Ch.51 The Reproductive System Test Bank Docx 12th Edition

Biology, 12e (Raven)

Chapter 51 The Reproductive System

1) What is the primary means of reproduction among the protists, cnidaria, and tunicates?

A) asexual reproduction

B) sexual reproduction

C) asynchronous reproduction

D) hermaphroditic reproduction

2) Terrestrial vertebrates and some fish evolved a form of fertilization in which the male gametes are introduced into the female reproductive tract. What is this called?

A) synchronous fertilization

B) external fertilization

C) internal fertilization

D) asexual fertilization

3) Internally fertilized organisms can either be born alive, or emerge from what structures?

A) follicles

B) ducts

C) capsules

D) eggs

4) Some internally fertilized eggs develop and hatch outside the mother's body. What is this developmental strategy called?

A) oviparity

B) placental development

C) marsupial development

D) vivipary

5) What was the most important adaptation of the reptiles and birds to life on land?

A) the shelled egg

B) the amniotic egg

C) the external egg

D) the impermeable egg

6) The immotile sperm develop motility in about 18 hours after arriving at the long, coiled tube called the

A) vas deferens

B) seminiferous tubules

C) epididymis

D) testis

7) In females at puberty, what cells begin to secrete the major female sex hormone estradiol?

A) oocyte cells

B) corpus luteum

C) follicle cells

D) granulosa cells

8) What kind of oocyte is released from the ovary at ovulation?

A) primary

B) germinal

C) secondary

D) ovum

9) In males, sterilization involves a vasectomy, which removes a portion of what structure?

A) vas deferens

B) epididymis

C) seminiferous tubules

D) Sertoli cells

10) What term describes avoidance of reproduction without giving up sexual intercourse?

A) abstinence

B) the rhythm method

C) asexual reproduction

D) contraception

11) What stimulates ovulation?

A) Estradiol

B) FSH

C) LH

D) Testosterone

E) Progesterone

12) What stimulates spermatogenesis?

A) Estradiol

B) FSH

C) LH

D) Testosterone

E) Progesterone

13) What stimulates secretion of testosterone by Leydig cells?

A) Estradiol

B) FSH

C) LH

D) Testosterone

E) Progesterone

14) What stimulates growth of ovarian follicles?

A) Estradiol

B) FSH

C) LH

D) Progesterone

E) Testosterone

15) What completes the preparation of the uterus for pregnancy?

A) FSH

B) LH

C) Testosterone

D) Progesterone

E) Prolactin

16) What initiates the monthly preparation of the uterus for pregnancy?

A) Estradiol

B) Testosterone

C) Progesterone

D) Prolactin

E) Oxytocin

17) What are the only mammals that lay eggs?

A) monotremes

B) placentals

C) marsupials

D) there are no egg-laying mammals

18) In humans, which embryonic tissues are "indifferent"?

A) the vertebral column

B) the brain stem

C) the adrenal gland

D) the spinal cord

E) the gonads

19) What mammals retain their young for a long period of development within the mother's uterus?

A) monotremes

B) placentals

C) marsupials

D) no mammals retain their young within the female 

20) An adult male produces sperm continuously by meiotic division of cells lining what structure?

A) Malpighian tubules

B) Fallopian tubules

C) seminiferous tubules

D) epididymis tubules

E) vas deferens tubules

21) What process is absent in mammals with an estrous cycle?

A) oogenesis

B) homeostasis

C) ovulation

D) menstruation

E) placenta formation

22) Ovulation occurs by a surge in the secretion of what hormone?

A) estrogen hormone

B) luteinizing hormone

C) follicle stimulation hormone

D) progesterone hormone

E) hCG hormone

23) What hormone is tested for in pregnancy tests?

A) estrogen hormone

B) luteinizing hormone

C) follicle stimulation hormone

D) progesterone hormone

E) hCG hormone

24) What caused intense selective pressure for terrestrial vertebrates to evolve internal fertilization?

A) The eggs are too small for the males to find and fertilize.

B) The gametes could not be released next to each other, as they would soon dry up.

C) There is no mechanism for eggs and sperm to find one another.

D) Terrestrial organisms only produce small quantities of gametes.

E) Gametes and zygotes are vulnerable to predators.

