Sports and Socialization Chapter 3 Exam Prep

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1) According to the definition used in Chapter 3, socialization refers to a process that

A) molds people into productive citizens.
B) permanently alters a person's genetic predispositions.
C) involves social development and learning about social worlds.
D) occurs only during a person's formative years in childhood.

2) The definition of socialization used by the author is based on

A) a social interaction model.
B) a role theory model.
C) a personal internalization model.
D) a structural model.

3) Recent studies of socialization are based on social interaction models rather than personal internalization models. Social interaction models emphasize that human beings are

A) products of culture and society.
B) victims of historical, political, and economic forces in society.
C) active decision-makers who give meaning to their experiences.
D) social creatures who seek contact with and approval from others.

4) In recent years, those who study sports and socialization have tended to use research methods that emphasize

A) measurable personality changes among athletes.
B) qualitative data that provide detailed descriptions of sport experiences.
C) statistical analysis of data collected from large samples of people.
D) data collected through surveys, questionnaires, and historical records.

5) Research on socialization has found that sports participation is related to three sets of factors. Which of the following is NOT one of those sets of factors?

A) A person's abilities, characteristics, and resources.
B) The availability of opportunities to play enjoyable sports.
C) The influence of significant others and role models.
D) A person's willingness to practice sports even when not having fun.

6) When there is a decline in child-controlled physically active play and games, there also tends to be a decline in

A) school attendance.
B) physical literacy.
C) obesity rates.
D) knowledge about health.

7) According to the definition in this chapter, physical literacy is based on a combination of three personal characteristics. They are

A) age, education level, and strength.
B) health, motivation, and a desire to move.
C) ability, confidence, and a desire to be active for life.
D) adaptability, flexibility, and a willingness to take risks.

8) Research indicates that decisions to participate in sports

A) depend on the past sports experiences of their parents.
B) are influenced by the attitudes that people have about their bodies.
C) are determined by the culture in which people live.
D) shift over time as relationships and social conditions change.

9) When Sharon Wheeler interviewed British elementary school children for whom sports were important, she found that their sports participation was linked to

A) a process of acquiring equipment needed for training.
B) opportunities to take physical education classes.
C) the routine and lifestyle of their families.
D) the emphasis that is placed on sports in their school.

10) In the United States, the young people who are most likely to receive encouragement from friends, family, coaches, and teachers to play sports are

A) honor students.
B) African Americans.
C) first-generation immigrants.
D) those who qualify for free lunches.

11) After doing in-depth interviews with British adolescents from working class families, Anita White and Jay Coakley concluded that sports participation among these young people was based on

A) the policies and programs of the British Sports Council.
B) a continuous process of decision-making by each individual.
C) rapidly changing fads related to fitness and sports.
D) their response to images and messages in the media content they consumed.

12) The in-depth interviews done by Anita White and Jay Coakley indicated that young people are most likely to participate in sports when they

A) wanted to feel childlike.
B) wanted to escape negative circumstances in their lives.
C) thought they had a good chance of playing at a professional level.
D) saw sports as supportive of their growth and development.

13) When Peter Donnelly and Kevin Young used data from interviews with rock climbers and rugby players they concluded that becoming an athlete involved

A) a process of identity formation and affirmation in a sport.
B) gaining sponsorships from a corporation with marketing power and influence.
C) being recognized as a person with a desire to play a sport under all conditions.
D) taking risks in a sport so that physical skills are seen by other athletes.

14) Becoming involved and staying involved in sports is grounded in a series of processes. Which of the following is NOT one of those processes?

A) Personality revision.
B) Decision-making.
C) Social support.
D) Identity formation.

15) Research has helped us understand the process of changing or ending sport participation. Which of the following is a finding in that research?

A) Transitions out of sports are not a problem when they are caused by an injury.
B) When people stop playing a sport, they usually cut all ties with it.
C) Bad coaching is the main reason that people drop out of sports.
D) Changes in sports participation often occur with major life events and transitions.

16) In the discussion of burnout among adolescent and young adult athletes, it is noted that it often occurs in connection with

A) becoming tired of making important decisions about sports participation.
B) a perceived lack of privacy in their lives away from sports.
C) a lack of autonomy and little control over the conditions of sports participation.
D) a fear of learning new things about themselves and their abilities.

17) When athletes burnout in a sports organization, it is usually

A) caused by physical and emotional stress.
B) seen by officials as an athletes' problem rather than an organizational problem.
C) a sign that athletes have been given too much responsibility for their training.
D) due to increases in the intensity of physical training.

18) When researchers in Australia studied older and middle-age skateboarders, it was found that the skaters used

A) multiple strategies to manage and reaffirm their skater identity.
B) a combination of anti-ageing drugs and meditation to maintain skill levels.
C) a spirit of competition rather than a spirit of play to make participation meaningful.
D) a combination of strategies to avoid younger skaters who made fun of them.

19) Research on transitions out of competitive sports careers indicates that people are most likely to have problems when they

A) end careers without seeking support from coaches or agents.
B) have few reasons to keep their sports memories alive.
C) have few opportunities to interact with fans who look up to them as heroes.
D) have few experiences and relationships outside of sports.

20) A widespread belief among many people in North America is that playing sports

A) builds character among participants.
B) should be avoided before age 8.
C) is more beneficial for girls than it is for boys.
D) for too many hours each day interferes with character development.

21) Studies of the socialization effects of sports participation have produced inconclusive and inconsistent findings because researchers have mistakenly assumed that

A) athletes automatically resist negative influences coming from coaches.
B) all athletes have the same or similar experiences in all sports.
C) sports experiences are similar to experiences in other leisure activities.
D) personal character is fully formed by the time a person is 14 years old.

