Ch2 | Self-Concept & Esteem – Complete Test Bank 6e

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Student name:__________

1) _____ is defined as the way a person conceives of himself or herself.

2) Some parents present their children with a picture of how the children must act to win approval. Such parents are said to hold _____.

3) The _____ is the self that you assume others see when they look at you.

4) The _____ can be programmed by people's day-to-day behavior and by the things they say to themselves or others.

5) The process of discovering your _____ is known as developing your self-awareness.

6) According to Carl Rogers, your _____ comes from the messages you receive from your parents and people around you about what you should be like.

7) Carl Rogers believed that in order to have a healthy _____, people need to work on making the ideal and real selves much closer.

8) _____ occurs when individuals are unable to see themselves as capable, sufficient, or worthy.

9) Psychological research finds that people with _____ self-esteem often feel self-conscious and vulnerable to rejection.

10) _____ is associated with low job satisfaction and has even been linked to a higher likelihood of unemployment.

11) When people with a(n) _____ self-esteem tackle problems, they tend to be more objective and constructive.

12) _____ is the confidence an individual has in his or her ability to deal with problems when they occur.

13) Self-esteem starts to develop in _____ from messages we receive from parents and others around us.

14) The acceptance of individuals as worthy and valuable regardless of their behavior is referred to as _____.

15) When parents show children _____, children may not develop a healthy self-esteem.

16) When your parents and other important people treat you with _____, you are likely to develop a healthy self-esteem.

17) Alfred Adler believed that the main motivation for everything people do, including efforts toward a successful career, is to get away from a(n) _____ that they are not as good as they should be.

18) People with a(n) _____ locus of control feel that they are in control of events in their own lives and have more of a take-charge attitude.

19) People with a(n) _____ locus of control feel that the world is happening to them and that they have no control over the events in their lives.

20) A(n) _____ is someone who will walk you through experiences that are new to you but that he or she has already been through.

21) According to Julian Rotter, _____ is the perceived center of control over the events in people's lives.

22) Which of the following statements is true about self-concept?

A) It is the tendency to turn an irrational belief into an imagined disaster for yourself.
B) It is the power that is based on your attractiveness to others.
C) It is the power that depends on the threat of possible punishment.
D) It is the foundation of all your thoughts about yourself.

23) Seeing yourself as being efficient in a particular field is an example of:

A) cognitive dissonance.
B) self-concept.
C) self-disclosure.
D) self-effacement.

24) Sarah's manager had given her feedback on her low performance for a particular quarter. As a result, Sarah started thinking of herself as unprofessional and an inefficient employee. This lowered her _____, and she tended to be even less productive than before.

A) locus of control
B) self-awareness
C) social competence
D) self-concept

25) Which of the following would be the most constructive way of behaving if you are stuck in a vicious cycle of negative self-concept leading to negative actions, and vice versa?

A) Trying to analyze who started the cycle
B) Establishing an external locus of control
C) Examining ways to stop the cycle
D) Providing conditional positive regard

26) How would all the four parts of the self-concept occur in a perfect world?

A) All the four parts would intersect each other.
B) All the four parts would be one single circle.
C) The real self and the looking-glass self would be separate from each other.
D) The ideal self and the self-image would be distinct from each other.

27) Everyone has some notion of what he or she would like to become. This vision is known as one's:

A) real self.
B) looking-glass self.
C) ideal self.
D) self-image.

28) John is an introvert and a pessimist. He hopes to become an optimist and a more sociable person someday. This happy and positive person that John wants to become is his image of the:

A) real self.
B) ideal self.
C) self-image.
D) looking-glass self.

29) Which of the following statements is most likely to be true of the ideal self?

A) Most people create an ideal self that is unrealistic and unattainable.
B) People always have a clear picture of their ideal self.
C) For most people, the ideal self and the real self always overlap to a large extent.
D) People accurately and quickly realize when they reach their ideal self.

