Ch.5 The Biomechanics of Human Skeletal + Complete Test Bank

Basic Biomechanics, 8e (Hall)

Chapter 5 The Biomechanics of Human Skeletal Articulations

1) Which of the following is not associated with synarthrodial joints?

A) typically weak

B) fibrous

C) immovable

D) sutures of the skull

2) The knee is an example of which type joint?

A) fibrous

B) synarthroses

C) synovial

D) amphiarthroses

3) Which of the following are functions of articular cartilage?

A) minimize friction and wear at a joint

B) protect against joint dislocation

C) both minimize friction and wear at a joint and protect against joint dislocation

D) neither minimize friction and wear at a joint nor protect against joint dislocation

4) Which of the following are examples of articular fibrocartilage?

A) the intervertebral discs

B) the menisci of the knee

C) both the intervertebral discs and the menisci of the knee

D) none of these answers is correct

5) Which of the following characterizes the "close-packed position" at a joint?

A) joint stability is minimum

B) muscular tension is maximum

C) both joint stability is minimum and muscular tension is maximum

D) neither joint stability is minimum nor muscular tension is maximum

6) Which of the following is/are true regarding amphiarthrodial joints?

A) Hyaline cartilage holds the bones together.

B) They are slightly moveable.

C) Both hyaline cartilage holds the bones together and they are slightly moveable.

D) Neither hyaline cartilage holds the bones together nor they are slightly moveable.

7) Which of the following refers to the stretching of muscles, tendons, and ligaments by a force other than tension in the antagonist muscles?

A) active stretching

B) passive stretching

C) ballistic stretching

D) none of these answers is correct

8) Which type of flexibility accompanies the ROM achieved by actively contracting the antagonist muscle?

A) static flexibility

B) dynamic flexibility

C) passive stretching

D) none of these answers is correct

9) Where are Golgi tendon organs located?

A) in tendons

B) in the junctions between muscles and their tendons

C) interspersed throughout the fibers of muscles

D) both in tendons and in the junctions between muscles and their tendons

E) all of these answers are correct

10) The stretch reflex, or myotatic reflex, is provoked by activation of which of the following in a stretched muscle?

A) muscle spindles

B) golgi tendon organs

C) both muscle spindles and golgi tendon organs

D) neither muscle spindles nor golgi tendon organs

11) The technique of muscle stretching known as proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation (PNF) is based on responses elicited from which of the following?

A) golgi tendon organs

B) muscle spindles

C) both golgi tendon organs and muscle spindles

D) neither golgi tendon organs nor muscle spindles

12) Proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation is an example of what type of stretching?

A) active stretching

B) passive stretching

C) ballistic stretching

D) none of these answers is correct

13) Which of the following are characteristics of diarthrodial joints?

A) Articulating bone surfaces are covered with articular cartilage.

B) An articular capsule surrounds the joint.

C) They are lubricated by synovial fluid.

D) Both articulating bone surfaces are covered with articular cartilage and an articular capsule surrounds the joint.

E) All of these answers are correct.

14) Which of the following is/are characteristic(s) of bursae?

A) They are associated with synovial joints.

B) They separate tendons from bones to reduce friction.

C) They separate skin from bones to reduce friction.

D) Both they are associated with synovial joints and they separate tendons from bones to reduce friction.

E) All of these answers are correct.

15) Which of the following is/are characteristic(s) of tendon sheaths?

A) They are synovial structures.

B) They surround tendons.

C) Both they are synovial structures and they surround tendons.

D) None of these answers is correct.

16) Which of the following contain synovial fluid?

A) bursae

B) tendon sheaths

C) articular cartilage

D) both bursae and tendon sheaths

E) all of these answers are correct

17) Which connective tissue attaches muscle to bone?

A) ligaments

B) tendons

C) both ligaments and tendons

D) none of these answers is correct

18) What characteristics do tendons and ligaments share with muscles?

A) extensibility

B) elasticity

C) contractility

D) both extensibility and elasticity

E) all of these answers are correct

19) Which statement(s) is/are true?

A) Exercise can increase the size and strength of tendons.

B) Exercise can increase the size and strength of ligaments.

C) Exercise can increase the strength of tendon junction with a bone.

D) Both exercise can increase the size and strength of tendons and exercise can increase the size and strength of ligaments.

E) All of these answers are correct.

20) The "ability of a joint to resist abnormal displacement" defines what?

A) joint stability.

B) joint flexibility.

C) loose-packed position.

D) none of these answers is correct.

21) Joint stability is affected by which of the following?

A) shape of the articulating bones

B) arrangement and size of ligaments

C) area of contact between the bones

D) all of these answers are correct

22) Which of the following statements is/are true?

A) The hip is more stable than the shoulder.

B) The shoulder has more range of motion than the hip.

