frequently experience helplessness.

C) They persist longer at learning tasks than students with low self-efficacy.

D) They avoid learning tasks, especially those that are challenging.

24) Darren is an active twelve-year-old boy. When his friend Simon cheats in a game, he tends to get irritated. However, Darren controls his anger and tries explaining to Simon why cheating is bad. Which developmental aspect is Darren displaying in his actions?

A) low self-esteem

B) self-regulation

C) high self-esteem

D) self-efficacy

25) In the context of emotional and personality development in middle and late childhood, which of the following is true of self-regulation?

A) Low self-regulation is linked to a narrowing gap in low-socioeconomic-status children's emotional problems.

B) High self-regulation is linked to higher levels of deviant behavior.

C) It leads to decreased social competence and achievement.

D) It is characterized by deliberate efforts to manage one's behavior, emotions, and thoughts.

26) Erik Erikson's fourth stage of development, which appears during middle and late childhood, is called

A) industry versus inferiority.

B) trust versus mistrust.

C) integrity versus despair.

D) autonomy versus shame and doubt.

27) Julio, a 12-year-old, cannot get his science project to work. In fact, it seems to him that nothing he makes ever works properly. In the context of Erik Erikson's eight stages of human development, Julio is at risk for developing a sense of

A) stagnation.

B) inferiority.

C) shame and doubt.

D) identity diffusion.

28) In the context of the developmental changes in emotions during the middle and late childhood years, who among the following children most likely exhibits the ability to suppress or conceal negative emotional reactions?

A) Chris who has learned to tone down his anger when one of his classmates irritates him

B) Lila who is aware that her sadness today is influenced by her friend moving to another town last week

C) Damian who realizes that achieving something might involve both anxiety and joy

D) Broderick who feels sympathy for a distressed person and experiences vicariously the sadness the distressed person is feeling

29) Which of the following is an aspect of social-emotional learning that the Second Step program focuses on in pre-K?

A) executive function skills

B) problem-solving skills

C) communication skills

D) decision-making skills

30) The floods in the Midwest left 40,000 people homeless, and Keith's family is one of the families affected by the disaster. He is trying to help his son, Judd, cope with the tragedy. In this scenario, which of the following is a recommendation that Keith should follow to help Judd cope with the stress?

A) Keith should allow Judd to retell the details of the event and be patient in listening to him.

B) Keith should discourage Judd from talking about disturbing feelings related to the event.

C) Keith should allow Judd to watch repeated news footage of the tragedy.

D) Keith should encourage discussion of the event with others in front of Judd.

31) Which of the following is an important distinction between a psychiatrist and a psychologist?

A) Unlike a psychiatrist, a psychologist cannot prescribe medication.

B) Unlike a psychiatrist, a psychologist has a medical degree.

C) Unlike a psychiatrist, a psychologist has an undergraduate degree.

D) Unlike a psychiatrist, a psychologist must spend 3 to 4 years as a resident physician.

32) Lawrence Kohlberg studied moral development by

A) identifying the personality type related to high and low self-esteem in children.

B) presenting children with a series of stories in which characters face moral dilemmas.

C) observing children interact with each other when they were in conflict.

D) interviewing families about how they have taught moral principles to their children.

33) Megan bases her moral decisions on fear of punishment. In the context of Kohlberg's levels of moral thinking, Megan is currently in the ________ reasoning level of moral thinking.

A) preconventional

B) conventional

C) interconventional

D) postconventional

34) Tapi believes that all human beings have certain inalienable rights that need to be protected. She believes that the current law in her country that prohibits interracial marriage is unfair and should be changed. In the context of Kohlberg's levels of moral thinking, which of the following describes Tapi's level of moral reasoning?

A) postconventional

B) conventional

C) preconventional

D) universal

35) When asked why she participated with other students in a protest against the treatment of women on her university campus, Kai says that all human beings should have equal rights. According to Kai, the university has rules that are unfair to women; and she is morally against such discriminatory practices. Kai is likely operating at the ________ reasoning level of Lawrence Kohlberg's theory.

