Ch49 – Osmotic Regulation And The + Test Questions & Answers

Biology, 12e (Raven)

Chapter 49 Osmotic Regulation and the Urinary System

1) Nearly two-thirds of every vertebrate's body is composed of ________.

A) water

B) carbon

C) bones

D) muscle

2) The regulatory systems of the animal body maintain a relatively stable internal condition through a process called ________.

A) homeostasis

B) equilibrium

C) osmoreception

D) countercurrent exchange

E) absorption

3) The organ that performs filtration of blood, reabsorption, and secretion in vertebrates is the ________.

A) kidney

B) liver

C) pancreas

D) small intestine

E) large intestine

4) About 180 liters of blood plasma is filtered into human nephrons per day and, of that amount, about 2-3 liters leaves the body as urine. Therefore, the percentage of plasma filtrate that leaves as urine each day is about ________.

A) 0.1-0.2 percent

B) 0.5-1.0 percent

C) 1-2 percent

D) 5-10 percent

E) 10-20 percent

F) 20-50 percent

5) In vertebrates, most of the fluid that ultimately exits the body as urine first enters the nephron tubules by the process of ________.

A) reabsorption

B) absorption

C) secretion

D) filtration

E) excretion

6) This molecule or ion never uses active transport as its motive force for reabsorption into blood capillaries in the kidney.

A) Na+ ions

B) glucose

C) amino acids

D) water

E) HCO3- ions

F) Cl- ions

7) Kidneys are thought to have evolved first among the ________.

A) amphibians

B) freshwater bony fishes

C) saltwater bony fishes

D) reptiles

E) mammals

8) Marine reptiles eliminate excess NaCl by means of ________ located near the nose or the eye.

A) Malpighian tubules

B) antennal glands

C) salt glands

D) protonephridia

E) nephrons

9) In mammalian kidneys, blood in the vasa recta and fluid in the loop of Henle flow in opposite directions to create a ________ multiplier system.

A) homeostatic

B) reversible

C) countercurrent

D) stepped

E) exponential

10) Mike has just returned home from college for the summer and notices that his 8-year-old Dalmatian dog Patches is limping and has difficulty walking up and down stairs. When Mike takes Patches to the vet, the vet recommends that Mike put him on a low-purine diet. This dietary change will lessen the formation of painful precipitates of ________ in Patches' joints.

A) adenine and guanine

B) ammonia

C) uric acid

D) urea

E) NaCl

11) A doctor suspects his patient has diabetes insipidus. What is the most likely match to the blood and urine profile of this patient?

A) A

B) B

C) C

D) D

12) Each human kidney contains about a million ________, which are the tubular functional units of the kidney.

A) ureters

B) nephrons

C) renal medullae

D) nephridia

E) flame cells

13) Water and small solutes are filtered under pressure out of the blood plasma into nephrons through the porous walls of ________, tufts of capillaries in the renal cortex.

A) vasa rectae

B) Loops of Henle

C) glomeruli

D) collecting ducts

E) juxtaglomerular apparati

14) The presence of a loop of Henle in nephrons is an evolutionary adaptation that enables mammals and birds to reabsorb water efficiently and produce a(n) ________ urine.

A) hypertonic

B) hypotonic

C) osmolar

D) isotonic

15) The diffusion of water across a plasma membrane is referred to as

A) osmosis.

B) active transport.

C) facilitated diffusion.

D) countercurrent flow.

E) bulk flow.

16) Jill is lost in the desert and ran out of water six hours ago. What physiological effect or response would most likely occur in this situation?

A) decreased release of ADH from the posterior pituitary

B) decrease in blood osmolarity

C) increased permeability of the collecting ducts in the kidney

D) decreased thirst sensation

E) increased release of atrial natriuretic hormone

17) Release of what protein is directly subject to negative feedback inhibition when blood volume rises?

