Ch3 – Physical And Cognitive Dvelopment In + Full Test Bank

Essentials of Life-Span Development, 6e (Santrock)

Chapter 3 Physical and Cognitive Dvelopment in Infancy

1) Identify a disadvantage of breast feeding in the context of impoverished African countries.

A) There is risk of passing HIV to babies through breast milk if the mothers have the virus.

B) Breast milk is less hygienic than infant formula.

C) Breast feeding predominantly deteriorates the health of the mother.

D) Mothers who breast feed have a higher risk of breast and ovarian cancer.

2) The cephalocaudal pattern is the sequence in which the earliest growth always occurs at the

A) center of the body and then moves toward the extremities.

B) spinal cord and then expands out to the limbs and head.

C) top—the head—with physical growth and differentiation of features gradually working their way down from top to bottom.

D) bottom—the feet—with physical growth and differentiation of features gradually working their way up to the head.

3) Infants can see objects before they can control their torso, and they can use their hands long before they can crawl or walk. This would indicate that they have a ________ pattern of growth.

A) proximodistal

B) proximocaudal

C) cephalodistal

D) cephalocaudal

4) The ________ pattern of growth is the developmental sequence in which growth starts at the center of the body and moves toward the extremities.

A) proximodistal

B) proximocaudal

C) cephalocaudal

D) cephalodistal

5) Infants control the muscles of their trunk and arms before they control their hands and fingers, and they use their whole hands before they can control several fingers. This indicates a ________ pattern of growth.

A) proximodistal

B) cephalocaudal

C) proximocaudal

D) cephalodistal

6) Which of the following statements is true about brain development?

A) The brain grows exponentially from conception to birth, causing the brain to be completely developed at birth.

B) The process of brain development continues through the first year after birth and then stops.

C) Extensive brain development continues after birth, through infancy and later.

D) Brain development continues after birth only among premature babies.

7) Which of the following technologies, a measure of the brain's electrical activity, have researchers been able to use successfully to learn about the brain's development in infancy?

A) positron-emission tomography (PET) scans

B) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

C) brain electron sampling (BES)

D) electroencephalogram (EEG)

8) Which of the following statements is true of the electroencephalogram (EEG)?

A) It is a measure of the brain's electrical activity and is used to learn about the brain's development in infancy.

B) It uses very low levels of near-infrared light to monitor changes in blood oxygen in infants' brains.

C) It is an imaging technique that uses strong magnetic fields to generate images of the organs in the body.

D) It is an imaging technique that uses computer-processed X-ray measurements to produce cross-sectional images of the organs in the body.

9) Which of the following technologies measures infants' brains as they are exploring the world around them?

A) positron-emission tomography (PET) scans

B) functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS)

C) brain electron sampling (BES)

D) electroencephalogram (EEG)

10) Which of the following statements is true of the forebrain?

A) It is the portion of the brain that is farthest from the spinal cord.

B) It includes the tectum, the tegmentum, and the cerebral peduncles.

C) It consists of the medulla, cerebellum, and pons.

D) It insulates axons and helps electrical signals travel faster down the axon.

11) The ________ includes the cerebral cortex and several structures beneath it.

A) forebrain

B) hindbrain

C) midbrain

D) top brain

12) Which of the following statements is true of the structure of the brain?

A) The brain has two hemispheres, and each hemisphere is divided into four lobes.

B) Speech and grammar depend on activity in the right hemisphere of the cortex.

C) Humor and the use of metaphors depend on activity in the left hemisphere of the cortex.

D) The forebrain is the portion nearest to the spinal cord.

13) In the brain, the ________ lobe is involved in voluntary movement, thinking, personality, and intentionality or purpose.

A) frontal

B) parietal

C) occipital

D) temporal

14) In the context of the four lobes of the brain, which of the following statements is true of the occipital lobes?

A) They are involved in voluntary movement.

B) They have an active role in hearing.

C) They function in vision.

D) They play an important role in motor control.

15) In the brain, the ________ lobes have an active role in hearing, language processing, and memory.

A) frontal

B) parietal

C) occipital

D) temporal

16) The ________ lobe area in the brain plays an important role in registering spatial location, attention, and motor control.

A) frontal

B) parietal

C) occipital

D) temporal

17) While watching a football game, Martin jumped up to cheer and dropped baby Theresa to the floor. If she later has trouble with higher-order thinking, planning, problem solving, or voluntary movement, it would indicate that the ________ lobe of her brain was damaged.

