Attitudes & Values – Ch4 | Test Bank – 6th Ed

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Student name:__________

1) A(n) _____ is an evaluation of people, ideas, issues, situations, or objects.

2) An attitude has three parts: thoughts, _____, and actions.

3) The most dangerous kind of pessimism is _____.

4) According to psychiatrist Carl Jung, the behavior of _____ is directed to the objects in the external world.

5) A(n) _____ is an outgoing person whose behavior is directed outward toward others.

6) A person with a positive attitude is more likely to have a(n) _____ locus of control.

7) Someone who believes that other people, luck, chance, or fate are in charge of the events in his/her life is said to have a(n) _____ locus of control.

8) According to Dr. David G. Myers, one can develop a positive attitude by _____.

9) When giving attitude-improving feedback, you should deal with facts rather than opinions, and _____ rather than judgments.

10) A(n) _____ is information given to people either on how well they are performing a task or on how clearly they are being understood.

11) Job performance leads to job _____, rather than vice versa.

12) A(n) _____ is a system of shared values throughout any given company or other organization.

13) Material goods have _____ values.

14) Since the early 1970s, Americans insist much more strongly that jobs become less _____.

15) According to author David Callahan, the "_____" thinking makes it more likely than in the past that students will carry their questionable behavior into the workplace after they have finished school.

16) _____ values reflect the ways one prefers to behave and are based on one's actions and attitudes.

17) _____ values are more likely to maintain a high priority throughout your life when compared to instrumental values.

18) People sometimes find themselves wanting two different outcomes that contradict each other. This type of conflict is known as _____.

19) _____ is the emotional state that results from acting in ways that contradict one's beliefs or other actions.

20) According to the cognitive dissonance theory, the failure to confront one's own problems is a behavior known as _____.

21) People from other cultures will define your values by your _____.

22) An attitude is best described as:

A) a perception of one's expectations and ambitions.
B) an evaluation of people, ideas, issues, situations, or objects.
C) the ability to act and make decisions on one's own without any undue interference.
D) the quality of a person to persuade others to follow a particular set of values.

23) Identify a true statement about how pessimists cope with problems.

A) They tend to conclude that solutions to their problems do not exist.
B) They recover from catastrophic events quickly.
C) They tend to have an internal locus of control.
D) They direct their behavior outward toward the people around them.

24) In the context of the characteristics of good attitudes, the term "extravert" describes:

A) how much an individual likes himself or herself.
B) an individual who directs his or behavior outward toward others.
C) how an individual approaches problems or difficult situations.
D) an individual who believes that fate and luck control his or her circumstances.

25) A healthy self-esteem is most likely to be accompanied by a(n):

A) external locus of control.
B) positive attitude.
C) pessimistic attitude.
D) conditional positive regard.

26) Mira is a social worker. Her job is difficult, and she relies on close friends and family to help her face particularly difficult issues. She never gives up and tends to look for the positive aspects of any troublesome situation she finds herself in. In the context of David Myers' four characteristics of happy people, Mira's traits would be categorized under _____.

A) healthy self-esteem
B) extraversion
C) optimism
D) personal control

27) In the context of the characteristics of happy people, identify a true statement about people with a positive attitude.

A) They tend to be highly susceptible to health-related problems later in their lives.
B) They internalize their feelings and direct their behaviors inward.
C) They rely on luck and fate to shape the events in their life.
D) They tend to look at the bright side even in problem situations.

28) As compared to pessimists, optimists are more likely to:

A) fall ill.
B) deny the existence of problems in their lives.
C) have a stronger external locus of control.
D) be better at coping with their problems.

29) Which of the following is a characteristic that most happy people have in common?

A) A challenging occupation
B) A wealthy lifestyle
C) A belief in destiny
D) An outgoing personality

30) Jim is an introvert who has a pessimistic view of life. Which of the following is most likely to be true of Jim?

A) He is better equipped to cope with problems as compared to optimists.
B) His focus is likely to be on his negative feelings instead of on solving his problems.
C) He is more likely to accept the existence of problems.
D) His behavior is likely to be directed outward toward others.

