Chapter 18
Water, Electrolyte, and Acid-Base Balance
True / False Questions
1. | Any factor that alters water balance will also alter electrolyte balance.
True False |
2. | Normally, fluid enters the lymphatic capillaries as a result of active transport.
True False |
3. | The hormone ADH, released from the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland, increases urine production.
True False |
4. | The kidneys help to regulate the hydrogen ion concentration of body fluids by altering the rate at which hydrogen ions are excreted.
True False |
Multiple Choice Questions
5. | Water balance and electrolyte balance are interdependent because
A. | water dissolves in electrolytes. |
B. | water and electrolytes are both in an ionic state in the blood. |
C. | both form ions in blood. |
D. | electrolytes are dissolved in water. |
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6. | Compared to the average adult male, the average adult female body contains relatively
A. | more water and more adipose tissue. |
B. | more water and less adipose tissue. |
C. | less water and more adipose tissue. |
D. | less water and less adipose tissue. |
E. | the same amounts of water and adipose tissue. |
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7. | Which of the following includes the greatest volume of total body water?
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8. | Transcellular fluid includes the water and electrolytes within
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9. | Extracellular fluids have relatively
A. | high sodium and low potassium levels. |
B. | high sodium and high potassium levels. |
C. | low sodium and low potassium levels. |
D. | low sodium and high potassium levels. |
E. | higher concentrations of potassium, magnesium, phosphate, and sulfate ions. |
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10. | Intracellular fluids have high concentrations of
A. | chloride and potassium. |
C. | potassium and phosphate. |
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11. | The movement of water and electrolytes between fluid compartments is regulated primarily by
A. | diffusion and osmosis. |
B. | hydrostatic and osmotic pressure. |
C. | pinocytosis and phagocytosis. |
D. | active and passive transport. |
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12. | The force that causes tissue fluid to enter lymphatic capillaries is the
A. | osmotic pressure of interstitial fluid. |
B. | blood pressure in capillaries. |
C. | filtration pressure in capillaries. |
D. | hydrostatic pressure of interstitial fluid. |
E. | colloid osmotic pressure in blood capillaries. |
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13. | The thirst center is located in the
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14. | Marielle is very thirsty following her tennis game. She drinks for a few minutes, then stops. The stimulus to stop drinking comes from
A. | distension of her stomach. |
B. | hormones secreted by her stomach cells. |
C. | changes in her intracellular fluid concentration. |
D. | changes in her extracellular fluid concentration. |
E. | a signal from her brainstem. |
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15. | A person in a moderate environment probably would lose the greatest amount of water by means of
B. | insensible perspiration. |
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16. | Drinking alcohol produces its diuretic effect by
A. | inhibiting the release of ADH. |
B. | promoting the release of ADH. |
C. | inhibiting the reabsorption of sodium. |
D. | promoting the reabsorption of sodium. |
E. | adding sodium to the circulation. |
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17. | Water intoxication is caused by
A. | hypertonic extracellular fluid. |
B. | hypotonic extracellular fluid. |
C. | hypotonic intracellular fluid. |
D. | isotonic intracellular fluid. |
E. | hypertonic intracellular fluid. |
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18. | A person who is severely dehydrated is likely to have a high fever because
A. | water is needed for body temperature regulation. |
B. | the blood pressure is increased. |
C. | the blood volume is decreased. |
D. | waste products have accumulated. |
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19. | The hormone aldosterone promotes the
A. | reabsorption of sodium. |
C. | reabsorption of potassium. |
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20. | Which of the following metabolic processes releases hydrogen ions into body fluids?
A. | anaerobic respiration of glucose |
B. | incomplete oxidation of fatty acids |
C. | oxidation of sulfur-containing amino acids |
D. | aerobic respiration of glucose |
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21. | Acid-base buffer systems minimize pH changes by
A. | converting weak acids to strong acids. |
B. | converting strong acids to weak acids. |
C. | increasing the breathing rate. |
D. | promoting the excretion of hydrogen ions. |
E. | ensuring the number of acid molecules equals the number of base molecules. |
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22. | Which of the following is an example of a physiological buffer?
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23. | The kidneys help to regulate the pH of body fluids by controlling the
A. | excretion of hydrogen ions. |
B. | conversion of acids to bases. |
C. | filtration of buffers. |
D. | reabsorption of carbon dioxide. |
E. | reabsorption of glucose. |
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24. | As body fluids become more alkaline, neurons become
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25. | Obstruction of the airways leads to
B. | respiratory alkalosis. |
E. | decreased breathing rate and depth. |
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26. | Prolonged diarrhea that causes great loss of intestinal secretions leads to
B. | respiratory alkalosis. |
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27. | Hyperventilation leads to
B. | respiratory alkalosis. |
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28. | Prolonged vomiting, in which only the stomach contents are lost, leads to
B. | respiratory alkalosis. |
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29. | Diabetes mellitus, in which fatty acids are converted to ketone bodies, leads to
B. | respiratory alkalosis. |
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30. | Ingestion of too much sodium bicarbonate to relieve indigestion may lead to
B. | respiratory alkalosis. |
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Fill in the Blank Questions
31. | The intracellular fluid compartment includes all water and electrolytes in the ________.
________________________________________ |
32. | The primary regulator of water intake is the mechanism of ________.
________________________________________ |
33. | The volume of urine produced is regulated mainly by the activity of the ________ tubule and collecting duct.
________________________________________ |
34. | When electrolytes are deficient, a person may experience ________, a desire to eat salty foods.
________________________________________ |
35. | The greatest loss of fluid and electrolytes normally occurs as a result of ________ function.
________________________________________ |
36. | A hormone secreted by the ________ regulates the concentration of sodium and potassium ions in extracellular fluid.
________________________________________ |
37. | Substances that combine with hydrogen ions are called ________.
________________________________________ |
38. | The ________ groups of amino acids and proteins can release hydrogen ions.
________________________________________ |