A) frontal

B) parietal

C) occipital

D) temporal

18) While scooting on the floor, baby Giovanni fell down the stairs. If he can no longer see, it is likely that the ________ lobe of his brain was damaged.

A) frontal

B) parietal

C) occipital

D) temporal

19) Which of the following statements is true about the involvement of the left and right hemispheres of the brain in performing different functions?

A) Most neuroscientists believe that complex brain activity involves only one particular hemisphere.

B) Logical thinkers are primarily 'right-brained' because of the excessive involvement of the right hemisphere.

C) Humor and use of metaphors usually depend on activity in the right hemisphere.

D) Excessive involvement of the left hemisphere results in creative thinking.

20) Your ability to process language in the left hemisphere of the brain and spatial thinking in the right hemisphere of the brain is called

A) linearity.

B) mastery.

C) lateralization.

D) learning.

21) Most neuroscientists agree that complex functions such as reading or performing music involve

A) the spinal cord.

B) only the right hemisphere of the brain.

C) both hemispheres of the brain.

D) only the left hemisphere of the brain.

22) When do the hemispheres of the cerebral cortex begin to specialize?

A) before birth

B) at birth

C) at seven days of age

D) around the first birthday

23) In the context of the fibers that extend from a neuron's cell body, the fiber that carries signals away from the neuron's cell body is called a(n)

A) axon.

B) dendrite.

C) neurotransmitter.

D) synapse.

24) In the context of the fibers that extend from a neuron's cell body, the fiber that carries signals toward the neuron's cell body is called a(n)

A) axon.

B) dendrite.

C) neurotransmitter.

D) synapse.

25) In the context of neurons, which of the following statements is true of the myelin sheath?

A) It is a layer of fat cells that insulates axons and helps electrical signals travel faster down the axon.

B) It is a fiber that carries signals away from the cell body of a neuron.

C) It is a fiber that carries signals toward the cell body of a neuron.

D) It releases chemicals called neurotransmitters into synapses, which are tiny gaps between neurons' fibers.

26) In the context of the brain's development, which of the following statements is true of lateralization?

A) It refers to the specialization of function in one hemisphere of the cerebral cortex or the other.

B) It refers to the process of encasing axons of neurons in the brain with fat cells.

C) It refers to the categorization of the areas of the brain based on ridges and valleys in the cortex.

D) It refers to the expansion of dendritic connections that facilitates the spreading of neural pathways in infant development.

27) Which of the following is involved in providing energy to neurons and aids communication?

A) perception

B) lateralization

C) myelination

D) habituation

28) ________ refers to the process of encasing axons with fat cells.

A) Myelination

B) Lateralization

C) Habituation

D) Transmission

29) ________ are tiny gaps, or junctions, between neurons' fibers.

A) Dendrites

B) Myelin sheaths

C) Neurotransmitters

D) Synapses

30) Which of the following is most likely to allow information to pass from neuron to neuron?

A) the chemical interactions in synapses that connect axons and dendrites

B) the formation of a layer of fat cells that encases many axons

C) the release of neurotransmitters into the cell body of a neuron by terminal buttons

D) the ferrying of information across neurotransmitters by a synapse

31) A message in the brain is "ferried" across the synapse by a ________, which pours out information contained in chemicals when it crosses the synapse.

A) myelin sheath

B) dendrite

C) neurotransmitter

D) terminal button

32) Which of the following statements is true of how neurons change in the first years of life?

A) Synaptic connections begin to develop only after birth.

B) Myelination begins prenatally and stops at birth.

C) The synaptic connections that are used become strengthened and survive, while the unused ones are replaced by other pathways or disappear.

D) The human brain actually needs more than twice the neural connections made in the first years of life.

33) When babies engage in physical activity or use language, some synaptic connections will be strengthened, while the unused ones will be replaced by other pathways or disappear. A neuroscientist would identify this process as

A) pruning.

B) myelination.

C) paring.

D) lateralization.

34) The peak of synaptic overproduction in the ________ occurs at about the fourth postnatal month.

A) spinal cord

B) prefrontal cortex

C) visual cortex

D) parietal lobe

35) Which of the following is true of synaptic overproduction with respect to synaptic connections between neurons?

A) Both heredity and environment are thought to influence the timing and course of synaptic overproduction.

B) The peak of synaptic overproduction in the visual cortex occurs at about 1 year of age.

C) The peak of synaptic overproduction in the prefrontal cortex takes place at about the fourth postnatal month.

D) Synaptic overproduction does not occur in areas of the brain involved in hearing and language.

36) Which of the following is true of the prefrontal cortex of the brain?

