Smaller Ecdysozoans – Ch18 | Test Bank – 18th Ed

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MULTIPLE CHOICE - Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.
1) "If all the matter in the universe except the were swept away, our world would still be dimly recognizable, and if, as disembodied spirits, we could then investigate it, we should find its mountains, hills, vales, rivers, lakes, and oceans represented by a film of. The location of towns would be decipherable, since for every massing of human beings there would be a corresponding massing of certain. Trees would still stand in ghostly rows representing our streets and highways. The location of the various plants and animals would still be decipherable, and, had we sufficient knowledge, in many cases even their species could be determined by an examination of their erstwhile parasites." The missing term in this passage is

A) flatworms.
B) bacteria.
C) nematodes.
D) rotifers.
E) protozoans.

2) The nematode Caenorhabditis elegans has allowed scientists to develop "fate maps" tracing cell lines back to cell origins. The trait of nematodes and some other related groups where they have a set number of cell divisions leading to the same number of body cells in an adult is called 4-12-2013

A) anisogamy.
B) apoptosis.
C) cryptobiosis.
D) gastrulation.
E) eutely.

3) Which of the following statements is NOT correct about nematodes?

A) There are three layers of tissues in the body.
B) Nematodes lack circular muscles under the tegument.
C) The body cavity provides a hydrostatic skeleton.
D) Nematodes have a smooth unsegmented outside body wall.
E) Nematodes are all carnivores but may be free-living or parasitic.

4) Which of these parasites does NOT enter the mouth of its human host and leave as eggs with the human feces?

A) Tapeworm
B) Pinworm
C) Ascaris
D) Hookworm
E) None of the choices is correct.

5) In contrast to the function of our bodies, the nematode is unusual insofar as it

A) lacks circular muscles to antagonize the longitudinal muscles and must rely on the rigid cuticle and hydrostatic pressure.
B) extends muscle cells to the nerve process, rather than nerves to the muscle cells.
C) does not utilize the Krebs cycle and electron transport chain in anaerobic parasitic species.
D) moves food through its alimentary tract without direct muscle contractions on the intestine.
E) All of the choices are "unusual" nematode adaptations.

6) Amphids and phasmids

A) are two kinds of nematodes.
B) perform a sensory function.
C) are found in the intestine.
D) are acquired by eating uncooked beef.
E) are reproductive stages in nematodes.

7) If you are infected with Ascaris worms, the most likely complication is

A) anemia.
B) destruction of tissues as it migrates through your body.
C) blockage of the intestines.
D) starvation from lack of nutrition because it is absorbing all your food.
E) lymph blockage.

8) Which two parasites have life stages that are coughed up and swallowed in order to complete the life cycle?

A) Ascaris and trichina
B) Ascaris and hookworm
C) Elephantiasis and trichina
D) Hookworm and trichina

9) If the main disease symptom is anemia (low red blood cell count), the most likely nematode parasite is

A) Trichinella.
B) Ascaris.
C) pinworm.
D) elephantiasis.
E) hookworm.

10) The name "hookworms" is due to the fact thatthey

A) cluster in blood vessels in the liver and clog the veins.
B) burrow constantly through muscle tissues.
C) hook onto the intestine and consume blood and tissue fluids causing anemia.
D) clog the lymph glands and expand the legs and arms.
E) have an anterior end that curves dorsally like a hook.

11) How do you become infected with Necator americanus hookworms?

A) Consumption of contaminated water or food
B) Eating uncooked meat
C) Larvae burrow into your feet
D) Mosquitoes inject them into your bloodstream
E) Transfer from the anal region after lack of hand washing

12) The parasite found in the U.S. where people contract it by eating poorly cooked pork is

A) Trichinella.
B) Ascaris.
C) Pinworm.
D) Elephantiasis.
E) Hookworm.

13) Juvenile Trichinella worms live in the

A) liver.
B) lungs.
C) intestines.
D) lymph glands.
E) skeletal muscle.

14) The mild nematode infection that is somewhat common among children in the southern U.S., and that is transmitted as eggs from anal to oral regions by the hands is

A) Trichinella.
B) Ascaris.
C) Pinworm.
D) Elephantiasis.
E) Hookworm.

15) Dog heartworm is caused by

A) Dirofilaria nematodes.
B) a tapeworm consumed in raw meat.
C) eating raw meat infected with Trichinella.
D) nematodes consumed as eggs in contaminated water.
E) None of the choices is correct.

16) Elephantiasis is an enlargement of legs, arms, scrotum, and other tissues caused by

A) an infection of the human coelom by Ascaris.
B) a large number of Trichinella worms encysting in our muscles.
C) contracting a disease that usually occurs in elephants.
D) microscopic nematodes that reproduce and clog lymph glands, causing infection and limbs to swell.
E) a protozoan that lives in tropical roundworms and which, when ingested by humans, causes muscles to bloat.

17) Elephantiasis is transferred by

A) eating uncooked elephant meat.
B) worms burrowing into skin of feet.
C) drinking contaminated water or food.
D) mosquitoes injecting larval worms into the bloodstream.
E) exchanging body fluids with an infected person.

18) Which of the following is NOT a factor that protects North Americans from many parasitic worm infections?

