Ch4 Extensions of Mendelian Inheritance | Test Bank – 7e

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1) The pedigree below shows the inheritance pattern for one gene involved in eye color within a particular family. The loss-of-function, recessive allele affects the amount of melanin in the eye, but one copy of a functional allele results in brown eyes. The loss-of-function, recessive allele is not rare within the population. Those with filled in circles and squares have lighter colored eyes. Identify all of the individuals who must be carriers in the pedigree below.

A) II-1
B) II-2
C) II-3
D) II-4
E) III-1
F) III-2
G) III-3
H) III-4
I) III-5

2) Genes that are not required for survival, but are likely to be beneficial to the organism, are called _________.

A) essential genes
B) lethal alleles
C) semilethal alleles
D) nonessential genes
E) conditional lethal alleles

3) Temperature-sensitive alleles that kill an organism only in a particular temperature range are examples of _____.

A) essential genes
B) lethal alleles
C) semilethal alleles
D) nonessential genes
E) conditional lethal alleles

4) The allele that causes Huntington disease in humans is an example of a(n) _______ that exerts its effects later in life.

A) lethal allele
B) epistatic allele
C) semilethal allele
D) recessive allele
E) environmental effect

5) A heterozygote possesses a phenotype that is intermediate between the homozygous dominant and homozygous recessive phenotypes. This is most likely an example of ________.

A) lethal alleles
B) incomplete dominance
C) gene dosage
D) sex-influenced inheritance

6) In four-o'clock plants, red flower color is dominant to white flower color. However, heterozygous plants have a pink color. If a pink-flowered plant is crossed with a white-flowered plant, what will be the phenotypic ratios of their offspring?

A) ¼ red, ½ pink, ¼ white
B) All pink
C) All white
D) ½ pink, ½ white
E) ½ red, ½ pink

7) The coat characteristics of arctic foxes and Siamese cats, where proteins in the extremities function differently than in other parts of the body, is an example of _________.

A) incomplete dominance
B) multiple allele systems
C) semilethal alleles
D) temperature-sensitive allele
E) None of the answers are correct

8) In rabbits, full coat color ( c) is the dominant trait. A second allele, chinchilla ( cch) is recessive to full coat color. Himalayan coat color ( ch) is recessive to chinchilla and full coat colors, and albino ( c) is recessive to all coat colors. If two chinchilla rabbits mate, what coat color is not possible in their offspring?

A) Full coat color
B) Chinchilla coat color
C) Himalayan coat color
D) Albino coat color
E) All coat colors are possible

9) In human blood groups, the fact that an individual can have an AB blood type is an example of ___________.

A) incomplete dominance
B) incomplete penetrance
C) sex-influenced trait
D) temperature-sensitive conditional allele
E) codominance

10) An individual with type A blood and an individual with type B blood mate and have offspring. What blood type is not possible in their offspring?

A) Type O blood
B) Type A blood
C) Type B blood
D) Type AB blood
E) All blood types are possible

11) At the molecular level, type A and type B blood differ in which of the following characteristics?

A) The antigens present on the surface of the red blood cells
B) The type of sugar found in each type
C) The antibodies that are generated against the other type of blood
D) All of the answers are correct

12) For a certain trait, a heterozygous individual has a selective advantage as compared to a homozygous dominant or homozygous recessive individual. This is called ________.

A) codominance
B) incomplete dominance
C) overdominance
D) incomplete penetrance
E) multiple allele systems

13) Humans homozygous for the sickle cell allele have sickle cell anemia. A human that is heterozygous for the sickle cell allele is an example of _____________.

A) codominance
B) incomplete penetrance
C) heterozygous advantage
D) multiple allele systems

14) At the molecular level, which of the following best explain heterozygous advantage and overdominance?

A) A heterozygous individual can produce more varieties of homodimer proteins
B) The alleles produce two different proteins with slightly different functions
C) The proteins produced by the alleles may provide a broader range of environmental tolerance, such as temperature ranges
D) Infectious organisms may recognize only a specific functional protein
E) All of the answers are possibilities

15) An individual carries the allele for polydactyly, a dominant trait, but is phenotypicallynormal. This is an example of __________.

A) simple Mendelian inheritance
B) incomplete dominance
C) incomplete penetrance
D) codominance
E) gene dosage

16) If a geneticist describes a trait as being 70% penetrant, what would they mean?

A) Individuals with the trait show variation in expression.
B) It is lethal in 30% of the individuals who have the trait.
C) Only 70% of the individuals who carry the allele(s) for a trait express the trait.
D) The trait is present in 70% of the population.