A) It is the portion of the brain farthest from the spinal cord.

B) It covers the forebrain like a wrinkled cap.

C) It is the area of the brain where higher-level thinking and self-regulation occur.

D) It is the area of the brain that functions in vision.

37) Fourteen-year-old Michael Rehbein had the left hemisphere of his brain removed to end uncontrollable seizures. His right hemisphere gradually began to reorganize and take over functions that normally occurred in the brain's left hemisphere. This case study is cited in the chapter in order to demonstrate that:

A) the brain is both flexible and resilient.

B) myelination varies in different areas of the brain.

C) the effects of deprived environments on the brain are irreversible.

D) the brain can adapt and function only when whole.

38) According to neuroscientists, which of the following is true of how the brain is wired or rewired?

A) Repeated experience is what wires the brain or rewires it.

B) Genes solely determine how the brain is wired or rewired.

C) Environmental conditions solely determine how the brain is wired or rewired.

D) The wiring of the brain remains constant as its plasticity is dictated by heredity.

39) According to the neuroconstructivist view of brain development, ________.

A) biological processes and environmental conditions influence the brain's development

B) the brain does not have plasticity and is therefore independent of context

C) a child's cognitive development is weakly linked to the development of the brain

D) our genes determine how our brains are wired

40) According to the neuroconstructivist view of brain development, which of the following is true of the plasticity of the brain?

A) The plasticity of the brain is context dependent.

B) The plasticity of the brain is independent of experiences.

C) Interactions between experience and gene expression play a minor role in the plasticity of the brain.

D) A child's cognitive development is weakly linked to the plasticity of the brain.

41) Similar to the epigenetic view, the ________ view emphasizes the importance of interactions between experience and gene expression in the brain's development.

A) neuroconstructivist

B) dynamic systems

C) genetic

D) ecological

42) From an evolutionary perspective, which of the following is true of sleep?

A) Sleep plays a minor role in brain plasticity.

B) Sleep is essential to clearing out waste in neural tissues.

C) Synaptic connections between neurons decrease during sleep.

D) Sleep hinders the consolidation of memories.

43) The most common infant sleep-related problem reported by parents is ________.

A) nighttime waking

B) sleepwalking

C) sudden infant death syndrome

D) choking

44) Infant nighttime waking problems have consistently been linked to

A) parental negligence with regard to sleep-related interactions with the infant.

B) extrinsic factors such as high levels of traffic noise.

C) intrinsic factors such as an alcoholic mother.

D) excessive parental involvement in sleep-related interactions with the infant.

45) Which of the following statements about infants and REM sleep is true?

A) When infants are three months old, the amount of time they spend in REM sleep begins to increase.

B) Most infants spend about 70 percent of their sleeping time in REM sleep.

C) REM sleep might promote the brain's development in infancy.

D) Older adults are the only group that spends more time in REM sleep than infants.

46) Identify a true statement about REM sleep in infancy.

A) Compared with non-REM sleep, a much greater amount of time is taken up by REM sleep in infancy than at any other point in the life span.

B) Compared with non-REM sleep, REM sleep is more quiet.

C) Infants often begin their sleep cycle with non-REM sleep rather than REM sleep.

D) REM sleep hinders self-stimulation in infants since they spend less time awake than do older children.

47) Amira is concerned about putting her baby on his stomach to sleep because of the risk that he might stop breathing, usually during the night, and die suddenly without an apparent cause. In other words, she is concerned about

A) shaken baby syndrome.

B) sudden infant death syndrome.

C) Down syndrome.

D) marasmus.

48) Which of the following does the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) recommend to reduce the risk of sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)?

A) Infants should be placed to sleep in the prone position.

B) Infants should be placed to sleep on their backs.

C) Infants should be placed to sleep on very soft bedding.

D) Infants should be placed to sleep in a bedroom without a fan.

49) Who is at the highest risk of SIDS?

A) Malachi who is four weeks old

B) Tyrell who is six weeks old

C) Chaz who is three months old

D) Isaiah who is ten months old

50) Which of the following statements is true about sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)?

A) It is the least common cause of infant deaths in the United States.

B) Its level of risk is high at 36 to 48 months of age for infants.

C) It usually occurs when infants stop breathing, usually during night, and die suddenly without any apparent reason.

D) Its level of risk is high when infants sleep on their backs, in a supine position.

51) Which of the following is generally accepted to be the most critical factor in predicting whether an infant will develop sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)?

A) prone sleeping

B) supine sleeping

C) perceptual-motor coupling

D) swaddling

52) Which of the following is true of breast feeding with regard to overweight infants?