25) What is the term for organisms in which internally-fertilized eggs are laid to develop and hatch outside the mother's body?

A) placental

B) viviparous

C) oviparous

D) marsupial

E) ovoviviparous

26) Ovoviviparity is found in

A) reptiles.

B) birds.

C) mammals.

D) mollies and guppies.

E) marsupials.

27) Which of the following statements is true of reptiles?

A) Eggs undergo external fertilization.

B) Sperm are released in the vicinity of the female.

C) Eggs have an amnion and a chorion.

D) Larvae become adults by metamorphosis.

E) Embryonic and fetal development in all species is only by oviparity.

28) Which is a correct statement about reptile reproduction compared to bird reproduction?

A) Birds are oviparous, reptiles are ovoviviparous.

B) Both newly hatched birds and reptiles require parental care.

C) Both exhibit external fertilization.

D) The eggs of both birds and reptiles have protective shells.

E) Male or female reptiles reproduce asexually; birds do not.

29) What describes marsupial embryos?

A) They are born fully developed.

B) They are born highly underdeveloped.

C) They hatch from an internal egg.

D) They hatch from an externally laid egg.

E) They are nourished by the placenta.

30) What describes placental mammalian embryos?

A) They are born immediately after fertilization.

B) They develop inside a leathery shell.

C) They complete development in a pouch.

D) They hatch from an internal egg.

E) They are totally dependent on the mother for complete development.

31) The scrotum is a sac-like structure outside the abdomen in which the testes are suspended. Why is this structure essential?

A) Sperm must be closer to the penis to be ejaculated.

B) There is not enough space in the abdomen to grow properly.

C) Lower temperature is required for normal development of sperm.

D) There is too much hormonal influence if they remain in the abdomen.

32) The sperm head encloses a compact nucleus and is capped by a vesicle called what?

A) Sertoli cell

B) flagellum

C) acrosome

D) vas deferens

E) epididymis

33) Which is a correct description of hormone action?

A) FSH stimulates Leydig cells in the testes.

B) LH stimulates Sertoli cells in the testes.

C) Testosterone stimulates corpus luteum.

D) GnRH stimulates the anterior pituitary gland.

E) Testosterone regulates LH and FSH in a positive feedback loop.

34) What are attributes of oral contraceptives? (Check all that apply.)

A) They contain a progesterone and sometimes an estrogen analogue.

B) The progesterone is in the 21-day pills, and the estrogen is in the 7-day pills.

C) They help protect against ovarian and endometrial cancer.

D) They are appropriate for use by smokers over age 35.

E) They have a low failure rate of only 1 to 5% a year.

F) They act by inhibiting LH and FSH secretion, inhibiting ovulation.

35) Select the correct sequence of events of the human menstrual phase, beginning and ending with the menstrual cycle.

A) menstrual phase → proliferative phase → ovulation → secretory phase → menstrual phase

B) menstrual phase → ovulation → secretory phase → proliferative phase → menstrual phase

C) menstrual phase → secretory phase → proliferative phase → ovulation → menstrual phase

D) menstrual phase → proliferative phase → secretory phase → ovulation → menstrual phase

36) The uterine lining proliferates during the female cycle and then sloughs off in what process?

A) implantation

B) fertilization

C) menstruation

D) ovulation

E) placentation

37) Where does normal fertilization of an egg by a sperm in a human female occur?

A) at the ovary upon ovulation

B) in the uterus after the egg has implanted

C) in the uterus before the egg has implanted

D) near the cervix before the egg leaves the female

E) in the Fallopian tube

38) Select the correct statement regarding the human female reproductive system.

A) The ovarian fimbria is the functional unit of the ovary.

B) The granulosa cells secrete testosterone, which triggers menarche.

C) The Fallopian tubes transport ova from the ovary to the uterus.

D) The cervix contains corpora cavernosa tissue, which is a type of erectile tissue.

E) The uterus is lined with granulosa cells.

39) Select the correct pair of statements about FSH and LH function.

A) In males, FSH stimulates spermatogenesis and LH stimulates Leydig cells to secrete testosterone.

In females, FSH stimulates growth of follicles and LH stimulates ovulation and development of the corpus luteum.