17) Phenylketonuria in humans is an example of __________.

A) incomplete penetrance
B) codominance
C) an environmentally-influenced trait
D) incomplete dominance

18) If an autosomal allele is dominant in one sex and recessive in another, it is an example of ___________.

A) sex-limited inheritance
B) sex-influenced inheritance
C) incomplete dominance
D) simple Mendelian inheritance

19) A woman who is heterozygous for an allele that results in X-linked pattern baldness marries a man who is nonbald. Which of the following would be true of their offspring?

A) All would be bald
B) All of the females would be nonbald, all males would be bald
C) All of the females would be nonbald, ½ of the males would be bald
D) ½ of females would be bald, and ½ of the males would be bald
E) All would be nonbald

20) A paralog ____________.

A) is found for every gene in mammals
B) is only found on the X but not the Y chromosome
C) can explain the lack of phenotype for a gene knockout
D) cannot be mutated
E) has the same DNAsequence as the original duplicated gene

21) The interaction of two genes to produce a phenotype was first described by __________.

A) Morgan and Bridges
B) Mendel
C) Darwin
D) Bateson and Punnett
E) None of the answers are correct

22) Epistasis is _______________.

A) another term for overdominance
B) when one gene can mask the expression of a second gene
C) a trait that is only expressed in one sex of the species
D) when two dominant alleles can be expressed in the same individual
E) None of the answers are correct

23) In a dihybrid cross of two heterozygous individuals, you expect a 9:3:3:1 phenotypic ratio in the offspring, but observe a ratio of 9:7. What is the most likely explanation?

A) Codominance
B) It is a sex-limited trait
C) Simple Mendelian inheritance
D) Incomplete penetrance
E) Epistatic interaction of the two genes

24) Which of the following is not correct concerning epistatic interactions?

A) They can be associated with enzymatic pathways.
B) They produce variations in the expected 9:3:3:1 ratio of a dihybrid cross.
C) They can result when a gene at one locus masks the expression of a gene at a different locus.
D) They always result in a 9:7 ratio of a dihybrid cross.
E) They are due to gene interactions.

25) The production of wild-type offspringfrom a cross between parents that both display the same recessive phenotype illustrates the genetic phenomenon of _______.

A) simple recessive alleles
B) incomplete penetrance
C) complementation
D) gene dosage
E) a spontaneous mutation

26) The multiple effects of a single gene on the phenotype of an organism is called _______.

A) epistasis
B) penetrance
C) expressivity
D) overdominance
E) pleiotropy

27) A ______ allele is the most prevalent allele in a population and usually encodes a protein that is made in the proper amount and functions normally.

A) loss-of-function
B) mutant
C) wild-type
D) gain-of-function
E) lethal

28) In overdominance, the _______ genotype is beneficial over the _______ genotypes.

A) heterozygous,homozygous
B) homozygous,heterozygous
C) homozygousdominant, homozygous recessive
D) homozygousrecessive, homozygous dominant
E) incompletedominant, codominant

29) In cattle, the presence or absence of scurs follows a sex-influenced pattern of inheritance. A heterozygous male has _______ and a heterozygous female has _______ .

A) no scurs, no scurs
B) no scurs, scurs
C) scurs, scurs
D) scurs, no scurs

30) If a combination of two or more genes is required to produce a specific trait, it is called a(n) _______.

A) overdominance
B) simple mendeliantrait
C) sex-influencedtrait
D) sex-linkedtrait
E) geneinteraction

31) Coat color in rodents involves a gene interaction between two genes (A and C) that produces three phenotypes and involves________.

A) simple recessive alleles
B) incomplete penetrance
C) a gene modifier effect
D) gene dosage
E) a spontaneous mutation

32) The presence of a group of antigens that determine blood type occurs as a result of a/an ____________.

A) semilethalallele
B) sex-linkedtrait
C) multiple allelesystem
D) incompletedominance

33) Eosin,white, and red (wild type) are allallelesof the same gene white ( w) ,located on the X chromosome, where red is dominant to white. Eosin is a pale orange color. The expression of the eosin allele depends on the number of copies present. Females homozygous for the eosin allel have eosin eyes. Females heterozygous for the eosin and white alleles have light-eosin eyes. Females heterozygous for the red and eosin alleles have red eyes. Males that have a single copy of the eosin allele have eosin eyes. If an eosin-eyed male Drosophila is crossed to a homozygous red-eyed female, what will be the phenotype of their offspring?