A) postconventional

B) conventional

C) unconventional

D) preconventional

36) A person who is arrested for stealing company documents says, "Yes, I did steal the documents, and I am willing to go to jail for it. These documents prove that the company was engaging in a cover-up of the unsafe properties of its chemical. I think the public has a right to know about it." Lawrence Kohlberg would classify this person as using ________ reasoning.

A) conventional

B) unconventional

C) preconventional

D) postconventional

37) Kohlberg emphasized perspective taking and ________ as critical aspects of the social stimulation that challenges children to change their moral reasoning.

A) sibling interaction

B) peer interaction

C) parental influence

D) teacher influence

38) Which of the following statements represents a criticism of Lawrence Kohlberg's theory of moral development?

A) Kohlberg's theory is based on the prevention of suffering of others.

B) Compassion is given too much importance in Kohlberg's theory.

C) There is too much emphasis on moral thought and not enough emphasis on moral behavior.

D) There is no emphasis on the need for justice in matters of morality.

39) In a survey, participants were asked whether buying a stolen television is morally right. More than 80 percent of the respondents said that it is morally wrong. However, 50 percent of the respondents admitted that they would buy the television if guaranteed that they would not be caught. In the context of the scenario, which of the following statements would most likely serve as a criticism for Lawrence Kohlberg's theory on moral development?

A) As people age, their moral reasoning is increasingly based on the application of standards set by others.

B) Moral thinking is an intuitive gut reaction.

C) Purchasing stolen property is an accepted social convention.

D) Moral reasoning can sometimes be a shelter for immoral behavior.

40) Which of the following statements is true of the criticism of Lawrence Kohlberg's theory of moral development?

A) Kohlberg's theory stresses that moral thoughts are essentially unimportant in children's moral development.

B) Kohlberg's approach misses or misconstrues some important moral concepts in specific cultures.

C) Kohlberg's theory puts relationships and concern for others above abstract principles.

D) Kohlberg's approach emphasizes that morality begins with rapid evaluative judgments of others.

41) Which of the following statements reflects Carol Gilligan's criticism of Lawrence Kohlberg's theory of moral development?

A) Kohlberg's theory is based on a male norm that puts abstract principles above relationships and concern for others.

B) Kohlberg's theory sees an individual as a product of a family process and as dependent on the process to make moral decisions.

C) Kohlberg's theory does not capture much of the moral reasoning voiced in various cultures around the world.

D) Kohlberg's theory places too much emphasis on moral behavior and not enough emphasis on moral thought.

42) Identify a true statement about Carol Gilligan's criticism of Lawrence Kohlberg's theory of moral development.

A) Kohlberg's theory puts too much emphasis on interpersonal communication.

B) Kohlberg's theory views people in terms of their connectedness with others.

C) Kohlberg's theory takes a care perspective with regard to moral development.

D) Kohlberg's theory puts justice at the heart of morality.

43) In contrast with Kohlberg's theory, Gilligan argues for a(n) ________ perspective, which views people in terms of their connectedness with others and emphasizes interpersonal communication, relationships with others, and concern for others.

A) justice

B) care

C) nonegocentric

D) egocentric

44) With regard to morality, Nasrin believes that the focus should be on abstract principles rather than on relationships and concern for others. Therefore, she has a(n) ________ perspective on morality.

A) prosocial

B) care

C) justice

D) unconventional

45) Fernando does not cut in line, raises his hand in class before talking, and stops his car at stop signs on the road. He focuses on rules that have been established by social consensus in order to control behavior and maintain the social system. Which of the following best describes Fernando's reasoning?

A) prosocial reasoning

B) social order reasoning

C) social consensus reasoning

D) social conventional reasoning

46) In the context of domain theory, which of the following scenarios best represents social conventional reasoning?

A) Sheila raising her hand before speaking in class

B) Monica providing the airport staff with her passport before boarding her flight

C) Damian undergoing a medical test before donating blood to another person

D) Mathew punishing his son for lying

47) In the context of domain theory, moral rules are widely accepted, somewhat impersonal, and

A) arbitrary.