A) If complementary foods are introduced after breast feeding, the risk of obesity increases by approximately 20 percent in breast-fed infants.

B) Breast-fed infants are more likely to become overweight or obese in adulthood.

C) Compared with bottle-fed infants, breast-fed infants have more gastrointestinal infections that can lead to obesity.

D) Breast-fed infants have lower rates of weight gain than bottle-fed infants in childhood and adolescence.

53) In the context of the debate over whether breast feeding is better for an infant than bottle feeding, which of the following is true?

A) The growing consensus is that breast feeding is better for the infant's health.

B) The majority of doctors are in favor of bottle feeding.

C) Breast feeding is better for bonding between mother and infant, whereas bottle feeding is better for the baby's health.

D) There are no differences in health outcomes for babies who are breast fed and babies who are bottle fed.

54) Identify an outcome, which is supported by research, for infants who are breast fed when compared with bottle-fed infants.

A) Breast-fed infants have higher rates of sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) than bottle-fed infants.

B) Breast-fed infants are less likely to develop type 1 diabetes in childhood than bottle-fed infants.

C) Breast-fed infants have better cardiovascular health than bottle-fed infants.

D) The cognitive development of breast-fed infants is higher than that of bottle-fed infants.

55) Donna's doctor recommends that she breast feed her newborn. Research conclusively indicates that breast feeding has several positive outcomes for the mother, including a

A) speedy return to prepregnancy weight.

B) reduced risk of osteoporosis.

C) reduction in the incidence of ovarian cancer.

D) reduced incidence of postpartum depression.

56) Which of the following statements is true of the outcomes for women who breast feed their infants?

A) Conclusive evidence shows that women who breast feed their infants have a higher incidence of metabolic syndrome in midlife.

B) Consistent evidence indicates a lower incidence of breast cancer in women who breast feed their infants.

C) Evidence indicates reduced rates of osteoporosis in women who breast feed their infants.

D) Evidence shows decreased risk of postpartum depression in women who breast feed their infants.

57) Which of the following statements is true about circumstances when mothers should not breast feed their infants?

A) Mothers should not breast feed when they are infected with HIV.

B) Mothers who are above 35 years of age should not breast feed their infants.

C) Mothers who have type 2 diabetes should not breast feed their infants.

D) Mothers should not breast feed if they have a physical disability.

58) Developmentalist Arnold Gesell proposed that motor development comes about through

A) repeated experiences.

B) the unfolding of a genetic plan.

C) positive reinforcement.

D) a conducive environment.

59) According to dynamic systems theory, ________.

A) infants assemble motor skills for perceiving and acting

B) infants' perception and action are disconnected

C) motor development comes about through the unfolding of a genetic plan

D) infants fine-tune their movements before they perceive something in their environment

60) The view of development that sees motor skills development as a solution to an infant's problems is known as ________ systems theory.

A) dynamic

B) maturational

C) static

D) environmental

61) Kyle and Amy want their baby to walk early. In order to accomplish that, they take the baby's favorite toy and place it where the child cannot reach it from a crawling position. Kyle and Amy believe that this will motivate the baby to stand upright to retrieve the toy and will, thus, result in him walking sooner. Their belief is most consistent with the ________ systems view of development.

A) maturational

B) evolutionary

C) static

D) dynamic

62) ________ are built-in reactions to stimuli; they govern a newborn's movements, which are automatic and beyond the newborn's control.

A) Instincts

B) Reflexes

C) Impulses

D) Urges

63) When Martha wants to feed her newborn son, she gently brushes her nipple against his cheek and, in the ________ reflex, he turns his head toward the side that was touched and immediately latches onto her breast.

A) Moro

B) sucking

C) rooting

D) grasping

64) Whenever baby Beth hears a loud noise, she responds with the ________ reflex, where she arches her back, throws back her head, flings out her arms and legs, and then rapidly closes her arms and legs.

A) Moro

B) rooting

C) grasping

D) fencing

65) Which of the following reflexes is most likely to occur when something touches an infant's palms?

A) the grasping reflex

B) the rooting reflex

C) the sucking reflex

D) the Moro reflex

66) Which of the following statements about reflexes is true?

A) Reflexive behavior is identical among babies.

B) Some reflexes persist through life.

C) All reflexes have survival value today.

D) All newborn reflexes disappear a few months after birth.

67) ________ motor skills are skills that involve large-muscle activities, such as moving one's arms and walking.

A) Fine

B) Gross

C) Learned

D) Major

68) Which of the following statements is true of the development of posture?