A) All offspring will have red eyes.
B) All males will have light-eosin eyes and all females will have eosin eye
C) All females will have red eyes, all males will have light-eosin eyes.
D) All flies will have white eyes.

34) The pedigree below traces a trait through a family. Filled in circles and square show affected individuals. Theinheritance of this trait by individual III-3 exemplifies ______.

A) incomplete dominance
B) codominance
C) pseudoautosomal inheritance
D) X-linked inheritance

35) Heavy metals, such as copper, are required for proper development. However, if too much copper is present it can lead to developmental defects. A scientist was interested in studying the developmental defects that could occur at various concentrations of copper. Genetically identical organisms were grown in 6 different concentrations of copper. This experiment evaluates a/an _____________.

A) epistasis
B) dominant trait
C) recessive trait
D) norm of reaction

36) Achondroplasia is a type of dwarfism caused by the presence of a dominant allele (A). However, the presence of two dominant alleles is lethal. What is the probability that two individuals with achondroplasia have a non-dwarf child?

A) 1/3
B) 1/2
C) 1/4
D) 2/3
E) 3/4

37) The pedigree below shows the inheritance pattern of a rare genetic disorder that is inherited in anX-linked dominant manner through one family. The filled in circles and squares show affected individuals. What is the probability of individual III-2 being born male and affected?

A) 1/2
B) 1/3
C) 1/4
D) 0

38) The pedigree below shows the inheritance pattern of a rare genetic disorder that is inherited in anX-linked dominant manner through one family. The filled in circles and squares show affected individuals.What is the probability of individual III-2 being born female and affected?

A) 1/2
B) 1/3
C) 1/4
D) 0

39) Gout, a type of inflammatory arthritis, is a sex-influenced trait, where a loss-of-function allele of an autosomal gene is dominant in males, but recessive in females. If a heterozygous male with gout and a heterozygous female without gout have children, what proportion of the male offspring will not have gout?

A) 0%
B) 25%
C) 50%
D) 75%
E) 100%

40) You identify a rare purple plumed parrot. When you cross the parrot to a true breeding white parrot, you getwhite andpurple parrots. When you cross two purple parrots you getwhite parrots andpurple parrots. Which of the following best explains this result?

A) The purple alleleis lethal in the homozygous state.
B) The purple allele is lethal in theheterozygous state.
C) White is dominantto purple.
D) The white allele islethal in the homozygous state.

41) You cross a rose comb chicken with a pea comb chicken and get all walnut comb progeny. You then cross two of the walnut combed chickens from the F1 generation and get 9 walnut combs: 3 rose combs: 3 pea combs : 1 single comb.
Which of the following would best explain these results? Underline means any allele could be present; e.g., R_ could be RR or Rr.

A) walnut = RrPp, single = RRPP, rose = R_ pp, pea = rrP_
B) walnut = R_ P_, single = rrpp, rose = R_pp, pea = rrP_
C) walnut = rrpp, single = rrP_, rose = R_P_, pea = R_pp
D) r is epistatic to P.
E) P is epistatic tor .

42) Two white-flowered true-breeding plants with genotypes AAbb and aaBB are crossed. All of the F1 are AaBb and have purple flowers. Select the molecular pathway that will result in purple flowers in the F1.

A)
B)
C)
D)

43) Male-pattern baldness is solely inherited an autosomal dominant manner in humans.

⊚ true
⊚ false

44) In an epistatic interaction, the genes must be located on the same chromosome.

⊚ true
⊚ false

45) Typically, a recessive allele increases the expression of a functional protein.

⊚ true
⊚ false

46) Human blood groups are determined by antigens on the surface of red blood cells.

⊚ true
⊚ false

47) Incomplete penetrance indicates that individuals who possess a dominant trait always express the trait.

⊚ true
⊚ false

48) Variable expressivity means that the phenotype of a trait can vary between individuals.

⊚ true
⊚ false

49) Paralogs are often functionally redundant and can compensate for the loss of either of the paralogs in a set.

⊚ true
⊚ false

50) In codominance, both alleles make functional gene products which are expressed simultaneously.

⊚ true
⊚ false

51) In sex influenced traits, both sexes can express the trait, depending on their genotype, but in sex limited inheritance a particular sex can only have one phenotype for the trait in question.

⊚ true
⊚ false

52) In the white spotting coat pattern,portions of an animal’s fur lack pigmentation. Anallele of the gene MITF that results in its reduced expression confers the white spotting phenotype due to an increased number of melanocytes.

⊚ true
⊚ false