C) Both the hip is more stable than the shoulder and the shoulder has more range of motion than the hip.

D) None of these answers is correct.

23) Which statement(s) is/are true?

A) When muscles are fatigued, ligaments are at a greater risk of injury.

B) When ligaments are fatigued, muscles are at a greater risk of injury.

C) Both when muscles are fatigued, ligaments are at a greater risk of injury and when ligaments are fatigued, muscles are at a greater risk of injury.

D) Neither when muscles are fatigued, ligaments are at a greater risk of injury nor when ligaments are fatigued, muscles are at a greater risk of injury.

24) A goniometer is used to directly measure what?

A) muscle flexibility

B) joint range of motion

C) both muscle flexibility and joint range of motion

D) none of these answers is correct

25) Range of motion at a joint is influenced by which of the following?

A) shape of the articulating surfaces

B) relative laxity and extensibility of the muscles crossing the joint

C) fluid content of the cartilage within the joint

D) both shape of the articulating surfaces and relative laxity and extensibility of the muscles crossing the joint

E) all of these answers are correct

26) The term "hypermobile" is used to describe what?

A) a joint with an unusually large range of motion

B) a joint with an unusually small range of motion

C) a gymnast

D) a sprinter

27) Golgi tendon organs respond in which of the following ways?

A) inhibit tension in the activated muscle

B) initiate tension in the antagonist muscle

C) both inhibit tension in the activated muscle and initiate tension in the antagonist muscle

D) none of these answers is correct

28) Which of the following is true regarding bursitis?

A) overuse injury

B) frictional irritation in one or more bursae

C) inflammation

D) both overuse injury and frictional irritation in one or more bursae

E) all of these answers are correct

29) Pivot joints have how many axes?

A) none

B) one

C) two

D) three

30) Which of the following tools is used to directly measure joint range of motion?

A) sit and reach box

B) ruler

C) goniometer

D) both sit and reach box and ruler

E) all of these answers are correct

31) Choose the term that describes the protective layer of dense white connective tissue covering the articulating bone surfaces at diarthrodial joints.

A) active stretching

B) articular capsule

C) articular cartilage

D) articular fibrocartilage

32) Choose the term that describes the clear, slightly yellow liquid that provides lubrication inside the articular capsule at synovial joints.

A) reciprocal inhibition

B) static stretching

C) stretch reflex

D) synovial fluid

33) Choose the term that describes the ability of a joint to resist abnormal displacement of the articulating bones.

A) Golgi tendon organ

B) joint flexibility

C) joint stability

D) loose-packed position

34) Choose the term that describes the joint orientation for which the contact between the articulating bone surfaces is maximum.

A) ballistic stretching

B) close-packed position

C) loose-packed position

D) Golgi tendon organ

35) Choose the term that describes the angle through which a joint moves from anatomical position to the extreme limit of segment motion in a particular direction.

A) range of motion

B) reciprocal inhibition

C) static stretching

D) stretch reflex

36) Choose the term that describes the sensory receptor that inhibits tension development in a muscle and initiates tension development in the antagonist muscles.

A) dynamic stretching

B) Golgi tendon organ

C) joint flexibility

D) joint stability

37) Choose the term that describes the inhibition of tension development in the antagonist muscles resulting from activation of muscles spindles.

A) reciprocal inhibition

B) static stretching

C) stretch reflex

D) synovial fluid

38) Choose the term that describes a series of quick, bouncing-type stretches.

A) articular capsule

B) articular cartilage

C) articular fibrocartilage

D) ballistic stretching

39) Choose the term that describes maintaining a slow, controlled, sustained stretch over time, usually about 30 seconds.

A) active stretching

B) static stretching

C) PNF stretching

D) ballistic stretching

40) Choose the term that describes a group of stretching procedures involving alternating contraction and relaxation of the muscles being stretched.

A) muscle spindle

B) passive stretching

C) PNF stretching

D) range of motion

41) The myotatic reflex, also known as ________ reflex, is provoked by the activation of the muscle spindles in a stretched muscle.

42) A series of quick, bouncing-type stretches is called ________ stretching.

43) The carpometacarpal joint at the base of the thumb is an example of a ________ joint.

44) ________ connect bone to bone and ________ connect muscle to bone.

45) Describe one type of PNF stretching.

46) List and describe four different joint injuries or pathologies.

47) Explain the factors that contribute to joint stability.

48) Describe the different types of stretching exercises used to increase flexibility, including the advantages and disadvantages of each.

49) Describe the different types of synovial joints including movement and stability implications.

50) Damaged articular cartilage can typically heal or regenerate on its own.

51) Pre-participation stretching has no effect on overuse type injuries.

52) Studies show that PNF techniques can significantly increase joint range of motion after a single stretching session.

53) Third-degree sprains are the mildest.

54) The most common site for a sprain is the knee.