B) In males, FSH stimulates spermatogenesis and LH stimulates Leydig cells to secrete testosterone.

In females, FSH stimulates ovulation and development of the corpus luteum and LH stimulates growth of follicles.

C) In males, FSH stimulates Leydig cells to secrete testosterone and LH stimulates spermatogenesis.

In females, FSH stimulates growth of follicles and LH stimulates ovulation and development of the corpus luteum.

D) In males, FSH stimulates Leydig cells to secrete testosterone and LH stimulates spermatogenesis.

In females, FSH stimulates ovulation and development of the corpus luteum and LH stimulates growth of follicles.

40) How do birth control pills prevent fertilization?

A) They alter the uterine environment so that sperm cannot survive.

B) They prevent follicle development and ovulation.

C) The provide hCG, indicating that fertilization has already occurred.

D) They inhibit menstruation.

E) They prevent implantation.

41) What is the most commonly employed form of birth control in the United States?

A) abstinence

B) prevention of ovulation by hormonal inhibition

C) sperm blockage with condoms

D) sterilization

E) prevention of embryo implantation with IUD

42) What is an important benefit of using condoms?

A) They prevent prostate cancer.

B) They have a failure rate of only 1%.

C) They can help prevent osteoporosis.

D) They help protect against STDs.

43) There are numerous fish genera that have individuals that can change their sex during their lifetime. What is this called?

A) sequential hermaphroditism

B) sequential sex determination

C) sequential parthenogenesis

D) sequential production of gametes

E) sequential fertilization

44) Vertebrates that practice internal fertilization employ three strategies for embryonic and fetal development. In one strategy, the female retains the eggs within her body and the young are fully developed when they hatch inside of her. What is this called?

A) oviparity

B) ovoviviparity

C) viviparity

D) protogyny

E) protandry

45) Vertebrates that practice internal fertilization employ three strategies for embryonic and fetal development. In one strategy, the female retains the young which develop and obtain nourishment from the female's blood. What is this called?

A) oviparity

B) ovoviviparity

C) viviparity

D) protogyny

E) protandry

46) You notice that in your aquarium, previously full of undoubtedly male fish, one is laying eggs. Upon a bit of research, you find out that the species of fish you purchased is a sequential hermaphrodite. Which of the following is true?

A) One of the male fish underwent protandry and became a female.

B) One of the male fish fertilized its own eggs.

C) Since the fish are hermaphrodites, one of the male fish laid eggs and another will likely fertilize them.

D) The fish have parthenogenesis, therefore their eggs do not have to be fertilized to be viable.

E) The fish have protogyny, which allows the males to lay eggs.

47) Which of the following determines genetic sex (male or female) in mammals?

A) the Y chromosome contained in the egg

B) the SRY gene on the Y chromosome

C) the temperature of the developing fetus

D) the genetic makeup of the parents

E) the acrosome of the sperm

48) There are exceptions to the general rule that amphibians lay eggs that develop in the water. These exceptions show extreme variation but they do have one thing in common. What is it?

A) They all develop in some sort of pouch.

B) They all develop in desert environments.

C) They all develop in habitats with adequate humidity.

D) They all develop in a camouflaged environment.

E) They all develop more slowly than eggs developed in water.

49) Why did internal fertilization likely evolve?

A) To increase the chances of successful fertilization.

B) As a response to copulation.

C) Because there were no safe places to lay eggs.

D) As an adaptation to life in a terrestrial environment.

50) Choose the correct statement regarding estrous and menstrual cycles.

A) Animals with estrous cycles are sexually receptive only when they are ovulating.

B) Menstrual cycles are longer than estrous cycles.

C) Copulation can only occur during ovulation in the menstrual cycle.

D) The lining of the uterus is shed during menstruation and estrous.

E) Ovulation only occurs in animals with a menstrual cycle.

51) Which of the following have young which feed on milk?

A) marsupials

B) monotremes

C) placental mammals

D) placental mammals and marsupials

E) placental mammals, marsupials, and monotremes

52) According to the figure, what is occurring during day 2?

A) ovulation

B) release of corpus luteum

C) menstruation

D) luteal regression

E) copulation

53) According to the figure, what is a likely day of implantation?