B) obligatory.

C) only applicable to certain individuals.

D) subject to change by social consensus.

48) Children's sharing comes to reflect a more complex sense of what is just and right during

A) middle and late infancy.

B) late infancy.

C) middle and late childhood.

D) early adolescence.

49) It is common to hear children start using the word fair as a synonym for equal or same starting at around ________ years of age.

A) four

B) six

C) eight

D) ten

50) Broad categories that reflect general impressions and beliefs about males and females, such as "boys play with trucks and girls play with dolls," are known as gender

A) identities.

B) constancies.

C) stereotypes.

D) roles.

51) Tamara often tells her daughter that a well-adjusted girl is supposed to be dependent, nurturing, and uninterested in power. She also believes that girls should learn to cook and take care of the household. Tamara's notion reflects

A) gender stereotypes.

B) gender constancies.

C) gender identities.

D) gender schemas.

52) One area of math in which boys are found to be better at is

A) advanced calculus.

B) numeracy skills.

C) visuospatial skills.

D) computation skills.

53) According to research studies, in which of the following areas do girls exhibit better skills than boys?

A) visuospatial skills

B) verbal skills

C) physical skills

D) mathematical skills

54) Males report experiencing and expressing more ________ than do females.

A) joy

B) fear

C) anger

D) shame

55) Across childhood and adolescence, research suggests that

A) females engage in more prosocial behavior than males do.

B) males engage in more prosocial behavior than females do.

C) girls are likely to be more aggressive than boys.

D) boys are better at reading and writing than girls.

56) Which of the following statements is true of the developmental changes in parent-child relationships?

A) As children move into the middle and late childhood years, parents spend considerably less time with them.

B) Parents play a minimal role in supporting children's academic achievement in middle and late childhood.

C) Fathers are more likely than mothers to engage in a managerial role in parenting.

D) Family management practices are positively related to school-related problems.

57) Middle childhood is a period in which some control is transferred from parent to child. This process is gradual and produces

A) deregulation.

B) socioregulation.

C) coregulation.

D) bioregulation.

58) Which of the following is a key developmental task as children move toward autonomy?

A) regulating to have complete control over their own lives

B) learning to relate to adults outside the family on a regular basis

C) learning to live with deprivation of privileges

D) exercising supervision and control of younger siblings

59) In the context of developmental changes in parent-child relationships, which of the following is true of family management practices?

A) They are positively related to students' grades.

B) They are positively related to school-related problems.

C) They are negatively related to students' self-responsibility.

D) Fathers are more likely than mothers to engage in a managerial role in parenting.

60) Angie's mother allows her to schedule her study and relaxation time on her own and, in turn, expects Angie to continue doing well in school and to discuss her activities ahead of time. Her mother frequently checks on her school progress and talks to her about her problems and her social life. In this context, Angie's mother's approach to parent-child relationships is most likely to be a process of

A) boundary ambiguity.

B) latchkey control.

C) unilateral control.

D) coregulation.

61) In the context of parent-child relationships, the major shift to autonomy with regard to children does not occur until about age ________ or later.

A) nine

B) sixteen

C) twelve

D) five

62) Only ________ of stepfamily couples stay remarried.

A) one-fourth

B) one-third

C) one-half

D) three-fourths

63) Which of the following statements is true of stepfamilies?

A) Most stepfamilies are preceded by divorce rather than death of a spouse.

B) Stepfamilies include far more infants or preschool children than elementary and secondary school children.

C) The histories and multiple relationships involved in stepfamilies make adjustment between the couples simpler.

D) In stepmother families, the mother typically has custody of the children and remarries, introducing a stepfather into her children's lives.

64) An analysis of stepfamilies found that ________ percent of children in stepfamilies show adjustment problems.

A) fifty

B) forty

C) twenty-five

D) twenty

65) Erica, who has two children, marries Wayne. Wayne has a daughter from his previous marriage. After the union, their family will be considered a ________ stepfamily.