A) renin

B) aldosterone

C) angiotensin II

D) angiotensinogen

E) atrial natriuretic hormone

18) You wish to determine which organs function to remove waste products from the hemolymph (blood) of an insect. You do so by injecting a suspension of particulate dye particles into the abdominal cavity of an anesthetized cricket. Where will you find these dye particles 45 minutes later, after you euthanize and dissect the cricket?

A) in the nephridia

B) in the Malpighian tubules

C) in the nephrons of the kidneys

D) in the protonephridia

E) in the antennal glands

F) in the urinary bladder

19) You put a solution of sucrose into a bag of dialysis tubing, which is permeable to water but not to sucrose. You then put this bag into a beaker of water. An hour later, you observe that the bag has swelled due to

A) active transport of water molecules.

B) the osmotic pressure of the sucrose solution.

C) the pressure exerted on the bag by the surrounding water.

D) passive transport of sucrose molecules.

E) the high osmolarity of the surrounding water.

20) All of the following are animal mechanisms to cope with the problem of water balance EXCEPT

A) coupling of water/salt removal with metabolic waste removal.

B) contractile vacuoles.

C) passage of water and waste of the body across a layer of cells into a tubular structure.

D) kidneys used as filtering organs.

E) secretion of regulatory hormones into the tubule.

21) What is true of normal human urine production?

I-Blood pressure is used to push nitrogenous waste, water, and small molecules through a filter, forming the filtrate, while cells and most proteins are retained in the blood.

II-Most water is reabsorbed as the filtrate is passing through a long tube.

III-Ammonia is produced as the metabolic breakdown is excreted.

A) just I

B) just II

C) II and III

D) I, II, and III

E) I and II

22) One of the key factors in vertebrate colonization of many diverse environments is

A) the flexibility provided by selective reabsorption of different solutes.

B) not requiring a lot of water due to their closed systems.

C) the ability to eat foods with lots of water.

D) the ability to control water loss by controlling perspiration.

E) the ability to decrease metabolic needs.

23) What is the route a red blood cell would take to circulate through a kidney, starting from the aorta?

A) renal artery -> afferent arteriole -> vasa recta -> efferent arteriole -> glomerulus -> renal vein

B) renal artery -> glomerulus -> afferent arteriole -> efferent arteriole -> vasa recta -> renal vein

C) renal vein -> efferent arteriole -> glomerulus -> afferent arteriole -> vasa recta -> renal artery

D) renal artery -> afferent arteriole -> glomerulus -> efferent arteriole -> vasa recta -> renal vein

E) renal vein -> vasa recta -> afferent arteriole -> glomerulus -> efferent arteriole -> renal artery

F) renal vein -> glomerulus -> efferent arteriole -> afferent arteriole -> vasa recta -> renal artery

G) renal artery -> vasa recta -> afferent arteriole -> efferent arteriole -> glomerulus -> renal vein

24) Claire lost the ability to completely empty her bladder following a stroke, and a nurse inserts a catheter into the open end of her urinary tract each day to remove the urine. Into what structure does the nurse insert the catheter?

A) ureter

B) bladder

C) urethra

D) nephron

E) collecting duct

F) renal pelvis

25) All of the following are reabsorbed by the nephron EXCEPT

A) glucose.

B) amino acids.

C) water.

D) vitamins.

E) H+ ions.

F) Na+ and Cl- ions.

26) Which solute must be administered in high amounts because of its very efficient secretion and removal by the kidney tubules?

A) penicillin

B) HCO3- ions

C) amino acids

D) glucose

E) vitamin K

27) Substances NOT usually found in normal human urine are

A) urea and uric acid.

B) glucose molecules.

C) water molecules.

D) K+, H+, and other ions.

E) certain drugs.

28) The presence of the loop of Henle allows which animals to reabsorb water and produce a hypertonic urine?

