Chapter 20
Pregnancy, Growth, Development, and Genetics
True / False Questions
1. | Development is a continuous process during which the individual changes from one life phase to another, including growth.
True False |
2. | Factors that can cause congenital malformations by affecting an embryo during its period of rapid growth and development are called teratogens.
True False |
3. | The ductus arteriosus allows fetal blood to bypass the liver.
True False |
4. | The primary function of surfactant is to increase surface tension in the newborn's lungs.
True False |
Multiple Choice Questions
5. | The postnatal period extends from
A. | the fertilized egg until the end of life. |
B. | fertilization until birth. |
D. | becoming a parent until death. |
E. | the beginning of the fetal period until the beginning of childhood. |
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6. | The combining of a secondary oocyte and a sperm cell is called
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7. | Muscle contractions of the uterine wall and ________ in the semen aid sperm cell movement through the uterus and uterine tubes.
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8. | An enzyme that sperm secrete that is important for penetration of the egg is
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9. | During the early stages of pregnancy, the hormone ________ maintains the corpus luteum, until the placenta is established.
A. | human chorionic gonadotropin |
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10. | The fetal stage of development begins at the end of the
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11. | Dizygotic twins result from the combination of
A. | one egg cell and one sperm cell. |
B. | one egg cell and two sperm cells. |
C. | two egg cells and one sperm cell. |
D. | two egg cells and two sperm cells. |
E. | one trophoblast and two blastocysts. |
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12. | The cells of a blastocyst that give rise to the body of the developing offspring constitute the
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13. | Teratogens are substances that
A. | stimulate embryonic growth. |
B. | cause congenital malformations. |
C. | protect against infections. |
D. | prevent accumulation of cholesterol. |
E. | stimulate fetal growth. |
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14. | The placental membrane is composed of
B. | a single layer of epithelial cells. |
C. | a double layer of epithelial cells. |
D. | the amnion and chorion. |
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15. | Drugs ingested by a pregnant woman most likely reach her fetus by passing through the
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16. | The symptoms of fetal alcohol syndrome include
C. | abnormal facial features. |
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17. | The external reproductive organs can be distinguished by the ________ week of development
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18. | Blood rich in oxygen and nutrients is transported from the placenta to the fetus by the
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19. | The fetal blood that passes through the ductus venosus is relatively
A. | low in oxygen and nutrients. |
B. | high in oxygen and nutrients. |
C. | low in oxygen but high in nutrients. |
D. | high in oxygen but low in nutrients. |
E. | low in vitamins and minerals. |
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20. | The foramen ovale is an opening that allows fetal blood to pass from the
A. | right atrium to the left atrium. |
B. | left atrium to the right atrium. |
C. | right ventricle to the left ventricle. |
D. | left ventricle to the right ventricle. |
E. | fetal liver to the inferior vena cava. |
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21. | The ductus arteriosus allows fetal blood to move from the
A. | right atrium into the left atrium. |
B. | left atrium into the right atrium. |
C. | aorta into the pulmonary trunk. |
D. | pulmonary trunk into the aorta. |
E. | arterioles to capillaries. |
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22. | Which of the following best describes the numbers of blood vessels usually found in the umbilical cord?
A. | one artery and one vein |
B. | two arteries and one vein |
C. | one artery and two veins |
D. | two arteries and two veins |
E. | two arteries and no veins |
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23. | The hormone oxytocin aids the birth process by stimulating
A. | fetal muscular movements. |
B. | uterine wall contractions. |
C. | an increase in progesterone secretion. |
D. | an increase in estrogen secretion. |
E. | rapid movement of fetal feet. |
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24. | The hormone that stimulates the mammary glands to secrete milk is
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25. | A premature fetus has an increased chance of surviving if it produces enough surfactant to aid the functions of its
E. | cardiovascular system. |
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26. | Which of the following nutrients provides the most energy to the newborn baby during its first few days?
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27. | Following birth, the infant's metabolic rate
A. | increases and its oxygen consumption increases. |
B. | increases and its oxygen consumption decreases. |
C. | decreases and its oxygen consumption increases. |
D. | decreases and its oxygen consumption decreases. |
E. | remains as it was in the uterus. |
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28. | Passive aging
A. | is a result of a person being less active in later years. |
B. | is a process that begins before birth. |
C. | is a breakdown of structures and slowing of functions. |
E. | may involve the development of autoimmunity. |
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29. | A person with two identical variants (alleles) for a gene is
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30. | The genotypes and phenotypes that result from the cross of Aa and Aa (A=normal pigmentation and a=albinism) are
A. | genotypes-25% AA, 50% Aa, 25% aa; phenotypes-75% normal, 25% albino. |
B. | genotypes-100% aa; phenotypes-50% normal, 50% albino. |
C. | genotypes-50% AA, 50% aa; phenotypes-50% normal, 50% albino. |
D. | genotypes-25% AA, 50% Aa, 25% aa; phenotypes-25% normal, 75% albino. |
E. | genotypes-75% AA, 25% aa; phenotypes-75% normal, 25% albino. |
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31. | Normal males have
A. | one X and one Y chromosome. |
D. | two X and two Y chromosomes. |
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32. | A multifactorial trait is
A. | determined solely by environmental factors. |
B. | determined solely by genetic factors. |
C. | determined by neither genetic nor environmental factors. |
D. | determined by one or more genes and environmental factors. |
E. | determined by proteins. |
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Fill in the Blank Questions
33. | The condition characterized by the presence of a developing embryo within the uterus is called ________.
________________________________________ |
34. | A human zygote contains ________ chromosomes.
________________________________________ |
35. | The first cell of an offspring is a(an) ________.
________________________________________ |
36. | The period of development in which the cells of a zygote become progressively smaller as cell division occurs is called ________.
________________________________________ |
37. | The slender projections that grow out from the trophoblast into the uterine wall are called ________.
________________________________________ |
38. | The extraembryonic membrane that forms blood cells and gives rise to cells destined to become sex cells is the ________.
________________________________________ |
39. | A newborn's first breath must be particularly forceful since the moist membranes of the lungs are held together by ________.
________________________________________ |
40. | The substance called ________ decreases surface tension in the newborn's lungs.
________________________________________ |