31) Mark tends to deny that there are problems that he needs to rectify in his life. In difficult situations, Mark focuses on his negative feelings instead of solving the problem at hand. Which of the following is true of Mark?

A) Mark is a pessimist.
B) Mark is an extravert.
C) Mark has an internal locus of control.
D) Mark has Theory X assumptions.

32) Happy people can plan and manage their time well primarily because:

A) they believe in luck, fate, or chance.
B) they have a very positive looking-glass self.
C) they have an internal locus of control.
D) they derive their purpose from pleasing others.

33) In the context of positive attitudes, David Myers suggests that one can improve one's overall attitude:

A) by fulfilling expectations of people around oneself.
B) by making the choice to act happy on a regular basis.
C) by accepting that luck and fate are in charge of one's circumstances.
D) by directing negative emotions inward.

34) When giving attitude-improving feedback, you should:

A) deal with opinions rather than facts.
B) stress on the development of an external locus of control.
C) deal with descriptions rather than judgments.
D) stress on the development of an introvert temperament.

35) In the context of changing existing attitudes, when giving attitude-improving feedback to an employee, one should:

A) describe how taking certain actions would improve overall job attitude and success within an organization.
B) encourage the employee to put personal ambition aside to achieve the company's goals.
C) provide only positive feedback and avoid giving morale-damaging negative feedback.
D) focus on making the employee understand the negative consequences of his or her bad attitude.

36) Gina, a customer care executive, is an introvert who prefers to keep to herself. Her attitude has negatively affected the image of her company. Gina's supervisor has decided to give her feedback on how to improve her attitude. Which of the following feedback is likely to be most effective in changing Gina's attitude?

A) "I think you are not fit for this job."
B) "Why don't you change your attitude?"
C) "Why don't you try being more friendly with your customers?"
D) "In my opinion, you need to be more sensitive toward others and not be self-absorbed all the time."

37) In the context of attitudes and job satisfaction, which of the following working conditions helps improve job attitudes?

A) Mentally challenging work that is extremely demanding
B) Training programs for increasing the external locus of employees
C) Rewards that are in line with an individual's ambition
D) Working conditions that make accomplishing goals challenging

38) Reyna, a manager at an accounting firm, notices that her employees do not complete the tasks assigned to them within planned time limits. Further, they are often absent for unexcused reasons. Which of the following changes to workplace conditions can Reyna make to improve her employees' job attitudes?

A) She must increase the difficulty of the tasks assigned to her employees.
B) She should penalize employees who are absent for unexcused reasons.
C) She should give employees rewards that are in line with their individual ambitions.
D) She should encourage her employees to put the organization's goals above their individual ambitions.

39) Which of the following best describes organizational citizenship behavior?

A) It is an attitude of willingness to go above and beyond the behaviors that are generally associated with life in the workplace.
B) It is an attitude that results from healthy self-esteem, optimism, extraversion, and personal control.
C) It is the ability of one person to influence another person in the workplace.
D) It is the tendency of a person to justify unethical behavior with excuses.

40) Which of the following scenarios illustrates organizational citizenship behavior?

A) Irene, the CEO of Azalea Pharmaceuticals, offers monetary incentives to employees who exceed their monthly sales targets by more than 10 percent.
B) Pam, a new employee at Azalea Pharmaceuticals, agrees to a night shift position in exchange for discounts at the company store.
C) Zelda, a worker at Azalea Pharmaceuticals, helps a non-English-speaking co-worker understand the company's leave application process.
D) Earl, the new HR manager at Azalea Pharmaceuticals, suggests outsourcing the company's cafeteria operations to reduce its operational costs.

41) _____ are the worth or importance you attach to different factors in your life.

A) Values
B) Attitudes
C) Perceptions
D) Beliefs

42) A system of shared values throughout any given company or other organization is known as:

A) organization harmony.
B) corporate governance.
C) corporate culture.
D) organizational behavior.

43) Which of the following statements is true of values and attitudes?

A) Attitudes are inborn, and values are developed on the basis of observation and attitudes.
B) Attitudes are much deeper than values, and they often conflict with the latter.
C) Values and attitudes are two different names for the same set of perceptions.
D) Values affect attitudes, and values conflicts with other people involve attitude problems.

