Ch3 Rome to Middle Ages | Test Bank – 6th Edition

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Chapter 3

From Rome through the Middle Ages

Chapter Objectives:

• Review of Roman adaptation of Greek intellectual traditions, particularly Greek philosophy of psychology.
• Stress the importance of Roman government and the Imperial system of transportation and communication, reflected in the Pax Romana.
• Introduction to Christianity, St. Paul's accommodation of Greek dualism, and the spread of Christianity.
• St. Augustine as the preeminent Christian philosopher and his adaptation of Platonic philosophy.
• The disintegration of social organization in the West during the Dark Ages; the rise of the Papacy and overriding context of Christian life.
• The Crusades and the importation of intellectual resources to Western Europe from Islamic academies.

Chapter Summary:

Roman culture adopted classical Greek philosophy, but developed unique Roman perspectives, as illustrated by the Stoics and Epicureans. The Stoics held a conservative view of humanity, determined by the fates of nature. Human adjustment consisted of cooperating with universal designs. On the other hand, for the Epicureans happiness consisted simply in the seeking of pleasure and avoidance of pain. The teachings of Plato were revived by Plotinus, and dominated Roman philosophy during the early years of Christianity. Both the missionary zeal of the Christian apostles and the tranquil efficiency of Roman administration contributed to the rapid spread of Christianity. The teachings of Jesus and interpretations of the Christian message evolved from a Hebrew basis to a foundation in Greek philosophy. In addition to the early fathers of the Church, it was Augustine who successfully put a Platonic imprint on Christian theology. With the fall of the Western Empire, intellectual life in Europe came to a virtual halt, and only the monastic movement preserved a rough semblance of Greek and Roman civilization. The papacy assumed a leading role not only in spiritual direction but also in civil administration, culminating in the call for the crusades. By the time of the crusades, however, Europe was relatively peaceful and intellectual life began to stir. Exposure to the cultural inheritance of Islam revived European interest in the masterpieces of ancient civilization, and a great intellectual awakening was about to shake Europe out of the intellectual nadir of feudalism.

Suggested topics and issues for class discussion and/or short essay examination questions:

1. Discuss the intellectual benefits of Roman administration, especially during the Pax Romana.

2. How did the attitude toward scientific study in Roman society differ from the ancient Greeks?

3. Describe the Stoic philosophy of ancient Rome. How was the individual perceived especially in terms of personal freedom?

4. Contrast the Epicurean philosophy to that of the Stoics. In terms of the function of the soul, what were the bases and forms of psychological process?

5. What were the essential points of agreement between the views of Plotinus and those of Plato, especially in terms of mind-body dualism? Why was neoplatonism of importance to the introduction of Christianity?

6. What were the psychological implications of the teachings of Jesus? How was individual experience interpreted in light of Christian views on the soul?

7. Describe how the Roman administration facilitated the spread of Christianity.

8. How did the teachings of St. Paul modify the Jewish context of early Christianity, and what was the influence of Plato's views on St. Paul?

9. Describe the transformation of Christianity from a Jewish cult to a more universally accepted system of beliefs.

10. What were two sources of dissension and pressure in the early Christian Church?

11. How did the early Church defenders and fathers succeed in absorbing the study of psychological processes into Christian belief?

12. Describe Plato's influence on St. Augustine. How was the influence present in Augustine's writing, especially in his Confessions?

13. What prompted Augustine to write the City of God, and how did this work reinforce the absorption of psychological study into religious belief?

14. What were the major social effects in western Europe of the Middle Ages? What was the fate of intellectual inquiry during this period?

15. How did the rise of the Byzantine Empire affect a different course for Church authority in the East?

16. Describe the intellectual advances of Islamic culture.

17. How did the intellectual and cultural achievement of Islamic society facilitate the revival of intellectual pursuit in western Europe?

18. Describe the social and practical benefits of Western monasticism in the preservation of intellectual thought.

19. What was the situation in western Europe which propelled the papacy to a position of power and authority? Where did issues of psychological importance fit within the theocratic structure of feudal Europe?

20. What were the major implications of the crusades for both the political and intellectual settings of western Europe?

Objective Questions:

1. During the period of the Roman Empire, intellectual pursuit benefited from

A. the Roman love of abstract philosophy.

B. the Pax Romana.

C. the building of great libraries by the Romans.

D. the contests of gladiators in the Coliseum.

E. Roman religious practices.

2. The Roman order brought to different peoples

A. a love of abstract philosophy.

B. new methods of ship building.

C. a common language, culture, and system of commerce.

D. very little.

E. an emphasis on the theoretical over the applied.

3. The Roman appreciation of technological applications, in contrast to the Greeks, gave rise to

A. a philosophy of universal knowledge.

B. new myths.

C. the study of various languages.

D. specialization of knowledge.

E. original literary forms.

4. Stoic philosophy held that

A. the universe determines life.

B. the individual is free to choose life's direction.

C. people can control the forces of fate.

D. the individual creates her or his personal consciousness.

E. the end or goal of life is happiness.

5. Epicurean philosophy held that

A. the universe determines life.

B. the individual is free to choose life's direction.

C. people can control the forces of life.

D. the individual creates her or his personal consciousness.

E. the end or goal of life is happiness.

6. In contrast to the Stoics, the Epicureans held that

A. each person has a spiritual and immortal soul.

B. reason and freedom characterize human experience.

C. the direction of the individual is determined by fate.

D. the soul is a material part of the body.

E. the environment is governed by a universal determination.

7. Plotinus’ revival of Plato's teachings held that

A. the body and soul serve parallel and equal functions in human psychology.

B. the body is both the agent and the prison of the soul.

C. the soul is probably a part of the body.

D. the body provides knowledge through the generation of ideas.

E. the soul is capable of detailed knowledge of a personal God.

8. The importance of Roman Neoplatonism lies in its

A. clear expression of Aristotle's thought.

B. acceptance of the seeking of pleasure and avoidance of pain as the primary determinant of human motivation.

C. denial of the spiritual soul.

D. rejection of universal truth.

E. dominance and adaptation during early Christianity.

9. The teachings of Jesus

A. de-emphasized materialism and promised spiritual love and salvation.

B. offered a direct challenge to Roman rule over Palestine.

C. were directly understood by Roman and Greek societies.

D. held that people are an inseparable part of the environment.

E. called for the complete repudiation of Jewish Law.

10. The spread of Christianity was helped by

A. the Roman administration.

B. the Pax Romana.

C. the Jewish administration.

D. Greek support.

E. the barbarian invasions.

11. St. Paul's teachings reflect

A. a strict adherence to ancient Jewish Law.

B. his rejection of Greek Philosophy

C. his acceptance of Epicurean principles.

D. his pagan background.

E. the strict morality of Stoic views.

12. An example of Christian adaptation of Greek philosophy is

A. the rejection of the concept of the immortal soul.

B. Greek strict adherence to Hebrew Law.

C. acceptance of the seeking of pleasure and the avoidance of pain as the primary motivational principle.

D. the concept of the Trinity.

E. acceptance of absolute personal freedom.

13. Two sources of pressure for early Christianity came from

A. too many converts and too few bishops.

B. internal heresies and external disintegration of the Roman order.

C. the Gnostic writers and persecutions directed from Jerusalem.

D. Roman persecution and the destruction of Jerusalem.

E. the destruction of Jerusalem and the "anti-pope" of Alexandria.

14. With the deterioration of Roman Civil authority, the Church

A. became the sole institution of social structure.

B. insisted on the intellectually pure practice of Christianity.

C. developed a ritualistic style based upon earlier pagan practices.

D. cooperated with the civil authority of the Eastern Empire.

E. became largely an urban institution.

15. Church teachings became standardized by

A. St. Paul. B. Jesus. C. the Church councils.

D. the emperor. E. St. Jerome's Bible translation.

16. St. Augustine's writings clearly reflect the influence of

A. Aristotle. B. Plato. C. Pythagoras.

D. the Epicureans. E. Varro.

17. In his Confessions, St. Augustine argued that

A. personal consciousness, endowed with God's grace, determines life's direction.

B. the rational capacity of the soul is sufficient to explain human activity.

C. the sensory capacity of the body gives knowledge of the universe.

D. the conflict between the passions and reason can never by resolved.

E. each individual should seek pleasure and avoid pain.

18. Augustine was prompted to write the City of God because

A. he wanted to tell people about Heaven.

B. he wanted to tell people about Rome.

C. he wanted to articulate the mind-body relationship.

D. the residents of Alexandria had fallen into heresy.

E. he wanted to defend the Church from blame after the barbarian sacking of Rome.

19. In the City of God, Augustine warned against

A. overzealous spiritualism.

B. the dangers of Stoicism.

C. the evils of spiritualism of the earthly city.

D. the evils of materialism of the earthly city.

E. the dangers of an all-powerful papacy.

20. Among Augustine's great accomplishments, he

A. elevated the role of bodily processes in psychology.

B. completed the "Christianization" of Platonic dualism.

C. completed the "Christianization" of Aristotelian dualism.

D. succeeded in curbing papal authority.

E. defended the goodness of secular government.

21. In contrast to the West, the Eastern Empire

A. successfully fought off encroaching Islamic forces.

B. continued the Roman culture in Constantinople.

C. developed a culture with great centers of learning.

D. failed to convert the barbarians to Christianity.

E. remained loyal to the papacy.

22. The intellectual centers of Islamic culture

A. preserved and extended the teachings of the classic Greek and Roman writers.

B. were primarily concerned with theological teachings.

C. were confined to Arabia.

D. ignored Greco-Roman traditions and valued only the Koran.

E. emphasized Plato's teachings to the exclusion of others.

23. The monastic movement in feudal western Europe

A. disintegrated into corrupt centers of military power.

B. emphasized the spiritual solitude of the hermit.

C. was largely confined to Italy.

D. preserved a semblance of intellectual activity.

E. became great centers of intellectual activity, ultimately giving rise to the universities.

24. In feudal Europe, Church teaching under the authority of the pope

A. allowed great latitude of interpretation to the bishops.

B. recognized and tolerated psychologically disturbed people.

C. relied solely on spiritual power.

D. allowed all forms of intellectual inquiry.

E. equated psychological functions with religious experience.

25. The crusades were

A. successful military campaigns that defeated the Islamic armies.

B. able to provide contact with Eastern scholarship.

C. led by the popes.

D. successful in driving the Moors from Spain.

E. solely religious enterprises.