A) birds

B) marine fish

C) mammals

D) birds and mammals

E) freshwater fish and mammals

F) birds and reptiles

29) What animal has kidneys that are so efficient that it never has to drink water and can obtain all of its water from its food?

A) camel

B) gerbil

C) kangaroo rat

D) pocket mouse

E) desert lizard

30) Gary has a kidney stone lodged in his ureter. Where will the radiologist find the kidney stone on an x-ray?

A) between the end of a nephron and the renal pelvis

B) between the bladder and the outside of the body

C) between a kidney and the bladder

D) between a Bowman's capsule and a loop of Henle

31) How does the loop of Henle enable the mammalian kidney to produce hypertonic urine?

I-The ascending limb of the loop actively extrudes Na+.

II-The descending limb interacts with the ascending limb to raise the osmolarity of the extracellular fluid in the renal medulla.

III-The concentration is further enhanced by the presence of urea, which draws water out of the collecting ducts by osmosis.

A) just I

B) II and III

C) just III

D) I and II

E) I, II, and III

32) The kidneys are important homeostatic organs, contributing to maintenance of all of the following EXCEPT

A) blood volume.

B) destruction of worn-out red blood cells.

C) blood pressure.

D) ion concentration of extracellular fluids.

E) blood pH.

33) What response would correct for a drop in glomerular blood pressure?

A) angiotensin II-mediated inhibition of the adrenal cortex

B) inhibition of osmoreceptors in the brain, leading to decreased thirst

C) dilation of the afferent renal arterioles by angiotensin II

D) inhibition of antidiuretic hormone release by the posterior pituitary gland

E) stimulation of sodium secretion by the distal convoluted tubules

34) Where are the receptors that respond to elevated blood osmolarity?

A) in the adrenal cortex

B) in the adrenal medulla

C) in the hypothalamus

D) in the kidneys

E) in the heart

35) The adrenal hormone, aldosterone, regulates kidney function by

A) reducing the blood flow to the kidney.

B) stimulating active reabsorption of sodium, decreasing its excretion.

C) increasing the permeability of the collecting duct to urea.

D) increasing the permeability of the collecting duct to salt.

E) triggering a sensation of thirst.

36) An increase in the production of ADH affects the kidney tubules by

A) inhibiting reabsorption of sodium ion in the collecting duct.

B) decreasing the permeability of the glomerulus to water.

C) causing the walls of the collecting duct to become more permeable to water.

D) inhibiting the reabsorption of water in the glomerulus.

E) decreasing the insertion of aquaporins into the membranes of cells that line the collecting ducts.

37) Roger, who has Type I diabetes mellitus, forgot to take along his insulin on a fishing trip to a remote part of Alaska. It takes him three days to make it out of the wilderness to a hospital. What would be the most likely match to Roger's blood and urine profile once he reaches the hospital?

A) A

B) B

C) C

D) D

38) Most vertebrates maintain homeostasis in regard to the total solute concentrations of their extracellular fluids and the concentrations of specific inorganic ions. The kidneys participate in regulating the extracellular fluid concentration of all ions below EXCEPT

A) Fe2+ ions.

B) Ca2+ ions.

C) K+ ions.

D) Na+ ions.

E) Cl- ions.

39) Most marine invertebrates are osmoconformers. This means that

A) that their body fluids contain the exact same solutes in the same concentration as their cells.

B) the osmolarity of their body fluids is the same as their seawater environment.

C) that their body fluids contain the exact same solutes in the same concentration as their surroundings.

D) the osmolarity of their body fluids is equal to that of the osmoregulators who inhabit the same environments.

E) the osmolarity of their body fluids fluctuates between hypertonic to hypotonic depending on the season and the tides.

40) Select the incorrectly-matched osmoregulatory organ and the organism that uses it.

A) nephridia—annelids

B) protonephridia—flatworms

C) Malpighian tubules—insects

D) kidney—fish

E) antennal glands—mollusks

41) Select the incorrectly-matched vertebrate and its urine concentration relative to its blood.