A) Postural control is a static process that is linked with sensory information in the skin, joints, and muscles.

B) Newborn infants can voluntarily control their posture.

C) Postural control is required for gross motor skills to develop.

D) Locomotion and postural control are independent of each other.

69) ________ is a dynamic process that is linked with sensory information in the skin, joints, and muscles, which tell us where we are in space; in vestibular organs in the inner ear that regulate balance and equilibrium; and in vision and hearing.

A) Posture

B) Cognitive development

C) Alignment

D) Reflexive behavior

70) Clara, a one-year-old baby, recently started walking. According to research, we would also expect her to

A) show an increase in language development due to interaction with more objects.

B) be safer because she is more in control of her relationship with her environment.

C) make life easier for her parents now that she can walk.

D) show less egocentrism since she is now able to get around on her own.

71) In the context of the milestones in motor skills development in infants, which of the following is true of the first year?

A) A smaller size at birth is the aspect of pregnancy and delivery with the strongest link to reaching motor milestones earlier.

B) Some infants do not follow the standard sequence of motor accomplishments.

C) Breast feeding has no link to reaching the milestones earlier.

D) In the first year of life, infants are motorically skilled and mobile.

72) Nadine is a 1-year-old infant. Her doctor wants to assess the development of her fine motor skills. In this scenario, which of Nadine's abilities is the doctor most likely to focus on?

A) the ability to coordinate large-muscle activity like walking

B) the ability to move the arm

C) the ability to reach and grasp

D) the ability to perform reflexive behavior like stepping

73) Melanie, a 4-year-old child, ties her shoelaces on her own and skillfully uses a fork and a spoon. In the context of motor development, which of the following is most likely involved in this scenario?

A) rooting reflexes

B) fine motor skills

C) moro reflexes

D) gross motor skills

74) In the context of fine motor skills, which of the following is true of reaching by infants?

A) Initially, infants reach by moving their wrists and coordinating their thumb and forefinger.

B) Initially, infants reach by seeing their own hands and then swinging their arms toward an object.

C) Cues from muscles, tendons, and joints guide reaching by 4-month-old infants.

D) Sight of the limb guides reaching by 4-month-old infants.

75) Jake, age 11 months, is able to pick up cereal and bits of fruit off the tray of his high chair by grasping them with his thumb and forefinger. Jake has developed the

A) palmar grasp.

B) pincer grip.

C) Moro reflex.

D) fencing reflex.

76) In the context of grasping, which of the following statements is true of infants?

A) At different stages of development, infants use different perceptual systems to coordinate grasping.

B) Newborn infants rely greatly on vision to determine how they will grasp an object.

C) Experience plays a minor role in reaching and grasping in infants.

D) Infants grasp small objects with all of the fingers of one hand or both hands.

77) In the "sticky mittens" research project, it was found that

A) the infants in the mitten group developed grasping skills earlier.

B) the infants in the group without mittens developed grasping skills faster.

C) both groups developed grasping skills at the same pace.

D) the group without mittens developed better object manipulation skills.

78) ________ occurs when information interacts with sensory receptors—the eyes, ears, tongue, nostrils, and skin.

A) Sensation

B) Perception

C) Reception

D) Transition

79) The interpretation of sensory information is called

A) sensation.

B) reception.

C) perception.

D) transition.

80) Fantz believes that we directly perceive information that exists in the world around us and that perception is designed for action. He most likely holds a(n) ________ perspective with regard to sensory and perceptual development.

A) ethological

B) ecological

C) evolutionary

D) genetic

81) According to theorists Eleanor and James Gibson, who developed the ecological view of perceptual development in infancy, which of the following statements is true?

A) People have to take bits and pieces of data from sensations and build up representations of the world in their minds.

B) People indirectly perceive information that exists in the world around them.

C) People's perceptual system can select from the rich information that the environment itself provides.

D) Culture brings people into contact with the environment so that they can interact with and adapt to it.

82) Your professor says that our perception brings us into contact with the environment in order to interact with and adapt to it. This indicates that he holds a(n) ________ view on perceptual development.

A) ethological

B) ecological

C) evolutionary

D) genetic

83) In the Gibsons' ecological view on perceptual development in infancy, objects have ________, which are opportunities for interaction offered by objects that fit within our capabilities to perform activities.

A) allowances

B) aptitudes

C) abilities

D) affordances

84) Fantz's research method to study sensory and perceptual development—studying whether infants can distinguish one stimulus from another by measuring the length of time they attend to different stimuli—is referred to as the

A) habituation and dishabituation method.