30) Which of the following statements is true about conditional positive regard?

A) It leads to the realization that knowing and taking care of the "real you" is quite possible without threatening others.
B) It helps children to achieve their goals and increases their level of happiness.
C) It is an assumption of most people that others think well of them much more than is true.
D) It means parents’ provision of positive regard, praise, and approval depend upon their children behaving in ways that they think are correct.

31) Which of the following best describes the looking-glass self?

A) It is the knowledge of how you are being perceived by others.
B) It is the self you assume others see when they look at you.
C) It is the way you truly feel about yourself.
D) It is the manner in which you behave when no one is around.

32) Which of the following statements is true of your self-image?

A) It can be programmed by your day-to-day behavior.
B) It is not affected by the things you say to yourself.
C) It is the way you actually are when nobody is around.
D) It is the self you assume others see when they look at you.

33) Your _____ is the way you truly feel about yourself.

A) self-image
B) ideal self
C) ego
D) looking-glass self

34) Developing your self-awareness is typically a process of:

A) giving positive self-suggestions.
B) establishing an external locus of control.
C) assuming a more positive looking-glass self.
D) discovering your real self.

35) The _____ is defined as how a person actually is when nobody is around to approve or disapprove of his or her actions.

A) real self
B) ideal self
C) looking-glass self
D) self-image

36) In the context of self-concept, which of the following is most likely true of the looking-glass self?

A) For most people, the looking-glass self is much more negative than it deserves to be.
B) The looking-glass self is unaffected by one's view of reality.
C) The process of developing one's looking-glass self is known as "self-awareness."
D) When nobody approves or disapproves one's actions, the looking-glass self develops.

37) In the context of Carl Rogers' theory, which of the following statements is true about self-concept?

A) The main motivation for everything you do is to get away from a deep childhood-based feeling that you are not as good as you should be.
B) Your internal locus of control is related to both high self-esteem and good physical health.
C) Your ideal self comes from the messages you receive from your parents and people around you about what you should be like.
D) You develop internal or external explanations for control based on experiences.

38) Danica wants to excel as a student. However, she gets a D in her term exam. This shows that:

A) Danica's real self and ideal self are not very close.
B) Danica's looking-glass self is more positive than it deserves to be.
C) Danica's ideal self and her self-image do not match.
D) Danica's looking-glass self and ideal self overlap with each other.

39) According to Carl Rogers, how can one bring the ideal self and the real self closer to develop a healthy self-concept?

A) By adjusting the real self to fit the looking-glass self
B) By working up to a more realistic and attainable ideal
C) By adjusting the ideal self according to the messages received from the environment
D) By paying more attention to the messages about one's ideal self

40) It is sometimes uncomfortable to be around people who really don't "need" anyone to like them because most people:

A) derive their purpose from displeasing others.
B) typically receive unconditional positive regard.
C) have an internal locus of control.
D) expect others to share their need for acceptance.

41) Which of the following best defines the term "self-efficacy?"

A) The confidence an individual has in his or her ability to deal with problems
B) Deciding ahead of time which tasks are the most, and least, important
C) The process of letting other people know what one is really thinking and feeling
D) The knowledge of how one is being perceived by others

42) Which of the following statements is true of self-esteem?

A) It is influenced by parents and starts to develop in early childhood.
B) It is invariably the same as self-concept.
C) It is what people assume when they look at a person.
D) It is the regard individuals hold for other people.

43) _____ is defined as the use of a strength to make up for a real or perceived weakness.

A) Compensating
B) Reinforcing
C) Intervention
D) Assertiveness

44) Which of the following terms best describes a psychological defense mechanism people may use to reduce embarrassment, shame, anxiety, guilt, or other negative emotions that arise internally when facing unpleasant truths?