44) Which of the following best describes values?

A) It is the evaluation of people, ideas, issues, situations, or objects.
B) It is the way people conceive or see themselves.
C) It is the worth or importance people attach to different factors in their life.
D) It is the awareness of reality, which allows people to ponder and reflect.

45) Statistics expert Daniel Yankelovich believes that _____ give Americans a certain amount of self-esteem and a fairly clear idea of who they are.

A) middle-class values
B) terminal values
C) egocentric values
D) affiliation needs

46) According to Daniel Yankelovich, which of the following is one of the value patterns that have emerged among Americans since the early 1970s?

A) Americans now strongly value character over personality.
B) Leisure time is more valued, mostly because it has become a rarer commodity.
C) The nature of a person's paid job is less significant.
D) Americans now insist much more strongly that jobs become more impersonal.

47) The three value areas identified by Daniel Yankelovich have created more emphasis on:

A) reducing individual freedom of choice.
B) a movement away from flexible work systems toward rigid work systems.
C) a desire to live more closely with nature and community.
D) the autocratic style of management.

48) The values of _____ were most affected by radio networks.

A) generation Y
B) pre-baby boomers
C) baby boomers
D) generation X

49) What are instrumental values?

A) Values that are likely to maintain a high priority throughout your life
B) Values that reflect the ways you prefer to behave
C) Values that typically cause cognitive dissonance
D) Values that are goals in themselves

50) Which of the following is a difference between terminal values and instrumental values?

A) Instrumental values are likely to maintain a high priority throughout your life, whereas terminal values are short-term goals with little significance.
B) Instrumental values are end-point ideal values, whereas terminal values are everyday action-directed values.
C) Terminal values are end-point ideal values, whereas instrumental values are everyday action-directed values.
D) Terminal values help you reach your goals, whereas instrumental values are those goals you want to reach through the terminal values.

51) In the context of the formation of values, identify a true statement about terminal values.

A) They reflect an individual's commitment to go above and beyond the duties expected at his or her place of work.
B) They are related to the long-term goals that an individual wants to accomplish during his or her lifetime.
C) They reflect how an individual prefers to behave and are based on his or her attitudes.
D) They are formed late in an individual's life and are based on his or her life experiences.

52) Which of the following is a defining feature of instrumental values?

A) They are based on your actions and attitudes.
B) They typically maintain a high priority throughout your life.
C) They are related to long-term goals.
D) They are the goals you want to achieve during your lifetime.

53) Sydney needs to pay the rent for her apartment. She also needs to buy a new laptop to work on her college thesis. She is conflicted about which action to take, as taking either action would restrict her ability to perform the other. In this scenario, Sydney's internal conflict has resulted in:

A) cognitive dissonance.
B) an internal locus of control.
C) the formation of terminal values.
D) self-actualization.

54) Which of the following is an instrumental value?

A) Family security
B) Equal opportunity
C) An enjoyable life
D) Open-mindedness

55) In the context of international values, identify a value stressed by the values system of the United States.

A) Tolerance for uncertainty in work
B) Deferential attitude toward organizational superiors
C) Group values over individual achievements
D) Acceptance of managerial instruction without question

56) What is the importance of attitude in an individual's life?

57) In what ways does happiness relate to attitude?

58) Describe the nature of an extravert.

59) How is extraversion related to one's level of self-esteem?

60) How do optimists and pessimists deal with problem situations?

61) Why is hopelessness the most dangerous kind of pessimism?

62) In the context of the characteristics of positive attitudes, identify a negative outcome of happiness.

63) What constitutes effective attitude-improving feedback?

64) What determines an employee's degree of job satisfaction?

65) What role do values play in establishing human relations?

66) How do values differ from attitudes?

67) How are personal values formed?

68) In the context of values conflicts, what is cognitive dissonance?

69) What are tangible and intangible values?

70) According to Daniel Yankelovich, which three value patterns related to work and home life have emerged since the early 1970s?

71) How is the Internet changing consumer behavior?

72) What are terminal values?