A) complex

B) segregated

C) simple

D) mixed

66) Peer competence in middle and late childhood has been linked to

A) better satisfaction in marriage in early adulthood.

B) less depression in middle adulthood.

C) better job performance in middle adulthood.

D) better relationships with coworkers in early adulthood.

67) Which of the following statements is true of peer groups and peer interactions in middle and late childhood?

A) Children in middle and late childhood spend approximately thirty percent of their time with peers.

B) The size of the peer group decreases with the age of the child.

C) Children under twelve years of age prefer mixed-sex peer groups to same-sex peer groups.

D) As children move through middle and late childhood, peer interaction is more closely supervised by adults.

68) The extent to which children are liked or disliked by their peer group is called their ________ status.

A) psychometric

B) socioeconomic

C) popularity

D) sociometric

69) According to developmentalists, which of the following is a peer status among children?

A) gifted children

B) neglected children

C) homeschooled children

D) conforming children

70) Benjamin, a student, sits at the back of the classroom. Only few children in the class know his name. He does not have any best friends, but he is not disliked by his classmates. Which of the following is Benjamin's probable peer status?

A) popular

B) neglected

C) rejected

D) controversial

71) Most of Blanca's classmates call her a "bully," and many say that they "don't like her at all." Only few children consider her to be a friend. Which of the following is Blanca's probable peer status?

A) popular

B) neglected

C) rejected

D) controversial

72) In the context of peer statuses, ________ children give out reinforcements, listen carefully, maintain open lines of communication with peers, are happy, control their negative emotions, act like themselves, show enthusiasm and concern for others, and are self-confident without being conceited.

A) rejected

B) controversial

C) average

D) popular

73) Anthony is rarely nominated as someone's best friend. He is actively disliked by many children in his class. In the context of peer statuses, Anthony would be classified as a(n) ________ child.

A) controversial

B) rejected

C) neglected

D) average

74) Gavin is rarely nominated as a best friend, but his peers don't dislike him. In the context of peer statuses, Gavin would be classified as a(n) ________ child.

A) controversial

B) rejected

C) neglected

D) average

75) In the context of the five peer statuses distinguished by developmentalists, ________ are frequently nominated both as someone's best friend and as being disliked.

A) controversial children

B) average children

C) neglected children

D) rejected children

76) According to John Coie, which of the following is a reason why aggressive, peer-rejected boys have problems in social relationships?

A) They are more impulsive and have problems sustaining attention.

B) They are less emotionally reactive.

C) They receive an average number of both positive and negative nominations from their peers.

D) They are unappreciated by their parents and teachers.

77) How can rejected children be trained to interact more effectively with their peers?

A) They should be kept isolated from their peers to prevent aggressive outbursts.

B) They should be taught to more accurately assess whether the intentions of their peers are negative.

C) They should be taught to stay away from their peers in order to prevent confrontations.

D) They should be subjected to corporal punishment whenever they exhibit aggressive behavior toward their peers.

78) An aggressive boy's interpretation of an encounter as hostile and his classmates' perception of his behavior as inappropriate are examples of ________ in behavior development.

A) stereotyping

B) cognitive dissonance

C) cultural bias

D) social cognition

79) According to Kenneth Dodge, aggressive boys are more likely to perceive another child's actions as hostile when

A) their self-esteem is challenged.

B) the child's intention is ambiguous.

C) their aggressive responses can be exercised discreetly.

D) the child presents himself or herself as a weak and gullible victim.

80) Unlike nonaggressive children, when aggressive boys search for cues to determine a peer's intention, they respond more

A) rapidly.

B) efficiently.

C) reflectively.

D) thoughtfully.

81) Which of the following statements is true of bullying in the social context of a peer group?

A) Frequent bullying is linked to high social status as indexed by perceived popularity in the peer group.

B) Bullies are usually rejected by their peer group.

C) Classmates of bullying victims are usually unaware of bullying incidents.