A) Much of the U.S. has bitter cold winters.
B) Most of the population wears shoes.
C) We usually cook our meat and there are few raw meat dishes.
D) We have superior drugs and surgeons.
E) We do not use human excreta ("night soil") to directly fertilize crops.

19) Nematomorphs

A) are called spiny-headed worms.
B) are rare.
C) are found in the host's liver.
D) are free-living as adults but parasitic on vertebrates as juveniles.
E) are free-living as adults but parasitic on arthropods as juveniles.

20) Kinorhynchs

A) are relatively large (10 to 12.5 cm [4 to 5 in.]).
B) live in fresh water.
C) possess external cilia.
D) have a vestigial digestive system and absorbs food through its epidermis.
E) are marine worms.

21) Members of the phylum Priapulida

A) are metameric.
B) are coelomate because they have a peritoneum.
C) are hermaphroditic.
D) have a proboscis.
E) are active predators that pursue prey.

22) Loriciferans

A) are tiny, about 0.10 to 0.50 mm long.
B) live in spaces between grains of marine gravel.
C) widely distributed in the world.
D) are dioecious.
E) All of the choices are correct.

23) What feature do Tardigrades and arthropods share?

A) Three caudal lobes on the posterior end
B) Muscles that insert on setae
C) A small retractable proboscis
D) A thick non cellular cuticle
E) All of the choices are shared features.

24) Imagine that an onychophoran is threatened by a predator. Predict what will happen.

A) The onychophoran will excrete a slime-like substance that will disable the predator.
B) The onychophoran will become dormant.
C) The onychophoranuse poison fangs toattack the predator.
D) The onychophoran will be consumed by the predator due to the onychophoran's lack of defenses.

25) In your study group you are discussing the clade Panarthropoda. Your classmates are trying to identify a single developmental feature that would differentiate the onychophorans from the tardigrades. What could you say to clarify this issue?

A) The coelom of an onychophoran develops by the splitting of mesodermal bands, while the coelom of a tardigrade develops from pouches that arise fromthe mesodermal bands.
B) The coelom of an tardigradedevelops by the splitting of mesodermal bands, while the coelom of a onychophoran develops from pouches that arise fromthe mesodermal bands.
C) The developmental pattern of the coelom of a tardigrade can vary, but an onychorphoran always has the coelom form from pouches that arise from mesodermal bands.
D) Onychophorans cannot be distinguished by a single developmental feature.

26) Predict what would be the most immediate effect if arthropods were not present in the environment of a nematomorph.

A) The nematomorph would not undergo development into an adult.
B) The chances of survival would increase for thenematomorph, since arthropods prey on netmatomorphs.
C) Since adult nematomorphs eat arthropods, the removal of arthropods would cause adult nematomorphs to lose their food source.
D) Since arthropods and nematomorphs rarely interact, there would be no immediate effect.

FILL IN THE BLANK. Write the word or phrase that best completes each statement or answers the question.
27) The outer body covering of a nematode is a relatively thick, noncellular cuticle, which is constructed primarily of a protein known as __________.

28) Nematodes have a fluid-filled pseudocoel that serves as a _____________ skeleton.

29) Nematodes have no circular muscles in the body wall; therefore, the __________ antagonizes the longitudinal muscles.

30) Most male nematodes bear a pair of copulatory__________at their posterior end to aid in insemination of the female.

31) Adult Ascaris worms are found in the host's __________.

32) The infective stage of Ascaris is the __________, which is resistant to adverse conditions.

33) Infective juveniles of hookworms gain access to a host by penetration of the __________.

34) Humans are infected with Trichinella spiralis by eating insufficiently cooked __________.

35) The most common helminth parasite in the United States is the __________.

36) Filarial worms ( Wuchereria and Brugia) are transmitted by __________.

37) Tiny marine worms that burrow through mud by extending the head and anchoring it by recurved spines are __________.

38) The entire forepart of the body of a loriciferan can be withdrawn into the __________.

39) The __________ are burrowing marine worms with a proboscis, trunk, and usually one or two caudal appendages.

40) Onychophorans are also known as __________ or walking worms.

SHORT ANSWER. Write the word or phrase that best completes each statement or answers the question.
41) Compare and contrast the onychorphorans and the tardigrades. Include developmental and morphological features in your answer.

ESSAY. Write your answer in the space provided or on a separate sheet of paper.
42) Describe the life cycle of a Trichinella worm.

43) What specific factors protect the average North American from all of the parasitic cycles of flukes, tapeworms, and roundworms, etc.? Be sure to address social attitudes, clothing, climate, food preparation, use of human wastes as fertilizer, general medical care, sanitation facilities, and economics.

44) Give the reasoning behind the more recent classification of the clades Lophotrochozoa and Ecdysozoa.

45) Why do scientists suspect that the nematodes may be even more diverse than the insects?

46) Discuss the structure and formation of the noncellular cuticle of nematodes.

47) Outline the mode of infection of two of the following: hookworm, pinworm, intestinal roundworm, and trichina worm.

48) Outline the life cycle of Wuchereria bancrofti.

49) Explain why the Tardigrada and Onychophora are lumped with Arthropoda in the clade Panarthropoda.