73) What are instrumental values?

74) How can a person deal with interpersonal values conflicts?

75) What is the usual reaction of people when they experience cognitive dissonance?

76) How do views on power and authority differ between emerging countries and the United States?

77) How should North Americans deal with less time-focused cultures?

78) Your attitudes toward people are the result of the beliefs and feelings you have about yourself and about other people.

⊚ true
⊚ false

79) Attitudes range along a scale from positive to negative and change significantly over time.

⊚ true
⊚ false

80) Happiness is directly proportional to a person's age.

⊚ true
⊚ false

81) Positive attitude is a position resulting from healthy self-esteem, optimism, extraversion, and personal control.

⊚ true
⊚ false

82) Feeling hopeless leads to feeling helpless, which leads to giving up.

⊚ true
⊚ false

83) People with personal control believe that they are responsible for their own situations and life events.

⊚ true
⊚ false

84) A person with a positive attitude is more likely to have an external locus of control than a person with a negative attitude.

⊚ true
⊚ false

85) Marion received poor grades in a recent examination. She believes that she was unlucky. Marion is a person with an internal locus of control.

⊚ true
⊚ false

86) When someone else controls your choices, either large or small, your happiness will probably increase.

⊚ true
⊚ false

87) When giving attitude-improving feedback, you should deal with opinions and judgments.

⊚ true
⊚ false

88) The giver of feedback should try to strike a balance between negative and positive feedback.

⊚ true
⊚ false

89) Giving two negative messages for every positive one is the best way to improve a person's attitude.

⊚ true
⊚ false

90) A person's satisfaction with work is directly related to his or her attitude.

⊚ true
⊚ false

91) When job satisfaction is very high, employees are less likely to be absent for unexcused reasons.

⊚ true
⊚ false

92) Good working conditions are sufficient to create high job satisfaction among employees.

⊚ true
⊚ false

93) Organizational citizenship behavior is defined as an employee fulfilling his or her responsibilities within the limits of the behavior generally associated with life in the workplace.

⊚ true
⊚ false

94) Organizational citizenship behavior is an attitude of willingness to go above and beyond the behaviors that are generally associated with life in a workplace.

⊚ true
⊚ false

95) Self-esteem is the worth or importance you attach to different factors in your life.

⊚ true
⊚ false

96) Values exist not only within individuals, but in organizations as well.

⊚ true
⊚ false

97) Conflicts between employees, as well as between managers and employees, can be based on differences in values.

⊚ true
⊚ false

98) When people refer to attitudes, they are referring to values.

⊚ true
⊚ false

99) The place and time period of the first few years of most people's lives have a great effect on the formation of values.

⊚ true
⊚ false

100) Values usually come from a list of priorities that one is consciously aware of.

⊚ true
⊚ false

101) According to statistics expert Daniel Yankelovich's study, Americans now insist much more strongly that jobs become more impersonal.

⊚ true
⊚ false

102) Widespread use of the Internet has failed to make an impact on traditional values.

⊚ true
⊚ false

103) Instrumental values are more likely to maintain a high priority throughout your life as compared to terminal values.

⊚ true
⊚ false

104) Instrumental values help you reach your goals, while terminal values are those goals.

⊚ true
⊚ false

105) Terminal values reflect the ways you prefer to behave.

⊚ true
⊚ false

106) Values conflict commonly happens when one set of values clashes with another, and a decision has to be made very quickly.

⊚ true
⊚ false

107) Values conflicts often involve a clash between the individual and the group.

⊚ true
⊚ false

108) In a group, if you are outnumbered greatly, changing the group values is possible but very unlikely.

⊚ true
⊚ false

109) Interpersonal and internal conflicts can result in cognitive dissonance.

⊚ true
⊚ false

110) Cognitive dissonance is the emotional state that results from acting in ways that contradict one's beliefs or other actions.

⊚ true
⊚ false

111) When people experience cognitive dissonance, they always move toward trying to make actions consistent with values and beliefs.

⊚ true
⊚ false

112) When you are dealing with people from other cultures, you will tend to find differences in their views of power and authority.

⊚ true
⊚ false