D) Bullies avoid tormenting victims in front of their peers.

82) Which of the following types of bullying is experienced more frequently by boys than girls?

A) subject of sexual comments or gestures

B) subject of rumors

C) belittled about religion or race

D) belittled about looks or speech

83) According to meta-analyses, which of the following statements is true of traditional bullying and cyberbullying?

A) Traditional bullying occurs twice as much as cyberbullying does.

B) Cyberbullying is more strongly associated with suicidal ideation than traditional bullying is.

C) Those who engage in cyberbullying are unlikely to engage in traditional bullying.

D) Adolescents experiencing social and emotional difficulties are more likely to be traditionally bullied than to be cyberbullied.

84) Which of the following is true of bullying?

A) One of the most effective interventions focuses on reducing opportunities and rewards for bullying.

B) Frequent bullying is linked to low social status as indexed by perceived popularity in the peer group.

C) A recent meta-analysis indicates that positive parenting behavior is related to a greater likelihood of becoming a victim of bullying at school.

D) Children who are bullied are more likely to have low grades and to smoke cigarettes and drink alcohol.

85) In the context of children's development, identify a true statement about friendship.

A) Like adult friendships, children's friendships are characterized by dissimilarity.

B) Throughout childhood, friends are more similar than dissimilar in terms of age, sex, race, and many other factors.

C) Friends often have dissimilar attitudes toward school and educational aspirations.

D) It is often developmentally beneficial to have coercive and conflict-ridden friendships.

86) Popular children

A) are infrequently nominated as someone's best friend and are actively disliked by their peers.

B) are infrequently nominated as a best friend but are not disliked by their peers.

C) receive an average number of both positive and negative nominations from their peers.

D) are frequently nominated as a best friend and are rarely disliked by their peers.

87) In the context of children's development, which of the following is true of children's friendships?

A) Throughout childhood, friends are more dissimilar than similar in terms of sex.

B) Friends usually have different achievement orientations.

C) Children's friendships are typically characterized by similarity.

D) Children's friendships are all typically alike.

88) Dan Olweus's bullying intervention program focuses on

A) skill training victims of bullying in self-defense and assertion techniques.

B) decreasing opportunities and rewards for bullying.

C) moving victims of bullying to a different classroom where they feel safer.

D) ostracizing bullies and empowering victims of bullying.

89) Johnny says he likes his best friend, Andy, because he is fun and talks about interesting things. Johnny also says that Andy encourages him to do his best and comforts him when he fails. Which of the following functions of children's friendships is Johnny most likely describing?

A) stimulation and ego support

B) companionship and social comparison

C) physical support and intimacy/affection

D) social comparison and intimacy/affection

90) In the context of children's friendships, which of the following represents the function of social comparison served by friendship?

A) Friendship provides children with interesting information, excitement, and amusement.

B) Friendship provides information about where a child stands vis-à-vis others and whether the child is doing okay.

C) Friendship provides resources and assistance.

D) Friendship provides children with a warm, close, and trusting relationship with another individual.

91) Ten-year-old Jose finds that he needs to talk to Richard, his friend, in order to know whether his feelings about his own brothers and sisters are normal. Which friendship function does Richard provide in this case?

A) companionship

B) ego support

C) social comparison

D) intimacy/affection

92) Which of the following functions of friendship involves providing resources and assistance?

A) physical support

B) affection and intimacy

C) ego support

D) social comparison

93) Which of the following functions of friendship involves providing encouragement and feedback, thus allowing children to maintain an impression of themselves as competent, attractive, and worthwhile individuals?

A) physical support

B) affection and intimacy

C) social comparison

D) ego support

94) Which of the following functions of friendship involves providing interesting information, excitement, and amusement?

A) physical support

B) stimulation

C) social comparison

D) ego support

95) ________ is characterized by self-disclosure and the sharing of private thoughts.

A) Ego support

B) Intimacy in friendships

C) Physical support

D) Social comparison

96) The belief that children should be encouraged to explore their world and discover knowledge with the guidance and support of teachers is central to the ________ approach to learning.

