Chapter 18: Social Movements and Social Change

Test Bank

Multiple Choice

1. Which of the following is true of the concept of social change?

a. It applies exclusively to small-group changes.

b. It applies exclusively to changes that occur throughout the social structure of an entire society.

c. It is all-encompassing, but typically applies to changes that occur throughout the social structure of an entire society.

d. It is defined as the globalization of revolutionary ideas.

Learning Objective: 18.1: Apply sociological perspectives to understand characteristics and paths of social change.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Sociological Perspectives on Social Change

Difficulty Level: Medium

2. Herbert Spencer argued that which of the following distinguishes modern societies?

a. social change

b. differentiation

c. mechanical solidarity

d. rise-and-fall growth and decline

Learning Objective: 18.1: Apply sociological perspectives to understand characteristics and paths of social change.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: The Functionalist Perspective

Difficulty Level: Medium

3. Differentiation is most closely associated with which of the following concepts?

a. hegemonic ideas

b. cottage industries

c. interchangeable parts

d. division of labor

Learning Objective: 18.1: Apply sociological perspectives to understand characteristics and paths of social change.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: The Functionalist Perspective

Difficulty Level: Medium

4. Which theories constituted the earliest functionalist theories of social change?

a. evolutionary theories

b. rise-and-fall theories

c. cyclical theories

d. contagion theories

Learning Objective: 18.1: Apply sociological perspectives to understand characteristics and paths of social change.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: The Functionalist Perspective

Difficulty Level: Easy

5. Which of the following do evolutionary theories of social change assume?

a. inevitable conflict as the product of divergent and perhaps irreconcilable social group interests and goals

b. unilinear development from simple or primitive to complex and civilized societies

c. a cycle of growth and decline

d. an unpredictable development affected by an endless array of factors

Learning Objective: 18.1: Apply sociological perspectives to understand characteristics and paths of social change.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: The Functionalist Perspective

Difficulty Level: Medium

6. Which of the following theories could be used to justify modern societies conquering or colonizing the rest of the world?

a. conflict theories

b. rise-and-fall theories

c. evolutionary theories

d. cyclical theories

Learning Objective: 18.1: Apply sociological perspectives to understand characteristics and paths of social change.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: The Functionalist Perspective

Difficulty Level: Medium

7. Which of the following is a characteristic of a conflict-oriented understanding of social change?

a. Societal change should be prevented.

b. Conflict is an inherent result of the divergent interests of social groups.

c. Social change moves at a steady and gradual pace.

d. Social change benefits everyone.

Learning Objective: 18.1: Apply sociological perspectives to understand characteristics and paths of social change.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: The Conflict Perspective

Difficulty Level: Easy

8. Unlike functionalists, conflict theorists do not view social stability as a societal goal. Rather, they view which of the following as a vital part of social life?

a. solidarity

b. hegemony

c. competition

d. differentiation

Learning Objective: 18.1: Apply sociological perspectives to understand characteristics and paths of social change.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: The Conflict Perspective

Difficulty Level: Medium

9. Marx emphasized which of the following as a source of power and conflict in society?

a. authority and its concentration or distribution

b. gender inequality

c. ideological hegemony

d. control of the means of production

Learning Objective: 18.1: Apply sociological perspectives to understand characteristics and paths of social change.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: The Conflict Perspective

Difficulty Level: Easy

10. Which of the following theorists highlighted the importance of ideas in maintaining order and oppression in society, describing the role of ideological hegemony?

a. Karl Marx

b. Max Weber

c. Antonio Gramsci

d. Ralf Dahrendorf

Learning Objective: 18.1: Apply sociological perspectives to understand characteristics and paths of social change.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: The Conflict Perspective

Difficulty Level: Easy

11. Which of the following best describes hegemony?

a. a process where modern roles become distinct from traditional roles

b. dominant ideas that lead people to consent to their own domination

c. conflict over who controls the means of production

d. a process where societies become more complicated systems that are better adapted to their external environments

Learning Objective: 18.1: Apply sociological perspectives to understand characteristics and paths of social change.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: The Conflict Perspective

Difficulty Level: Medium

12. Which of the following is an example of ideological hegemony?

a. the belief, in antebellum America, that enslaved Africans were inherently inferior

b. the belief that women should have a voice in politics

c. the belief that all children have a right to an education

d. the belief that the education system reproduces inequality

Learning Objective: 18.1: Apply sociological perspectives to understand characteristics and paths of social change.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: The Conflict Perspective

Difficulty Level: Hard

13. Which of the following did sociologist Ralf Dahrendorf assert in his influential article “Out of Utopia” (1958)?

a. All societies will advance to the same final destination: a classless, stateless society.

b. The distribution of authority in society is a means of determining the probability of conflict.

c. Through the work of organic intellectuals, counterhegemonic ideas will emerge to challenge the dominant beliefs in society.

d. A society’s path can be changed by a charismatic figure whose authority transcends institutionalized authority structures.