B) orienting response and tracking method.

C) visual preference method.

D) high-amplitude sucking method.

85) Baby Jane, a three-day-old infant, is shown four drawings: a bright blue square, a white oval, a yellow circle, and a drawing of a face. According to Robert Fantz's visual preference method, which drawing would she probably prefer to look at for a longer time?

A) the white oval

B) the drawing of a face

C) the bright blue square

D) the yellow circle

86) Baby Max watches his mother jingle her keys in front of him. After several minutes, he looks away no longer interested. This would indicate that he is habituated to it and is showing ________ to the stimulus after repeated presentations of the stimulus.

A) decreased responsiveness

B) increased familiarity

C) increased interest

D) decreased anxiety

87) The technique of ________ consists of measuring eye movements that follow a moving object and can be used to evaluate an infant's early visual ability.

A) eye-orienting

B) spotting

C) visual preference

D) eye-tracking

88) Sheena wants to hang a picture above her baby's crib. She wants her baby to show interest in the picture. Which of the following pictures is the baby most likely to be interested in?

A) a picture of a bright red circle

B) a picture of an attractive face

C) a picture of an unattractive face

D) a picture of a white circle

89) Which of the following statements is true of an infant's color vision?

A) It usually mirrors that of an adult at birth.

B) Its development is independent of the experience of the infant.

C) Its development, in part, reflects maturation.

D) It usually approximates that of an adult by four months of age.

90) Amber, a 4-month-old baby, knows that the form of a dinner plate remains the same whether it is flat on the table or standing in the dish drainer. In the context of perceptual constancy, Amber has most likely developed

A) shape retention.

B) depth constancy.

C) shape constancy.

D) color constancy.

91) The "visual cliff" experiment was used to measure

A) size constancy.

B) shape constancy.

C) visual acuity.

D) depth perception.

92) In the visual cliff experiment by Eleanor Gibson and Richard Walk, which of the following did most babies do when encouraged to crawl onto the deep side of the visual cliff?

A) They would crawl onto the cliff side.

B) They would not crawl onto the cliff side.

C) They would crawl onto the cliff side only when their mothers called them.

D) They would not crawl onto the cliff side but showed significant increases in heart rate, indicating anxiety.

93) Which of the following statements is true about perception in infants?

A) Infants are not able to perceive the localization of a sound.

B) Newborns cannot hear soft sounds quite as well as adults can.

C) Infants are very sensitive to the pitch of a sound.

D) Infants are not able to perceive pain.

94) Amanda is 6 days old. Which of the following statements is true about Amanda's hearing?

A) Amanda is more sensitive to the pitch of a sound than an adult.

B) Amanda is able to hear low-pitched sounds better than high-pitched sounds.

C) Amanda is able to hear high-pitched sounds better than low-pitched sounds.

D) Amanda cannot determine the general location from where a sound is coming.

95) Winnie is considering the use of anesthesia during the circumcision of her newborn son. She wants to know if newborns can feel pain. What would you tell her?

A) Yes; recent research indicates that infants can feel pain.

B) No; infants cannot feel pain.

C) Maybe; research on the matter is inconclusive as of now.

D) Maybe; the level of pain felt depends on the newborn's resilience.

96) Baby Kendra, who is six days old, is presented with two breast pads: one that has been used by her mother and that smells of the mother and the other that has not been used at all. Which one will Kendra probably prefer?

A) Kendra will probably not show any preference.

B) Kendra will prefer the pad that has been used by the mother.

C) Kendra will prefer the clean breast pad.

D) Whether she shows a preference depends on whether she has been fed recently or not.

97) Which of the following is true of intermodal perception?

A) It is the recognition that an object remains the same even though the retinal image of the object changes.

B) People's experience of the world as a smooth, unitary episode is made possible by intermodal perception.

C) It is the recognition that an object remains the same shape even though its orientation to people changes.

D) Early forms of intermodal perception become weaker with experience.

98) ________ perception involves integrating information from two or more sensory modalities.

A) Extramodal

B) Intermodal

C) Intramodal

D) Multimodal

99) John believes that his six-month-old baby, Ali, was born with the ability to perceive the world in an organized way. In the field of perceptual development, John would be described as a(n)

A) nativist.

B) empiricist.

C) naturalist.

D) perceptionist.

100) Which of the following statements about perceptual-motor coupling in infants is true?

A) Perception and motor activity occur separately in infants.

B) Infants continually coordinate their movements with perceptual information involving people.