A) Day 3

B) Day 27

C) Day 13

D) Day 21

E) Day 7

54) According to the figure, what is the only hormone that doesn't peak during ovulation?

A) progesterone

B) FSH

C) LH

D) estrogen

E) all female reproductive hormones peak at ovulation

55) Which hormone prevents the corpus luteum from degenerating?

A) LH

B) FSH

C) hCG

D) progesterone

E) estrogen

56) Even if utilized properly, what is the least effective means of birth control?

A) oral contraceptive

B) condom

C) foam

D) IUD

E) implant

Choose the letter of the best match from the following:

A. birth control pill

B. intrauterine device

C. diaphragm

D. foams and jellies

E. vasectomy

57) Sperm blockage.

58) Sperm destruction.

59) Prevention of egg maturation and ovulation.

60) Surgical intervention.

61) Prevention of embryo implantation.

62) If a mutant organism used mitosis to produce gametes, what would be the result of mating with a wildtype partner?

A) Progeny would be quadraploid, and almost certainly nonviable.

B) Progeny would be triploid, and almost certainly nonviable.

C) Progeny would be normal -- this is a common occurrence in some phyla.

D) The resulting progeny would be identical twins.

63) If you discovered a new colonial organism living deep on the sea floor, how could you determine whether it reproduced sexually or asexually? (Check all that apply)

A) Compare DNA to see if nearby individuals are identical.

B) Compare morphology to see if nearby individuals are identical.

C) Look for external buds still attached to the parent.

D) Look for a coelom.

E) Look for gonads with mitotic figures and embryos.

F) Look for gonads with meiotic figures and gametes.

64) You have discovered a new invertebrate species that is slow-moving and widely dispersed. What might you predict about its reproductive system?

A) Males are likely to be smaller than females.

B) Females are likely to be smaller than males.

C) It is likely to use internal fertilization and brood care.

D) It is likely to be hermaphroditic.

65) Your friend is an amateur aquarist learning to breed clownfish. She had one successful clutch of eggs, and moved the mother and fry with their anemone to a separate tank leaving only male fish behind. Now, she is surprised to find that a new female fish has appeared in the original tank. What is the most likely explanation for this?

A) Some anemone species secrete pheromones that control the sex of fish as a way to regulate predation. Removal of the anemone allowed a new female to develop.

B) In urban areas, tap water is polluted with contamination from endocrine disruptors such as BPA and PCBs. When she removed some of the tank water for the new tank, she should have replaced it with bottled water.

C) Clownfish are protandrous hermaphrodites that respond to social cues. Removal of the dominant female allowed the second-largest fish to transform into a female.

D) Clownfish synchronize their mating based on seasonal cues indicated by salinity. When she replaced some of the tank water, the lower salinity caused the fish to change into a female.

66) Sea turtles are endangered, in part because of human encroachment on the beaches where they lay eggs. You are working with a team to help protect turtle nests and hatchlings from curious beachgoers. Someone suggests putting a fabric dome over each nest to keep people away. What is your response?

A) "That will have several benefits, including protecting the nests from rough weather and hurricanes."

B) "That would create a new problem if it blocked the females, since the females sit on the nests to keep them warm."

C) "That might create a new problem. Sea turtles use temperature-dependent sex determination, and lowering the temperature of the nest will likely change the sex ratio of the hatchlings."

D) "That would create a new problem if it blocked the males. The males have to be able to dig into the nest to fertilize the eggs."

67) Major extinctions of dinosaurs are associated with large meteor impacts, including the final extinction that wiped them out at the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary. The particulate matter that would have arisen as a result of impact would have entered the atmosphere and had secondary impacts. Some scientists believe that a fundamental difference between mammals and dinosaurs allowed mammals to survive this event, but doomed the dinosaurs. What may have characterized the last generation of dinosaurs as they went extinct?

A) Lungs clogged with dust

B) Highly skewed sex ratios

C) Hormonal disruptions due to contaminated water

D) Weak eggshells due to radiation

E) Inability to recognize mates due to diminished sunlight

68) Which type of fish is likely to produce the smallest number of progeny from each mating?

A) An oviparous species

B) An ovoviparous species

C) A viviparous species

69) What is often -- but not always -- a feature that accompanies the evolution of internal fertilization?