A) Filtering
B) Compensating
C) Whistleblowing
D) Reinforcing

45) Lena, a former sprint runner, boasts about her speed and how she had surpassed her competitors in her prime days. Though she has not been in good shape for the last few years, she continues to talk about her fitness. Lena is trying to:

A) pay more attention to the messages she is receiving from her environment.
B) use a self-suggestion technique to improve her self-esteem.
C) discover her real self.
D) compensate in some way for her low self-esteem.

46) People who have high self-esteem are more likely to succeed in achieving their personal goals because they:

A) are motivated by a need to compensate through achievement.
B) are driven by a desire to see their dreams and goals achieved.
C) focus their energies on a single strength to make up for their overall weaknesses.
D) work hard to measure up to others' achievements and goals.

47) Which of the following is a step toward combating low self-esteem?

A) Performing a surface analysis of oneself and others
B) Listening for the inner critic and changing one's behavior
C) Studying the behavior and manner of timid people
D) Developing an external locus of control

48) In an organizational context, which of the following is true of people with low self-esteem?

A) They are likely to work with little enthusiasm or commitment.
B) They readily accept criticism from others in the team.
C) They are objective while tackling a problem.
D) They usually receive unconditional positive regard from their colleagues.

49) Self-efficacy is:

A) the use of a single strength to make up for a real or perceived weakness.
B) an individual's vision of his or her future self.
C) the way an individual conceives or sees himself or herself.
D) the confidence an individual has in his or her ability to deal with problems.

50) Self-efficacy is:

A) The messages that we receive from our parents and others around us
B) The ideal self that we have
C) The external locus of control that we develop during our childhood
D) The emotional problems that we need to attend to

51) How did Carl Rogers revolutionize the way psychologists thought of therapy?

A) He developed theories about the inferiority complex and about the compensation for feelings of deficiency compared with others.
B) He believed clients understood their own problems and experiences, and that a therapist's role was that of a consultant in assisting client treatment.
C) He refined the social learning theory to say that personality comes from an interaction of the individual with his or her environment.
D) He developed the theory of the self-fulfilling prophecy.

52) What is unconditional positive regard?

A) The acceptance of individuals as worthy when they behave in a certain way
B) The acceptance of individuals as worthy and valuable regardless of their behavior
C) The attempt by parents to improve their children's behavior by comparing them to others
D) The rejection of children by their parents as inherently worthless unless otherwise proven by their behavior

53) How does conditional positive regard affect children?

A) Children may develop an unattainable real self.
B) Children will develop an external locus of control.
C) Children reject their parents' plan for them completely.
D) Children will never try to measure up to others' standards.

54) _____ coined the term "inferiority complex."

A) Carl Rogers
B) Julian Rotter
C) Eric Bern
D) Alfred Adler

55) Which of the following is the most effective self-esteem affirmation?

A) "I want to be a great success."
B) "I am responsible for my own choices."
C) "I do not like myself and anyone around me."
D) "I want to be a good person."

56) Which of the following is a step toward achieving high self-esteem?

A) Performing a surface analysis of oneself and others
B) Making a list of one's greatest talents
C) Developing an external locus of control
D) Studying timid people

57) How does one's self-concept lead to a vicious cycle?

58) List two common mistakes people make about their ideal self.

59) How do the things you say affect your self-image?

60) What happens when the ideal self and the real self are not close to each other?

61) In the context of Mary Pipher's studies, explain how media messages affect young girls growing up in America.

62) Why is liking and accepting yourself the most important skill you can learn in life?

63) Why do some people brag about themselves?

64) How does a person with high self-esteem perform at his or her workplace?

65) Describe the two types of self-esteem.

66) In the context of Carl Rogers' studies, explain the source of self-esteem.

67) How does conditional positive regard affect children?

68) What did Alfred Adler discover about conditional positive regard?

69) Describe locus of control and differentiate between internal and external locus of control.

70) If a student who failed in an exam has an external locus of control, how would he or she respond to the failure?

71) How does reading biographies of people you admire help you achieve higher self-esteem?