C) The concept of perceptual-motor coupling does not develop until the ages of two to three.

D) Perceptual-motor coupling develops in children only by the age of five.

101) Jean Piaget believed that children

A) actively construct their own cognitive worlds.

B) passively react to their environments.

C) absorb their knowledge from the environment.

D) gain their view of the world from their parents.

102) Schemes refer to

A) actions or mental representations that organize knowledge.

B) the incorporation of new information into existing knowledge.

C) groups of behaviors.

D) knowledge that has been adjusted to fit new experiences.

103) Benji has started calling his father "dad," but he also calls all the men that he sees "dad." According to Piaget, this error is due to the phenomenon of

A) amalgamation.

B) accommodation.

C) assimilation.

D) application.

104) ________ occurs when children adjust their schemes to take new information and experiences into account.

A) Adaptation

B) Accommodation

C) Assimilation

D) Application

105) Baby Elise has developed a sucking scheme. She knows that to get food, she must suck on her mother's breast. Now, her mother has begun to introduce solid foods with a spoon. Elise immediately sucks on the spoon. This is an example of

A) accommodation.

B) assimilation.

C) amalgamation.

D) application.

106) Jean Piaget's concept of grouping isolated behaviors into a higher-order system is called

A) assimilation.

B) equilibration.

C) organization.

D) amalgamation.

107) Trenton was playing in a sandbox. He was pouring sand from a short and wide container into a tall and narrow container. When he poured the sand into the tall and narrow container, it appeared as if it had more sand in it. Trenton could not figure out where the extra sand came from and how it got into his container. As Trenton continued to try to solve this puzzle, he experienced considerable movement between states of cognitive ________ and ________ to produce cognitive change.

A) equilibrium; disequilibrium

B) adaptation; organization

C) classification; modification

D) equilibration; categorization

108) Jean Piaget believed that cognition in one stage is ________ that in another stage.

A) qualitatively different from

B) quantitatively different from

C) qualitatively similar to

D) quantitatively similar to

109) Which of the following is a Piagetian term for understanding that objects and events continue to exist even when they cannot directly be seen, heard, or touched?

A) joint attention

B) object permanence

C) internalization of schemes

D) object continuance

110) Identify the type of error that occurs when infants make the mistake of selecting a familiar hiding place rather than a new hiding place as they progress into Piaget's fourth substage of the sensorimotor stage.

A) Type 1 error

B) Type 2 error

C) F-not-N error

D) A-not-B error

111) Research by Renée Baillargeon and her colleagues documents that infants as young as 3 to 4 months expect objects to be ________, in the sense that other objects cannot move through them, and ________, in the sense that objects continue to exist when they are hidden.

A) subject to gravity; transient

B) consistent; existential

C) substantial; permanent

D) opaque; substantial

112) Which of the following theories states that the consequences of a behavior produce changes in the probability of the behavior's occurrence?

A) theory of operant conditioning

B) dual process theory

C) attention schema theory

D) theory of social reinforcement

113) In the context of cognitive development, which of the following terms refers to the focusing of mental resources on select information?

A) assimilation

B) attention

C) habituation

D) imitation

114) Which of the following terms defines a process that occurs when individuals focus on the same object and are able to track another's behavior?

A) deferred imitation

B) joint attention

C) dishabituation

D) accommodation

115) ________ involves the retention of information over time.

A) Attention

B) Memory

C) Cognition

D) Organization

116) Juno is riding a bike. Riding a bike requires Juno to use her memories of skills and routine procedures that are performed automatically; this type of memory is referred to as ________ memory.

A) explicit

B) implicit

C) semantic

D) episodic

117) Most researchers find that babies do not show ________ until the second half of the first year.

A) dishabituation

B) explicit memory

C) habituation

D) implicit memory

118) Kyoko is 13 months old and can understand about 50 words but can say only about 10 words. This demonstrates how Kyoko's ________ vocabulary is more developed than her ________ vocabulary.

A) expressive; spoken

B) spoken; receptive

C) receptive; spoken

D) spoken; expressive

119) Which of the following indicates a significant problem in an infant's communication system?

A) a lack of pointing by 15 months of age

B) not being able to speak 50 words by 15 months of age

C) only speaking 150 words by two years of age

D) a lack of pointing by seven months of age

120) The rapid increase in an infant's vocabulary starting at about 18 months of age is called

A) the secular trend.

B) telegraphic speech.

C) the vocabulary spurt.

D) phonetic advancement.