Learning Objective: 18.1: Apply sociological perspectives to understand characteristics and paths of social change.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: The Conflict Perspective

Difficulty Level: Medium

14. Which of the following theories of social change finds commonality with the religious myths of many cultures?

a. functionalist theories

b. conflict theories

c. rise-and-fall theories

d. contagion theories

Learning Objective: 18.1: Apply sociological perspectives to understand characteristics and paths of social change.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Rise-and-Fall Theories of Social Change

Difficulty Level: Medium

15. Pitirim Sorokin argued that societies alternate between three different kinds of mentalities: those that emphasize primacy of the senses, those that emphasize ______, and those that emphasize logic and reason.

a. emotional intelligence

b. military power

c. religiosity

d. charismatic leadership

Learning Objective: 18.1: Apply sociological perspectives to understand characteristics and paths of social change.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Rise-and-Fall Theories of Social Change

Difficulty Level: Easy

16. In his rise-and-fall narrative, writer Cullen Murphy (2017) points out parallels between the ______ and the United States, noting a shared history of an overburdened and costly military, a deep sense of exceptionality, and a predilection toward denigrating other cultures.

a. Roman Empire

b. Soviet Union

c. United Nations

d. Ottoman Empire

Learning Objective: 18.1: Apply sociological perspectives to understand characteristics and paths of social change.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Rise-and-Fall Theories of Social Change

Difficulty Level: Easy

17. Considered by some to be a cyclical theorist, who emphasized the role of irrational elements (e.g., the appearance of a charismatic figure) in shaping human behavior?

a. Paul Kennedy

b. Karl Marx

c. Pitirim Sorokin

d. Max Weber

Learning Objective: 18.1: Apply sociological perspectives to understand characteristics and paths of social change.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Rise-and-Fall Theories of Social Change

Difficulty Level: Easy

18. Which of the following best describes collective behavior?

a. temporary gatherings of closely interacting people with a common focus

b. voluntary, goal-oriented action that occurs in relatively disorganized situations in which society’s predominant social norms and values cease to govern individual behavior

c. norms that are situationally created to support a collective action

d. an illegal, prolonged outbreak of violent behavior by a sizable group of people directed against individuals or property

Learning Objective: 18.2: Describe key sources of social change in society.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Collective Behavior

Difficulty Level: Medium

19. Which statement is generally true of the sociological study of crowds and collective behavior?

a. Sociologists have very recently become interested in the behavior of people in crowds.

b. Sociologists originally focused on the evolution of crowds into social movements.

c. More recently, sociologists have focused on the herdlike behavior of crowds.

d. Three principal sociological theories are used to study collective behavior: contagion theories, emergent norm theories, and value-added theories.

Learning Objective: 18.2: Describe key sources of social change in society.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Sources of Social Change

Difficulty Level: Medium

20. Which of the following do contagion theories assume?

a. Individual acts in a crowd are consciously copied.

b. A skilled leader can manipulate crowds into action.

c. Crowds are necessarily violent in nature.

d. Individuals within a crowd are mindful of their personal motivations.

Learning Objective: 18.2: Describe key sources of social change in society.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Contagion Theories

Difficulty Level: Medium

21. Contagion theorist Herbert Blumer (1951) emphasized the role of which of the following in crowds?

a. norms and values

b. individual action and thought

c. raw imitation

d. rationality

Learning Objective: 18.2: Describe key sources of social change in society.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Contagion Theories

Difficulty Level: Medium

22. Debates over the extent to which high-profile suicides should be covered by the media acknowledge the role of which of the following in the risk of suicide?

a. emergent norms

b. mechanical solidarity

c. contagion

d. social control

Learning Objective: 18.2: Describe key sources of social change in society.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Contagion Theories

Difficulty Level: Medium

23. Which norms are situationally created to support a collective action?

a. social

b. emergent

c. contagious

d. active

Learning Objective: 18.2: Describe key sources of social change in society.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Emergent Norm Theories

Difficulty Level: Easy

24. According to emergent norm theorists Ralph H. Turner and Lewis M. Killian, which of the following is true of crowd behavior?

a. Even when crowd behavior appears chaotic, unconscious imitation explains the crowd’s actions.

b. Crowd members mill around much like a group of animals.

c. Crowd behavior is very different from normal behavior.

d. Crowd members are mindful of their personal motivations.

