Chapter 3: How Do Disciplines Outside Sociology Study Gender? Some Additional Theoretical Approaches

Test Bank

Multiple Choice

1. In contrast to sociology, psychology focuses on how ______.

A. social interaction affects behavior

B. institutions affect individuals

C. individual processes affect behavior

D. physical environment affects behavior

Answer Location: Psychological Approaches to Gender

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Difficulty Level: Easy

2. Sex difference research is concerned with how gender operates on an ______ level.

A. individual

B. interactional

C. institutional

D. ideological

Answer Location: Sex Differences Research

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Difficulty Level: Medium

3. Researchers Maccoby and Jacklin found that women are generally better at interpreting facial expressions, while men have a higher aptitude for physical aim. The psychological interpretation of these finds suggests that these differences _______.

A. are socially constructed

B. are hard-wired

C. vary based on hormones

D. vary across cultures

Answer Location: Sex Difference Research

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Difficulty Level: Medium

4. Broadly, sex difference research has found evidence of which of the following?

A. Substantial differences in aptitude between sexes

B. Equivalence in aptitude between sexes

C. Consistence in sex differences across ethnicity

D. Small differences in aptitude between sexes

Answer Location: To Research or Not to Research?

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Difficulty Level: Easy

5. Research on the variations in math and science test scores of boys and girls is an example of which kind of research?

A. Visuospatial

B. Sex differences

C. Meta-analytic

D. Androcentric

Answer Location: Sex Differences Research

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Difficulty Level: Medium

6. Which of the following is a criticism of sex difference research?

A. Studies were fruitless because they found no differences between sex categories.

B. Findings that sex difference is varies culturally reinforces racial inequality.

C. This reseach put undo criticism on the limitations of each sex category.

D. Sex difference research reinforces gender inequality.

Answer Location: The Bottom Line on Sex Difference Research

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Difficulty Level: Medium

7. Sex differences research is:

A. Predictive

B. Explanatory

C. Descriptive

D. Exploratory

Answer Location: The Bottom Line on Sex Differences Research

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Difficulty Level: Medium

8. Queer theory traces its beginnings to the intersections between the gay/lesbian rights movement, feminism and ______.

A. structural functionalism

B. the civil rights movement

C. poststructuralism

D. postmodernism/poststructuralism

Answer Location: Queer Theory

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Difficulty Level: Easy

9. During the gay and lesbian rights movement, lesbian feminists argued that:

A. Gay men benefit from systems of gender inequality.

B. One movement could represent all homosexual people.

C. All homosexual people should be united under a master frame of civil rights.

D. If societal barriers are removed, society would be more equitable.

Answer Location: Origins in the Gay and Lesbian Rights Movement

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Difficulty Level: Medium

10. Which of the following was a central focus of the gay rights movement?

A. Highlighting the intersection of race and class amoung lesbians and gays.

B. Removing the categorization of homosexual as a mental illness from the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM).

C. Decreasing rates of suicide among transmen.

D. Publicizing the problems associated with gender re-assignment surgery on intersex babies.

Answer Location: Origins of the Gay and Lesbian Rights Movement

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Difficulty level Medium

11. Which movement within queer theory criticizes assumptions about a “universal homosexual identity?”

A. Transgender movement

B. Liberal feminist movement

C. Postmodernist movement

D. Radical feminist movement

Answer Location: Enter Postmodernism/poststructuralism

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Difficulty Level: Medium

12. Imagine a research study that seeks to rationalize the differences between men and women based on biological traits. Which of the following theories would critique this research as reinforcing the ideas of the Enlightenment?

A. Postmodernism

B. Doing gender theory

C. Structuralism

D. Social interactionism

Answer Location: Enter Postmodernism/Poststructuralism

Cognitive Domain: Application

Difficulty Level: Hard

13. Charles Darwin’s theory of evolution is an example of a ______.

A. Meta-analysis

B. Meta-experience

C. Meta-narrative

D. Meta-theory

Answer Location: Enter Postmodernism/poststructuralism

Cognitive Domain: Application

Difficulty Level: Hard

14. Which of the following is a feature of queer theory as a general orientation?

A. Queer theory seeks to categorize the social world.

B. Queer theory is distrustful of categories.

C. Queer theory emphasizes a structural approach.

D. Queer theory seeks to establish a meta-narrative about gender

Answer Location: Three Key Features of Queer Theory

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Difficulty Level: Medium

15. ______ is defined as the continuum of cooperative relations between people of the same gender, ranging from homosexual intimacy to same-sex friendships.