A) meiotically-produced oocytes

B) synchronized gamete release in a population

C) fusion of egg and sperm within the female

D) a male intromittent organ

70) At a party, one of your friends has just revealed that he and his wife are trying to conceive. What do you advise him to avoid at the party?

A) The loud music

B) The raw vegetable appetizers

C) The hot tub

D) The melted cheese fondue

71) What would be the result for a patient if all his spermatogonia went through meiosis and proceeded to develop into spermatids?

A) He would produce twice as many sperm and would be protected against infertility from other causes.

B) He would produce twice as many sperm, which would crowd them during later development and lead to morphological defects.

C) He would be entirely normal, since this is what usually happens.

D) After one round of sperm production he would no longer be able to produce sperm and would be infertile.

72) With help from fertility specialists, a woman with very low  follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone levels finally conceives a son. If her genetic condition is from a dominant allele and is passed on to her son, what is the likely result?

A) He may have fertility problems as well.

B) He is likely to have more sons than daughters.

C) He will be fine, but his daughters will have a 50% chance of fertility problems.

D) As a male, he will neither express nor pass on these genes.

73) You are doing veterinary research on dog hormones. In your set of blood samples, you have one male dog with abnormally high levels of follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone. What do you suspect may be the explanation for this outlier?

A) The dog had been neutered.

B) The dog was a female, not a male.

C) The dog had its pituitary gland removed.

D) The dog had a hypothalamic problem causing low levels of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH).

74) In agriculture, male animals are often castrated to modify their behavior and to produce desirable qualities in the meat. What would you predict about hormone levels in castrated male animals?

A) Testosterone is high; follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) are low.

B) Testosterone is low; follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) are high.

C) Testosterone is low; follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) are low.

D) Testosterone is high; follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) are high.

75) What special feature of the ovum is facilitated by the production of polar bodies?

A) large size of the cell

B) extra layers of plasma membrane

C) triploidy

D) large size of the nucleus

76) What could be the result if somehow two follicles made it to the late tertiary stage and burst from the ovary?

A) Nothing unusual -- this describes typical ovulation

B) Excessively high estrogen levels, causing menstruation

C) Permanent infertility

D) Twins

77) A 38-year-old woman is going to ovulate in about a week. For how long has the primary oocyte in her Graafian follicle been arrested at prophase I of meiosis?

A) About a day

B) 1 week

C) 3 weeks

D) 38 years

78) A patient at a fertility clinic has been diagnosed with "luteal phase defect" (LPD). Her progesterone levels are low and her cycles are short. What step of reproduction are these symptoms disrupting?

A) Follicle development

B) Ovulation

C) Fertilization of the egg

D) Implantation

79) An extremely rare occurrence in humans is a multiple pregnancy with the embryos at different stages due to fertilization weeks apart. What mechanism normally prevents this from happening?

A) The embryo's secretion of FSH and LH maintains the corpus luteum, keeping estradiol and progesterone high until the placenta takes over secretion of these hormones.

B) The embryo's secretion of GnRH maintains the corpus luteum, keeping FSH and LH high until the placenta takes over secretion of these hormones.

C) The embryo's secretion of hCG maintains the corpus luteum, keeping estradiol and progesterone high until the placenta takes over secretion of these hormones.

D) The follicle's secretion of polar bodies maintains the fimbriae, keeping estradiol and progesterone high until the fallopian tube takes over secretion of these hormones.

80) In the waiting room of a doctor's office, the staff are creating an educational display about varieties of birth control. What general categories of birth control will they want to outline?

A) drugs that block gonad development

B) devices to prevent implantation

C) hormones to close cervix

D) hormones to prevent ovulation

E) hypothalamic implants

F) nasal spray for males

G) sperm barriers

H) sperm destruction

J) surgical sterilization

K) abstinence

81) What cause of infertility happens to nearly every woman at some point?

A) idiopathic infertility

B) pelvic inflammatory disease (PID)

C) endometriosis

D) luteal phase defect

E) aging

82) Since men produce millions of sperm, but women produce only one oocyte per cycle, in the vast majority of cases infertility is due to a problem with the woman.