Learning Objective: 18.2: Describe key sources of social change in society.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Emergent Norm Theories

Difficulty Level: Medium

25. Which of the following is a critique of the emergent norm approach?

a. Crowds develop norms that govern their actions.

b. Crowds often emerge out of shared sets of norms among the participants.

c. It overemphasizes the part that people’s reactions play in collective behavior.

d. Copycat behavior may occur in a group, but an explanation limited to this factor is unlikely to fully account for collective behavior.

Learning Objective: 18.2: Describe key sources of social change in society.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Emergent Norm Theories

Difficulty Level: Medium

26. Which theory of social change accounts for macro-level factors that may explain the emergence of collective behavior?

a. value-added theory

b. emergent norm theory

c. conflict theory

d. contagion theory

Learning Objective: 18.2: Describe key sources of social change in society.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Value-Added Theory

Difficulty Level: Medium

27. Who developed the value-added approach to understanding collective behavior, identifying several micro-level and macro-level factors that contribute to collective behavior?

a. Max Weber

b. Herbert Blumer

c. Neil Smelser

d. Ralph H. Turner and Lewis M. Killian

Learning Objective: 18.2: Describe key sources of social change in society.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Value-Added Theory

Difficulty Level: Easy

28. Which statement is true of riots?

a. They are often motivated by a conscious set of concerns, though in rare instances they are spontaneous.

b. During a riot, conventional norms are maintained.

c. The use of the term riot to characterize a particular action is highly political.

d. They are mildly unconventional in nature.

Learning Objective: 18.2: Describe key sources of social change in society.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: How Do Crowds Act?

Difficulty Level: Medium

29. Which term refers to temporary, highly imitated outbreaks of mildly unconventional behavior?

a. fashions

b. crazes

c. fads

d. riots

Learning Objective: 18.2: Describe key sources of social change in society.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Fads and Fashions

Difficulty Level: Easy

30. Which term describes somewhat long-lasting styles of imitative behavior or appearance?

a. fads

b. fashions

c. trends

d. crazes

Learning Objective: 18.2: Describe key sources of social change in society.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Fads and Fashions

Difficulty Level: Easy

31. Air Jordans, a type of athletic shoes that were first issued in 1989, remain popular today. This best represents an example of which of the following?

a. fad

b. panic

c. fashion

d. craze

Learning Objective: 18.2: Describe key sources of social change in society.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Fads and Fashions

Difficulty Level: Hard

32. Leila gets a tongue piercing and shows all her friends. They all think the piercing is cool, so many of them get piercings of their own: tongues, lips, noses, belly buttons, even in their cheek dimples. Soon Leila and all of her friends each have multiple piercings. This best represents which of the following?

a. craze

b. riot

c. panic

d. rebellion

Learning Objective: 18.2: Describe key sources of social change in society.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Panics and Crazes

Difficulty Level: Hard

33. Which of the following is an example of a panic?

a. Americans buying excessive amounts of toilet paper during the COVID-19 pandemic

b. the rejection of tight jeans and the return to more loose-fitting pants and sweaters

c. thousands of U.S. teenagers recording themselves putting laundry pods in their mouths

d. the popularity of buying pumpkin-flavored food and drink items during the fall

Learning Objective: 18.2: Describe key sources of social change in society.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Panics and Crazes

Difficulty Level: Hard

34. Which term describes an intense attraction to an object, person, or activity?

a. fad

b. craze

c. mass obsession

d. riot

Learning Objective: 18.2: Describe key sources of social change in society.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Panics and Crazes

Difficulty Level: Easy

35. Which of the following was or is an example of a craze?

a. Americans buying excessive amounts of toilet paper during the COVID-19 pandemic

b. the rejection of tight jeans and the return to more loose-fitting pants and sweaters

c. thousands of U.S. teenagers recording themselves putting laundry pods in their mouths

d. the popularity of buying pumpkin-flavored food and drink items during the fall