A) constructivist

B) social cognitive

C) direct instruction

D) collaborative

97) Mr. Trahan teaches English. He adopts a constructivist approach to learning. In his classroom, it is most likely that the students will be

A) working in groups to discover the meaning of a poem.

B) passively learning relevant information about a poem from Mr. Trahan.

C) memorizing the names of all of Shakespeare's plays.

D) learning aspects of a play without the guidance of Mr. Trahan.

98) Educational experts agree that students with a disability in reading or writing will do best in a ________ approach.

A) direct instruction

B) peer-led discussion

C) constructivist

D) group discussion

99) Unlike the constructivist approach to instruction, the direct instruction approach

A) is a structured, teacher-centered approach that is characterized by high teacher expectations for students' progress.

B) is a learner-centered approach that emphasizes the importance of individuals actively constructing their knowledge and understanding with guidance from a teacher.

C) emphasizes active learning and adequately challenges children to think in critical and creative ways.

D) is characterized by maximum time spent by students on nonacademic tasks.

100) Karius, a school teacher, is an advocate of the constructivist approach to instruction. Given this information, it can be said that Karius is most likely to

A) encourage children to work with each other in their efforts to know and understand.

B) simply pour information into children's minds.

C) encourage children to rotely memorize irrelevant as well as relevant information.

D) direct and control children and also encourage them to spend maximum time on academic tasks.

101) What is the result of the public and government demand for increased accountability from schools?

A) the spread of state-mandated testing to measure just what students had or had not learned

B) the inclusion of government evaluators for academic curricula

C) the separation of academic responsibilities into private coaching and government assessment

D) the inclusion of new legislation for the assessment of teaching and supporting staff in schools

102) According to the advocates of state-mandated testing, which of the following results are believed to be positive outcomes of the testing?

A) increased emphasis on the education of gifted students

B) increased student performance and more time teaching subjects tested

C) a holistic approach to testing a student's social skills, flexible thinking, and creativity

D) integration of all learning styles and teaching styles into the curricula

103) In the context of accountability from schools, which of the following is a criticism of state-wide standardized testing in schools?

A) Teachers spend less time teaching the subjects that are tested.

B) Teachers end up spending far too much class time focusing on the development of thinking skills.

C) Students feel pressurized to achieve high test scores as high expectations are placed on them.

D) Using a single test as the sole indicator of students' progress and competence presents a very narrow view of students' skills.

104) Identify a true statement about schools in low-income areas.

A) They are less likely to have young teachers with less experience.

B) They are less likely to encourage rote learning.

C) They are likely to have more students with low achievement test scores.

D) They are likely to be conducive to effective learning.

105) Which of the following is true of schools in low-income areas?

A) They have higher attendance compared with schools in high-income areas.

B) Federal and state governments actively participate in the facilitation and assessment of the curricula.

C) They have very high graduation rates.

D) Teaching is more likely to encourage rote learning.

106) Identify a true statement about the criticism of the No Child Left Behind (NCLB) legislation.

A) Under the NCLB legislation, teachers end up spending far too much class time focusing on the development of thinking skills.

B) The tests used as part of NCLB do not create high expectations for all students.

C) Under the NCLB legislation, gifted students might be neglected in an effort to raise the achievement level of students who are not doing well.

D) The NCLB legislation has neglected identification of poorly performing schools, teachers, and administrators.

107) Which of the following is linked to the poor performance of American children in math and science as compared to Asian children?

A) Asian teachers spend less time teaching math than American teachers do.

B) Asian parents have much lower expectations for their children's education and achievement than American parents do.

C) American parents are more likely to say that their children's math achievement is the consequence of effort and training.

D) American parents are more likely to believe that their children's math achievement is due to innate ability.

108) Which of the following is a strategy for improving relationships among ethnically diverse students in schools?