A) amphibians—isotonic

B) marine reptiles—isotonic

C) desert mammals—strongly hypertonic

D) marine mammals—strongly hypertonic

E) terrestrial birds—weakly hypertonic

42) No matter how much water a human drinks, the kidneys are always regulating various aspects of the blood, including ________.

I-the pH of the blood

II-the plasma concentration of iron ions

III-the plasma concentration of sodium ions

IV-the plasma concentration of potassium ions

V-the temperature of the blood

A) I, II, and III

B) I, II, III, and IV

C) I, III, and IV

D) I, III, IV, and V

E) I, II, III, IV, and V

43) Select the incorrectly-matched organism and its primary nitrogenous waste product.

A) most fish—ammonia

B) mammals—urea

C) reptiles—uric acid

D) birds—uric acid

E) insects—ammonia

44) If uric acid accumulates in joints of humans the condition is referred to as

A) atherosclerosis.

B) gout.

C) hypertension.

D) distal convoluted tubule dysfunction.

E) diabetes insipidus.

45) Each nephron of the kidney consists of a long tubule and associated small blood vessels. Blood cells and plasma proteins are too large to enter with the glomerular filtrate. What is the correct path for the filtrate to follow through the nephron in the production of urine?

A) Bowman's capsule → distal convoluted tubule → loop of Henle → proximal convoluted tubule → collecting duct

B) Bowman's capsule → proximal convoluted tubule → loop of Henle → distal convoluted tubule → collecting duct

C) Bowman's capsule → loop of Henle → proximal convoluted tubule → distal convoluted tubule → collecting duct

D) Bowman's capsule → collecting duct → proximal convoluted tubule → loop of Henle → distal convoluted tubule

E) collecting duct → proximal convoluted tubule → loop of Henle → distal convoluted tubule→ Bowman's capsule

46) Freshwater fish are ________ with respect to osmoregulation.

A) hypotonic regulators

B) hypotonic conformers

C) hypertonic regulators

D) hypertonic conformers

E) isotonic conformers

47) What animals could drink seawater and not get dehydrated?

A) sea gull

B) human

C) garter snake

D) bullfrog

E) freshwater perch

48) What animal cannot make hypertonic urine?

A) blue jay

B) dog

C) human

D) grasshopper

E) American toad

49)

According to the above figure, which letter corresponds to the lowest tubular fluid osmolarity under normal conditions?

A) A

B) B

C) C

D) D

E) E

50)

According to the above figure, which letter corresponds to the area where water is absolutely not reabsorbed?

A) A

B) B

C) C

D) D

E) E

51)

According to the above figure, which letter corresponds to the area where amino acids are most likely to be reabsorbed?

A) A

B) B

C) C

D) D

E) E

52) Connor decides to celebrate his 21st birthday by drinking a few beers at a local sports bar. After a while, Connor notices that he is making many more trips to the men's room than the week before, when he drank similar amounts of carbonated water. Why is that?

A) Alcohol stimulates filtration of the blood plasma by the glomeruli.

B) Alcohol stimulates secretion of ions into the nephron and water follows by osmosis.

C) Alcohol inhibits reabsorption of sugars, amino acids and other small metabolites, which decreases reabsorption of water.

D) Alcohol inhibits the secretion of ADH by the posterior pituitary gland, thereby decreasing water reabsorption.

E) Alcohol stimulates the insertion of aquaporins into the plasma membranes of cells that line the collecting ducts, thereby decreasing water reabsorption.

53) The kidneys are both protected and held in place by cushions of fat. In cases of rapid weight loss, the kidneys may drop to a lower position, possibly causing kinks in a nearby tubular organ. If this happens, urine will back up into the kidneys, severely damaging them. What organ(s) is/are most-likely kinked in this situation?

A) urethra

B) ureters

C) renal arteries

D) nephrons

E) renal veins