22) When evaluating research on the socialization effects of sports participation it is important to remember that

A) different sports offer all athletes the same experiences.
B) the meanings that people give to sports remain the same over time.
C) sports offer experiences that are not available in other activities.
D) different people define similar sports experiences in different ways.

23) A review of socialization research led the author to conclude that the impact that sports and sport participation have on people depends on

A) the characteristics of parents and coaches.
B) the meanings people give to sports in their lives.
C) the ethical principles used by sport organizations.
D) the quality of the role models they see in sports.

24) A review of socialization research led the author to conclude that sports participation is most likely to have positive socialization consequences when it

A) involved more successes than failures.
B) keeps young people off the streets and on the field of play.
C) provides opportunities to expand personal experiences outside of sports.
D) teaches people to compete successfully in all spheres of their lives.

25) When discussing past research on the impact of sports participation in people's lives, it is important to remember that in comparison with athletes from the past, athletes today

A) have more sensitive coaches and more support from teammates.
B) are less likely to be tightly controlled and supervised by coaches and parents.
C) are more likely to balance sports participation with other interests and activities.
D) spend more time practicing, training, and competing and face more pressure.

26) Power and performance sports tend to emphasize

A) avoiding risks that can lead to injuries.
B) respecting opponents as fellow athletes.
C) pushing human limits and achieving competitive success.
D) the dangers of performance-enhancing technologies.

27) Pleasure and participation sports tend to emphasize that

A) improving skills is a prerequisite for enjoyment over time.
B) connections with people and the environment are sources of enjoyment.
C) competing against others is more important than competing with others.
D) personal empowerment depends on listening to and following the advice of coaches.

28) Power and performance sports are dominant today because they are usually organized to

A) emphasize competition and validate the status of wealthy people.
B) promote popular ideas about human evolution and progress.
C) enable powerful people to use their physical skills to dominate others.
D) promote the need for progressive political action.

29) When ESPN created the X Games, alternative sports gained widespread exposure. As this occurred, alternative sports

A) began to lose their alternative character.
B) were presented as typical pleasure and participation activities.
C) lost most of its valuable sponsorships.
D) were identified as deviant activities and abandoned by many young people.

30) Data on health, physical activity, and sports indicates that

A) some competitive sports have high health costs because injury rates are high.
B) playing rigorous competitive sports extends life expectancy beyond average.
C) good medical care has made most heavy-contact sports safer than aerobics.
D) playing competitive sports involves pressures to avoid playing while injured.

31) Research on sports participation and health indicate that the healthiest of all physical activities are

A) youth sports in which parents and coaches want young athletes to seek excellence.
B) rhythmic, noncompetitive exercises controlled and regulated by participants.
C) college sports at universities that have medical schools to advise coaches.
D) high-performance sports in which leaders say that athletes' safety is a primary concern.

32) Data on sports and obesity indicate that

A) obesity rates are lowest in societies where sports are heavily promoted.
B) NFL players have lower obesity rates than wrestlers and gymnasts.
C) athletes in power and performance sports learn healthy weight control strategies.
D) the popularity of sports does not automatically lead to reduced obesity rates.

33) Some sociologists now study socialization as a community and cultural process. Their research tends to focus on

A) the relationships between athletes and leaders in community politics.
B) sports as sites where people learn stories they use to make sense of their lives.
C) sports as art forms that are crucial entertainment activities in most communities.
D) the ways that sports secretly shape social life in society.

34) When researchers use cultural theories to guide their studies of community-based socialization processes, they focus on

A) stories about pleasure and participation sports in a community.
B) stories told by coaches in community-based sports programs.
C) the role of sports in the lives of people who create popular sports stories in society.
D) the ideas and beliefs in sports stories that become popular in society.

35) Research on sports and socialization as a community and cultural process is partly inspired by the ideas of Antonio Gramsci. Using Gramsci's ideas, sociologists see sports as important in connection with socialization because sports are

A) activities that undermine the power of fascist and autocratic leaders in societies.
B) organized to serve the interests of athletes and spectators.
C) exciting and pleasurable for many people.
D) unregulated forms of physical labor.

36) According to an analysis of sports and society based on Gramsci's ideas, sports are important social phenomena because they are

A) vehicles for creating unrest and social conflict in society.
B) mechanisms for promoting democracy and the common good in society.
C) activities that focus public attention on important social and cultural issues.
D) contexts through which ideological messages can be presented to people.

37) According to Gramsci's theory of power dynamics in society, Coca-Cola and McDonalds are long-time sponsors of the Olympic Games and other high profile media sports for many reasons. Which of the following is NOT one of those reasons?

A) They can publicize to millions of people the need for social responsibility in society.
B) They can link corporate brands and products with popular athletes and activities.
C) They can promote lifestyles organized around consumption.
D) They can hype the health benefits of physical activity and ignore the need for healthy diets.

38) Many sociologists see sports as important because they are key factors in hegemonic processes in society. Hegemony refers to a social process through which

A) people come to agree with and accept particular ideologies.
B) privileged people in society share their resources and power with others.
C) people identify system needs in society and work to satisfy those needs.
D) social class becomes the basis for disruptive forms of political conflict in society.

39) When the author paraphrases Gramsci's conclusion about hegemony, he says that "it is difficult to fight an enemy that

A) plays sports every day."
B) has outposts in your head."
C) works harder than you do."
D) will do anything to win."