Ch4 Test Bank Docx The Biomechanics of Human Bone Growth and

Basic Biomechanics, 8e (Hall)

Chapter 4 The Biomechanics of Human Bone Growth and Development

1) Which of the following components of bone provides it with flexibility?

A) water

B) calcium carbonate

C) calcium phosphate

D) collagen

2) Which of the following terms is used to describe bone with relatively high porosity?

A) cortical

B) trabecular

C) spongy

D) all of these answers are correct

3) Which of the following terms is defined as deformation divided by original length?

A) stress

B) strain

C) strength

D) elasticity

4) Cortical bone is strongest in resisting which type of stress?

A) tensile stress

B) shear stress

C) compressive stress

D) none of these answers is correct

5) Which of the following is part of the appendicular skeleton?

A) the skull

B) the humerus

C) the sternum

D) all of these answers are correct

6) Which of the following is an example of a flat bone?

A) talus

B) maxilla

C) radius

D) scapula

7) Which of the following is an irregular bone?

A) radius

B) rib

C) femur

D) vertebrae

8) The tarsals are examples of what type of bones?

A) long bones

B) short bones

C) flat bones

D) irregular bones

9) Which of the following statements regarding bone growth is true?

A) Longitudinal growth continues only as long as the epiphyses exist.

B) Circumferential growth continues throughout most of the lifespan.

C) Both longitudinal growth continues only as long as the epiphyses exist and circumferential growth continues throughout most of the lifespan are true.

D) Neither longitudinal growth continues only as long as the epiphyses exist nor circumferential growth continues throughout most of the lifespan is true.

10) Which of the following is known as the longitudinal "growth center" of a bone?

A) osteoclast

B) periosteum

C) osteoblast

D) epiphysis

11) How do bones typically respond to stress?

A) atrophy

B) hypertrophy

C) no change, as long as the epiphysis has sealed

D) it is impossible to predict how a bone will respond to stress

12) Loss of bone mass has been found in which of the following?

A) bed-ridden patients

B) astronauts

C) tennis players

D) both bed-ridden patients and astronauts

E) all of these answers are correct

13) Which of the following occurs in the absence of gravitational forces?

A) bone hypertrophy

B) bone atrophy

C) bone modeling

D) all of these answers are correct

14) In a child, severe injury to an epiphysis may result in which of the following?

A) premature closure of the epiphyseal junction

B) termination of bone growth

C) both premature closure of the epiphyseal junction and termination of bone growth

D) none of these answers is correct

15) What is the most common symptom of osteoporosis?

A) frequent headaches

B) joint pain in the extremities

C) back pain derived from vertebral fractures

D) swelling of the distal extremities

16) Which of the following is a possible symptom of osteoporosis?

A) vertebral crush fractures.

B) reduced body height.

C) dowager's hump.

D) all of these answers are correct.

17) Which of the following is true regarding epiphyseal plate injuries?

A) These injuries can terminate longitudinal bone growth.

B) These injuries can result from acute trauma.

C) These injuries can result from repetitive loading of a low magnitude.

D) Both these injuries can terminate longitudinal bone growth and these injuries can result from acute trauma.

E) All of these answers are correct.

18) The water content of bone makes up approximately what percentage of the total bone weight?

A) 5% - 10%

B) 15% - 20%

C) 25% - 30%

D) 40% - 50%

19) Which of the following statements is/are true regarding the strength of bone?

A) Cortical bone can withstand more stress than trabecular bone.

B) Trabecular bone can withstand more strain than cortical bone.

C) Both cortical bone can withstand more stress than trabecular bone and trabecular bone can withstand more strain than cortical bone.

D) None of these answers is correct.

20) Specialized bone cells that build new bone tissue are called what?

A) periosteum

B) osteoblasts

C) osteoclasts

D) epiphysis

21) Which of the following statements is/are true regarding bone growth?

A) When bone remodeling occurs, bone mass may stay the same.

B) When bone remodeling occurs, bone mass may decrease.

C) When bone modeling occurs, bone mass increases.

D) Both when bone remodeling occurs, bone mass may stay the same and when bone remodeling occurs, bone mass may decrease.

E) All of these answers are correct.

22) What happens when osteoclast activity exceeds osteoblast activity?

A) bone mass increases

B) bone modeling

C) bone mass decreases

D) none of these answers is correct

23) What happens when osteoblast activity exceeds osteoclast activity?