A. Homophily

B. Homophobia

C. Homosociality

D. Homosexuality

Answer Location: Three Key Features of Queer Theory

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Difficulty Level: Easy

16. Ward’s (2008) article on Craiglist ads from men seeking sex with other men demonstrates which of the following?

A. Men’s sexuality falls along a binary of homosexual/heterosexual.

B. The men posting the adds were closeted homosexuals.

C. The category of heterosexual is unstable.

D. Sexual identity is congruent with sexual behavior.

Answer Location: Three Key Features of Queer Theory

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Difficulty Level: Medium

17. Homophobia is most likely to arise among homosocial groups of ______.

A. homosexual men

B. bisexual women

C. heterosexual women

D. heterosexual men

Answer Location: Three Key Features of Queer Theory

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Difficulty Level: Medium

18. Which of the following is a concern of gender scholars who are interested in challenging perspectives of gender arising from the global North?

A. The concept of gender is universal.

B. Gender is a category of inequality in all cultures.

C. Power imbalances exist between the global North and global South.

D. The categories of sex and gender are interchangeable.

Answer Location: Gender Theories in Global Perspective

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Difficulty Level: Medium

19. One impact of colonialism on indigenous peoples was the loss of communal land to colonial authorities. One effect was that________.

A. Colonized peoples benefitted econoicall from new norms about landownership.

B. Colonized peoples were subject to the gendered social ideas of the colonists in relation to land cultivation.

C. Colonized peoples understood gender in the same was as their colonizers.

D. Colonized peoples maintained their traditional gender norms in the face of colonialism.

Answer Location: The Colonial Period

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Difficulty Level: Medium

20. Because Europeans believed themselves to be more advanced than the rest of the world, colonizers assumed that their presence ______ gender inequality among colonized peoples.

A. increased

B. decreased

C. did not change

D. eliminated

Answer Location: The Colonial Period

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Difficulty Level: Medium

21. Which of the following is an example of the impact that colonization had on the gender systems of colonized peoples?

A. Yoruba women gained increased empowerment.

B. Divorce was normalized among Arab women.

C. Indian women gained entry into the paid workforce.

D. Igbo women lost power.

Answer Location: The Colonial Period

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Difficulty Level: Medium

22. Which theory posits that the postcolonial world can reap benefits from following the economic, political, and social lead of the developed world?

A. Development theory

B. Evolutionary theory

C. Classical theory

D. Modernization theory

Answer Location: The Development Project

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Difficulty Level: Easy

23. Why is women’s work often unaccounted for in economic theories of development??

A. Women’s work is often part of the informal economy.

B. Women’s work is often developmental.

C. Women’s work is always part of the formal economy.

D. Women’s work is postmodern.

Answer Location: What About Women?

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Difficulty Level: Easy

24. The “Women in Development” perspective sought to _______.

A. inform the World Bank of the benefit of women’s work

B. integrate the informal economy into a gender perspective

C. inform modernization theory of the many women working in developing countries

D. integrate gender into the pre-existing development project

Answer Location: What About Women?

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Difficulty Level: Medium

25. Costa Rica exports a large amount of palm products. This is an example of a/an ______.

A. imported plant species

B. commodity crop

C. organic crop

D. shade-grown crop

Answer Location: What About Women?

Cognitive Domain: Application

Difficulty Level: Hard

26. Gender and Development (GAD) theory primarily questions which of the following?

A. The global economic system

B. Development projects

C. Men’s involvement in poverty-reduction

D. The involvement of women in development projects

Answer Location: Gender and Development

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Difficulty Level: Easy

27. Which theory aims to explore domination in all forms, including the domination of women and the environment?

A. Modernization theory

B. Radical feminist theory

C. Ecofeminist theory

D. Structural characteristics theory

Answer Location: Ecofeminism and the Environment

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Difficulty Level: Easy

28. _________research is invested in identiciation rather than explanation.