Learning Objective: 18.2: Describe key sources of social change in society.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Panics and Crazes

Difficulty Level: Hard

36. Which term applies to unverified forms of information that are transmitted informally, usually originating from an unknown source?

a. rumors

b. gossip

c. anecdotes

d. buzzes

Learning Objective: 18.2: Describe key sources of social change in society.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Rumors

Difficulty Level: Easy

37. Which statement is true of rumors?

a. Those who transmit them often project their own beliefs or fears onto them.

b. They are typically transmitted formally.

c. They usually originate from a known source.

d. As rumors are transmitted, the degree of alteration is lowest for rumors that trigger strong emotions.

Learning Objective: 18.2: Describe key sources of social change in society.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Rumors

Difficulty Level: Medium

38. Which of the following is an example of a rumor?

a. The idea that the broadcast of War of the Worlds convinced thousands that Martians had landed in New Jersey.

b. The idea that body disfigurement instills horror in a segment of the population.

c. The idea that computer systems worldwide would crash when the year 2000 began.

d. The idea that the Central Intelligence Agency and the National Security Agency are planting listening devices in everyone’s homes.

Learning Objective: 18.2: Describe key sources of social change in society.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Rumors

Difficulty Level: Hard

39. Which of the following is most associated with the fast spreading of rumors?

a. crowd behavior

b. social media

c. face-to-face interaction

d. newspapers

Learning Objective: 18.3: Identify different types of social movements.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Rumors

Difficulty Level: Medium

40. Which of the following distinguishes social movements from other efforts aimed at bringing about social change?

a. They include political activities that are typically limited to lobbying and campaigning.

b. They include members with a diverse set of beliefs and opinions.

c. They include noninstitutionalized action.

d. They include a large number of people.

Learning Objective: 18.3: Identify different types of social movements.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Social Movements

Difficulty Level: Medium

41. Which of the following is the most recent example of a social movement?

a. the Dreamer movement

b. the civil rights movement

c. the first-wave feminist movement

d. hashtag activism

Learning Objective: 18.3: Identify different types of social movements.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Social Movements

Difficulty Level: Medium

42. Which statement is true of the types of social movements?

a. They are classified according to their size and influence.

b. The categories are mutually exclusive.

c. There are three main types.

d. They represent ideal types.

Learning Objective: 18.3: Identify different types of social movements.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Types of Social Movements

Difficulty Level: Medium

43. Which type of social movement seeks to bring about social change within the existing economic and political system?

a. reformist

b. reactionary

c. revolutionary

d. utopian

Learning Objective: 18.3: Identify different types of social movements.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Reformist Movements

Difficulty Level: Easy

44. Early civil rights activism focused on registering southern Blacks to vote is an example of which type of social movement?

a. reactionary

b. utopian

c. reformist

d. revolutionary

Learning Objective: 18.3: Identify different types of social movements.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Reformist Movements

Difficulty Level: Hard

45. Which type of social movement seeks to fundamentally alter the existing social, political, and economic system in keeping with a vision of a new social order?

a. reformist

b. reactionary

c. revolutionary

d. utopian

Learning Objective: 18.3: Identify different types of social movements.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Social Movements

Difficulty Level: Easy

46. Black Panthers arming themselves against what they viewed to be a hostile police presence is an example of which type of activity?

a. reactionary

b. utopian

c. reformist

d. revolutionary

Learning Objective: 18.3: Identify different types of social movements.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Revolutionary Movements

Difficulty Level: Hard

47. Which type of collective action seeks to overthrow the existing social, political, and economic systems but lacks detailed plans for a new social order?

a. riots

b. rebellions

c. crazes

d. grassroots organizations

Learning Objective: 18.3: Identify different types of social movements.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Rebellions

Difficulty Level: Easy

48. Climate change activism can best be considered as which type of social movement?

a. rebellious

b. reactionary

c. utopian

d. reformist

Learning Objective: 18.3: Identify different types of social movements.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Social Movements

Difficulty Level: Medium

49. Which type of social movement seeks to restore an earlier social system—often based on a mythical past—along with the traditional norms and values that once presumably accompanied it?

a. reformist

b. utopian

c. reactionary

d. rebellious

Learning Objective: 18.3: Identify different types of social movements.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Reactionary Movements