A) bone hypertrophy

B) bone modeling

C) increased bone mass

D) all of these answers are correct

24) Reduced bone mass and density without the presence of a fracture defines what?

A) osteoporosis

B) osteopenia

C) osteoblast

D) osteoclast

25) Undesirably low body weight in young female athletes can lead to what?

A) amenorrhea

B) osteoporosis

C) menopause

D) both amenorrhea and osteoporosis

E) all of these answers are correct

26) Which of the following is/are part of the "female athlete triad"?

A) osteoporosis

B) disordered eating

C) cessation of menses

D) both osteoporosis and disordered eating

E) all of these answers are correct

27) The "female athlete triad" can result in which of the following?

A) stress fractures

B) irreversible bone loss

C) death

D) both stress fractures and irreversible bone loss

E) all of these answers are correct

28) Which of the following is/are known risk factor(s) for developing osteoporosis?

A) smoking

B) calcium deficiency

C) excessive caffeine consumption

D) all of these answers are correct

29) A fracture caused by a tendon or ligament pulling a small chip of bone away from the rest of the bone is called what?

A) simple fracture

B) compound fracture

C) avulsion fracture

D) spiral fracture

30) Which of the following is true regarding greenstick fractures?

A) They are incomplete fractures.

B) They are caused by bending or torsional loads.

C) They are more common in adults than children.

D) Both they are incomplete fractures and they are caused by bending or torsional loads.

E) All of these answers are correct.

31) When a skier's body rotates in a direction opposite of the foot (held steady by the boot), what type of fracture is likely in the tibia?

A) spiral

B) impacted

C) depressed

D) stress

32) Which type of fracture results from repeated loading of relatively low magnitude?

A) spiral

B) impacted

C) depressed

D) stress

33) Which of the following factors can predispose runners to stress fractures?

A) increased training duration or intensity without allowing time for bone remodeling

B) abrupt changes in running surface

C) both increased training duration or intensity without allowing time for bone remodeling and abrupt changes in running surface

D) runners are not predisposed to stress fractures

34) Which of the following is part of the axial skeleton?

A) the skull

B) the vertebrae

C) the sternum

D) all of these answers are correct

35) Which type of stress on a long bone will likely result in a spiral fracture?

A) torsion

B) tension

C) compression

D) bending

36) Choose the term that describes the ratio of stress to strain in a loaded material.

A) stiffness

B) strain

C) stress fracture

D) stress reaction

37) Choose the term that describes the ability to resist pressing or squeezing force.

A) bone atrophy

B) bone hypertrophy

C) compressive strength

D) tensile strength

38) Choose the term that describes the compact mineralized connective tissue with low porosity that is found in the shafts of long bones.

A) long bones

B) flat bones

C) trabecular bone

D) cortical bone

39) Choose the term that describes the amount of deformation divided by the original length of the structure.

A) porous

B) short bones

C) stiffness

D) strain

40) Choose the term that describes the skull, vertebrae, sternum, and ribs.

A) anisotropic

B) appendicular skeleton

C) articular cartilage

D) axial skeleton

41) Choose the term that describes the small, cubical skeletal structures, including the carpals and tarsals.

A) flat bones

B) short bones

C) long bones

D) irregular bones

42) Choose the term that describes the specialized bone cells that build new bone tissue.

A) osteoblasts

B) osteopenia

C) osteoclasts

D) osteoporosis

43) Choose the term that describes the decrease in bone mass resulting from a predominance of osteoclast activity.

A) appendicular skeleton

B) bone hypertrophy

C) axial skeleton

D) bone atrophy

44) Choose the term that describes the disorder involving decreased bone mass and strength with one or more fractures.

A) osteoclasts

B) osteoporosis

C) periosteum

D) porous

45) Choose the term that describes a fracture resulting from repeated loading of relatively low magnitude.

A) stress fracture

B) stress reaction

C) tensile strength

D) trabecular bone

46) Bone ________ refers to the increase in bone mass.

47) An epiphyseal injury can terminate ________ bone growth.

48) ________ refers to an excessive loss of bone mass and strength resulting in one or more fractures.

49) ________ ________ is the fracture resulting from repeated loading of relatively low magnitude.

50) A condition of reduced bone mineral density that predisposes the individual to fractures is called ________.

51) List and describe the four types of bones, including function and examples.

52) Explain Wolff's law, including why it is important.

53) Name four of the five genetic risk factors for osteoporosis.

54) Explain the female athlete triad.

55) The effects of several months' intervention treatment with whole body vibration appear to include improved bone mineral density.