A. identity

B. descriptive

C. visual

D. explicit

Answer Location: The Bottom Line on Sex Difference

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Difficulty level: Medium

29. According to Foucault, _____________led to a new kind of disciplinary power rather than an increase in personal freedom.

A. The formation of the CIA

B. The rise of health research

C. The growth of social science disciplines

D. Feminism

Answer Location: Enter Postmodernism/Poststructuralism

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Difficulty Level: Mediun

30. Queer theory suggests that everyone can______and that everyone already is.

A. be an ally

B. be homophoic

C. be privileged

D. be queer

Answer Location: Three Key Features of Queer Theory

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Difficulty Level: Easy

True/False

31. Maccoby and Jacklin’s summary of sex difference research found that the differences between men and women were numerous and pronounced.

Answer Location: Sex Differences Research

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Difficulty Level: Medium

32. Sex difference research has practical implications because it influences the organization of schools and work.

Answer Location: Sex Differences Research

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Difficulty Level: Medium

33. Despite the longstanding efforts of the gay and lesbian rights movement, the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM) continues to list homosexuality as a psychological disorder.

Answer Location: Origins in the Gay and Lesbian Rights Movement

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Difficulty Level: Easy

34. Postmodernist theorists within the queer theory tradition argue that there is a universal and comprehensive experience of homosexual identity.

Answer Location: Enter Postmodernism/Poststructuralism

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Difficulty Level: Medium

35. Queer theorists recognize that heterosexuality is biologically determined.

Answer Location: Queer Theory

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Difficulty Level: Medium

36. Colonization had a mostly positive impact on gender equality in colonized nations.

Answer Location: The Colonial Period

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Difficulty Level: Medium

37. Economic models often fail to account for the informal economies in which women participate.

Answer Location: What About Women

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Difficulty Level: Medium

38. The term queer is used by adherants as an act of empowerment.

Answer Location: Queer Theory

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Difficulty Level: Easy

39. Postmodernism is a theoretical orientation that praises and builds upon the advancements of the Enlightment.

Answer Location: Enter Postmodernism/Poststructuralism

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Difficulty Level: Medium

40. Colonialism is defined as the assumption of power over nations or communities that have economic, political and cultural privileges.

Answer Location: The Colonial Period

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Difficulty Level: Easy

41. Sex difference research falls within a social constructionist theoretical perspective.

Answer Location: Sex Difference Research

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Difficulty Level: Easy

42. Ward’s research on straight-identified men who seek sex with other men demonstrates that the category of heterosexual is inherently unstable.

Answer Location: Three Features of Queer Theory

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Difficulty Level: Medium

43. Queer theory seeks to have a broad impact on what is defined as “normal” across multiple disciplines in the Academy.

Answer Location: Three Features of Queer Thory

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Difficulty Level: Easy

44. Development projects funded by the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund sought to enhance the economic independence of countries in the “developing” world.

Answer Location: The Development Project

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Difficulty Level: Medium

45. Ecofeminism asserts that marginalized racial and ethnic groups are often associated with being closer to nature and therefore more animalistic.

Answer Location: Ecofeminism and the Environment

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Difficulty Level: Medium

Essay

46. Define the concept, “meta-narrative”. What is a meta-narrative with respect to gender? How would the perspectives on meta-narratives differ between a sex difference researcher and a queer theorist?

Answer Location: Enter Postmodernism/poststructuralism, Queer Theory, Sex Differences Research

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Difficulty Level: Medium

47. How does modernization theory understand the value of women’s economic and social contributions? In fact, how did modernization impact women’s social contributions? How did the practice and prevalence of modernization theory give rise to the “Women in Development” perspective?

Answer Location: The Development Project

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Difficulty Level: Medium

48. Discuss the the three key features of Queer Theory as outlined in the text.

Answer Location: Three Key Features of Queer Theory

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Difficulty Level: Medium

49. What is ecofeminism? What sets ecofeminism apart from other forms of feminism? What are strengths and weaknesses of ecofeminism?

Answer Location: Ecofeminism and the Environment

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Difficulty Level: Medium

50. Explain the different phases of the Gay and Lesbian movement. What was the meta-narrative that drove the foundation of the movement, and how did this shift over time? How did postmodernism address these divisions in the movement?

Answer Location: Three Key Features of Queer Theory

Cognitive Domain: Comprehensionn

Difficulty Level: Medium