A) reducing bias by refraining from displaying images of children from diverse ethnic and cultural groups in classrooms

B) avoiding sharing one's worries, successes, failures, coping strategies, interests, and other personal information with people of other ethnicities

C) placing students from different cultural backgrounds in a cooperative group in which they have to construct different parts of a project to reach a common goal

D) encouraging students to look at others as members of a homogeneous group rather than as individuals

109) Carol Dweck defines the cognitive view individuals develop for themselves as

A) self-efficacy.

B) metacognition.

C) mindset.

D) mind map.

110) Carol Dweck (2006) concluded that individuals have one of two mindsets, namely fixed mindset and ________ mindset.

A) variable

B) growth

C) open

D) apathetic

111) Individuals with a(n) ________ mindset believe their qualities can change and improve through their own effort.

A) variable

B) apathetic

C) open

D) growth

112) Karen believes that her qualities and learning abilities cannot change despite all her efforts. Therefore, she has decided not to try at all and let her grades plummet. In the context of Carol Dweck's description of mindsets, which of the following best describes Karen's mindset?

A) variable mindset

B) apathetic mindset

C) fixed mindset

D) growth mindset

113) According to Carol Dweck, which of the following is true of a growth mindset?

A) Children with a growth mindset believe that their qualities cannot change.

B) Students from lower-income families are more likely to have a growth mindset than their counterparts from wealthier families.

C) Recent research indicates that many parents and teachers with growth mindsets always instill them in children and adolescents.

D) Teachers can increase adolescents' growth mindset by functioning as a partner with them in the learning process.

114) Which of the following is a recommendation offered by Eva Pomerantz for parents who want to increase the motivation of their children and adolescents to do well in school?

A) Parents should realize that children's and adolescents' abilities are not fixed and can change.

B) Parents should avoid getting involved in their children's and adolescents' academic life often.

C) Parents should understand that all children and adolescents are similar.

D) Parents should follow an authoritarian style of parenting to produce emotional stability in their children and adolescents.

115) Identify the social cognitive theorist who stated that self-efficacy is a critical factor in whether or not students achieve.

116) Identify the psychosocial theorist who proposed that there are eight stages of human development. The fourth stage, industry versus inferiority, appears during middle and late childhood.

117) Identify the theorist who criticized Kohlberg's theory of moral development and argued that it reflects a gender bias. He or she proposed an alternative perspective that emphasizes connectedness with others.

118) What is the term for the belief that one can master a situation and produce favorable outcomes?

119) Identify the third level of Lawrence Kohlberg's theory of moral reasoning. At this (the highest) level, morality is more internal.

120) Identify the peer status held by children who are infrequently nominated as someone's best friend and are actively disliked by peers.

121) What is the term for a structured, teacher-centered approach to instruction that is oriented toward the goal of maximizing student learning time?

122) Leilani is in a class where the teacher emphasizes learning through things such as drama productions, team activities, and a variety of other activities. The class works in cooperative groups for history reports and science projects. Identify the teaching style that Leilani's teacher is utilizing.

123) What according to Carol Dweck is the term for a cognitive view that individuals develop for themselves?

124) How does the development of self-understanding change from middle to late childhood? Illustrate your answer with examples.

125) Distinguish between self-esteem and self-concept.

126) Define self-efficacy. How do children with low self-efficacy for learning differ from children with high self-efficacy for learning?

127) List and describe the levels of Lawrence Kohlberg's theory of moral development.

128) Distinguish between the constructivist and direct instruction approaches to student learning.

129) List three possible problems associated with state-mandated testing in schools, which became national policy in 2002 when the No Child Left Behind (NCLB) legislation was signed into law.

130) How do schools in low-income areas compare with those in high-income areas?

131) Mrs. Collins is a teacher who needs to develop a strategy for improving relations among ethnically diverse students. List some strategies that she may employ to obtain positive results.

132) When analyzing the performance of American students with that of students in selected Asian countries, what differences did Stevenson and his colleagues observe between the Asian and American parents?

133) Distinguish between the two types of mindsets as described by Carol Dweck.