72) How does procrastination affect an individual?

73) Describe a mentor.

74) What is the difference between a role model and a mentor?

75) List the benefits of positive self-talk.

76) Why are self-esteem affirmations effective?

77) What is the inner critic?

78) List the steps that can be used for combating low self-esteem by defeating the inner critic.

79) Self-esteem is the way you conceive of or see yourself.

⊚ true
⊚ false

80) To minimize the effects of the vicious cycle of negative self-concept leading to negative behavior, you must analyze who started the cycle.

⊚ true
⊚ false

81) The ideal self is your vision of your future self.

⊚ true
⊚ false

82) Parents who present their children with a picture of how they must act to win approval are said to hold "conditional positive regard" for their children.

⊚ true
⊚ false

83) Self-image is the self that you assume others see when they look at you.

⊚ true
⊚ false

84) The looking-glass self is affected by your view of reality.

⊚ true
⊚ false

85) Self-image can be programmed by the things you say to yourself or others.

⊚ true
⊚ false

86) The process of discovering your looking-glass self is known as developing your self-awareness.

⊚ true
⊚ false

87) Having a healthy self-concept means not allowing yourself to be a slave to other people's opinions.

⊚ true
⊚ false

88) Self-esteem can be defined as the extent to which an individual believes him- or herself to be capable, sufficient, and worthy.

⊚ true
⊚ false

89) Most people who always need to tell about their accomplishments are actually compensating in some way for an unusually high self-esteem.

⊚ true
⊚ false

90) Focusing on a single strength to compensate for overall bad feelings about oneself is a good way to build higher self-esteem.

⊚ true
⊚ false

91) People with low self-esteem can readily accept their co-workers and take criticism from others in their work teams.

⊚ true
⊚ false

92) Children are most likely to develop a healthy self-esteem when parents show "conditional positive regard" toward them.

⊚ true
⊚ false

93) According to psychologist Carl Rogers, the sense of self is a guiding principle that structures the personality.

⊚ true
⊚ false

94) During childhood, parents are the most important people among those shaping self-esteem.

⊚ true
⊚ false

95) According to Alfred Adler, the main motivation for everything people do, including efforts toward a successful career, is to get away from a deep childhood-based feeling that they are not as good as they should be.

⊚ true
⊚ false

96) The locus of control is the perceived center of control over the events in people's lives.

⊚ true
⊚ false

97) People with an external locus of control feel that the world and events in their lives are happening to them and that they have no control over the processes or outcomes of these events.

⊚ true
⊚ false

98) When Delilah got a D grade in one of her papers, she said to herself, "I should have studied instead of watching movies all night long with my friends; I'll do better next time." From this comment we can conclude that Delilah has an external locus of control.

⊚ true
⊚ false

99) Putting things off for too long and not working toward goals can lower your self-esteem.

⊚ true
⊚ false

100) The fear of pain encourages people to avoid procrastinating for too long.

⊚ true
⊚ false

101) True mentoring involves two people communicating well, one mostly teaching and the other mostly learning.

⊚ true
⊚ false

102) A role model typically acts as a guide or teacher for a person, actively interacting with the person and leading that person through experiences.

⊚ true
⊚ false

103) Positive self-talk leads to low self-esteem.

⊚ true
⊚ false

104) Positive self-talk means telling your subconscious mind that you are a good person and doing fine.

⊚ true
⊚ false

105) "Self-fulfilling prophecy" refers to the tendency for a prediction to actually occur once it is believed.

⊚ true
⊚ false

106) While forming affirmations for positive self-talk, you should be general rather than specific.

⊚ true
⊚ false

107) Self-fulfilling prophecies can come from your "buy-in," or taking as fact the beliefs those others hold about you.

⊚ true
⊚ false

108) The stronger or higher a person's self-esteem is, the weaker the effect other people's negative statements will have on his or her behavior.

⊚ true
⊚ false