121) Mariah has suffered damage to the left frontal lobe of her brain. When she tries to speak, she struggles to produce words and is unable to say them correctly. Mariah has sustained injury to the

A) Broca's area.

B) Wernicke's area.

C) SMA area.

D) Morton's area.

122) Linguist Noam Chomsky said that children are born into the world with a ________, a biological endowment that enables the child to detect certain features and rules of language, including phonology, syntax, and semantics.

A) language acquisition device

B) biological language center

C) primary language center

D) biological language device

123) Child-directed speech is the

A) ability of parents to understand their children's holographic speech.

B) unique way that parents (and others) talk to babies.

C) continual correcting of children's syntax by parents.

D) special way parents speak to each other in front of their children.

124) While playing with his toy truck on the couch, Nezzy points to the toy truck and says, "Truck go." His father responds to this by saying, "Oh! Did you see the truck going?" In the context of caregiver strategies, this scenario illustrates the strategy of

A) labeling.

B) recasting.

C) overextending.

D) underextending.

125) Name the researcher who carefully observed and documented the development of motor skills in the 1930s. Based on this work, he/she concluded that motor development is entirely due to maturation.

126) The perspective on motor development that seeks to explain how motor behaviors are assembled for perceiving and acting is referred to as ________.

127) Name the theorist who believed that infants assemble motor skills for perceiving and acting. He/she proposed the dynamic systems theory to explain these findings.

128) Name the theorist who developed and used the "looking chamber" to study the vision of infants in the early 1960s.

129) Name the theorists who are renowned for using the "visual cliff" to study the vision of infants.

130) Name the developmental sequence in which the earliest growth always occurs at the top—the head—with physical growth in size, weight, and feature differentiation gradually working from top to bottom.

131) Name the nerve cell that handles information processing in the brain.

132) Name the lobe in the brain that is responsible for voluntary movement and thinking.

133) Your ability to see faces and patterns with the right hemisphere of the brain and understand language with the left hemisphere is due to ________.

134) Name the part of the neuron that carries signals away from the cell body.

135) Identify the condition that occurs when infants stop breathing, usually during the night, and die suddenly without an apparent cause.

136) Gustavo believes that motor skills represent solutions to an infant's goals. According to him, when a baby is offered a new toy, the baby attempts to grab the toy while also balancing itself. He believes that this active improvisation and adaptation to achieve one's goal demonstrates that nature, nurture, the infant, and the environment are all working together. Gustavo is a proponent of which theory?

137) In the context of reflexes, the ________ is a neonatal startle response in which a newborn arches its back, throws its head back, flings out its arms and legs, and then pulls its arms and legs close to the center of the body.

138) Baby Tobias turns his head when his mother strokes his cheek. Tobias also turns his head toward the side that is touched. This reflex is called the ________.

139) In the context of reflexes, the ________ enables newborns to get nourishment before they have associated a nipple with food and also serves as a self-soothing or self-regulating mechanism.

140) According to the ________, perception functions to bring organisms in contact with the environment so that they can adapt to it.

141) Decreased responsiveness to a stimulus after repeated presentations of the stimulus is referred to as ________.

142) The recovery of a habituated response after a change in stimulation is referred to as ________.

143)  The ability to relate and integrate information from two or more sensory modalities, such as vision and hearing, is referred to as ________.

144) In the field of perceptual development, nature proponents are referred to as ________.

145) In the field of perceptual development, those who emphasize learning and experience are called ________.

146) Briefly explain the cephalocaudal and proximodistal patterns of development. Provide an example of each type of pattern.

147) List the four lobes of the brain and briefly describe their functions.

148) How would you connect the concepts of the overproduction of synaptic connections and their subsequent retraction, or pruning, with the nature-versus-nurture issue?

149) Ingrid is getting ready to leave the hospital with her newborn and asks her doctor about sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS). Her pediatrician suggests several things she can do to reduce the likelihood of SIDS in her infant. List five things that Ingrid can do to reduce the likelihood of SIDS.

150) List five risk factors associated with an infant dying from SIDS.

151) List five benefits that a child receives from breast feeding.

152) Ursula has just had a baby and is considering bottle feeding her as she plans to return to work very soon. However, she is worried that she will be unable to form a strong attachment with her baby if she does not breast feed her. Based on recent research, what would you, as her doctor, tell her?

153) Provide three examples where a doctor would advise a mother to not breast feed their infants.

154) Discuss developmentalist Arnold Gesell's view on motor skills development in infants. How does Arnold Gesell's view differ from Esther Thelen's dynamic systems theory on motor development?

155) Define gross and fine motor skills and give an example of each.