Difficulty Level: Easy

50. The Ku Klux Klan, the White Aryan Resistance, and other white supremacist organizations have long sought to return to a time in the United States when whites held exclusive power. As such, they are considered which type of social movement?

a. utopian

b. reformist

c. reactionary

d. revolutionary

Learning Objective: 18.3: Identify different types of social movements.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Reactionary Movements

Difficulty Level: Medium

51. Members of which type of social movement seek to withdraw from society by creating their own ideal communities?

a. utopian

b. reformist

c. reactionary

d. revolutionary

Learning Objective: 18.3: Identify different types of social movements.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Utopian Movements

Difficulty Level: Easy

52. Utopian movements based on ______ have proved to be more enduring than other types of utopian movements.

a. panics

b. religion

c. social philosophy

d. environmentalism

Learning Objective: 18.3: Identify different types of social movements.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Utopian Movements

Difficulty Level: Medium

53. Which of the following groups would best reflect a utopian social movement?

a. the Equal Rights Party

b. the Black Panther Party

c. the White Aryan Resistance

d. the Amish

Learning Objective: 18.3: Identify different types of social movements.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Utopian Movements

Difficulty Level: Hard

54. A person who does not support a social movement but benefits from its success demonstrates which concept?

a. differentiation

b. free-rider problem

c. resource mobilization

d. value-added theory

Learning Objective: 18.3: Identify different types of social movements.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Microlevel Approaches

Difficulty Level: Easy

55. Lisa worked every day for 8 months to pass a new policy providing discounted childcare for students with young children. She got many students to help with the initiative. However, there were some students who were not involved in the passing of the policy at all, but still benefited from Lisa’s work. This is an example of which of the following?

a. conscience constituents

b. frame alignment

c. a reactionary social movement

d. the free-rider problem

Learning Objective: 18.3: Identify different types of social movements.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Microlevel Approaches

Difficulty Level: Hard

56. Which of the following are formal groups that seek to achieve change through noninstitutionalized forms of political action?

a. resource mobilization coalitions

b. reactionary coalitions

c. social-movement organizations

d. free rider programs

Learning Objective: 18.3: Identify different types of social movements.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Organizational-Level Approaches

Difficulty Level: Easy

57. The NAACP is an example of which of the following

a. rebellious coalition

b. reactionary social movement

c. utopian social movement

d. social-movement organization

Learning Objective: 18.3: Identify different types of social movements.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Organizational-Level Approaches

Difficulty Level: Medium

58. Which theory focuses on the ability of social movement organizations to generate money, membership, and political support to achieve their objectives?

a. emergent norm theory

b. resource mobilization theory

c. frame alignment theory

d. value-added theory

Learning Objective: 18.3: Identify different types of social movements.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Organizational-Level Approaches

Difficulty Level: Easy

59. Resource alignment argues that since ______ are always present among some members of any society, these factors alone cannot explain the relative success of social movements.

a. diplomacy and negotiation

b. evolution and frame alignment

c. reaction and revolution

d. discontent and social strain

Learning Objective: 18.3: Identify different types of social movements.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Organizational-Level Approaches

Difficulty Level: Medium

60. Which of the following attempts to mobilize support among the ordinary members of society?

a. grassroots organizing

b. new school organizing

c. institutional organizing

d. lobbying

Learning Objective: 18.3: Identify different types of social movements.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Organizational-Level Approaches

Difficulty Level: Easy

61. Which statement is true of grassroots organizing?

a. It uses a top-down approach that attempts to garner support among top political officials.

b. It largely involves people who will receive no direct benefit from any change that occurs.

c. It is more interested in raising and spending money than in pushing for change.

d. It may use tactics such as leafleting, door-to-door canvassing, and mass demonstrations.

Learning Objective: 18.3: Identify different types of social movements.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Organizational-Level Approaches

Difficulty Level: Medium

62. Which term describes people who provide resources for a social movement organization but who are not themselves members of the aggrieved group that the organization champions?

a. grassroots organizers

b. free-riders

c. conscience constituents

d. the global elite

Learning Objective: 18.3: Identify different types of social movements.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Organizational-Level Approaches

Difficulty Level: Easy

63. The National Coalition for the Homeless is comprised primarily of which of the following?

a. free-riders

b. conscience constituents

c. hashtag activists

d. frame aligners

Learning Objective: 18.3: Identify different types of social movements.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Organizational-Level Approaches

Difficulty Level: Hard

64. Which of the following is the process by which the interests, understandings, and values of a social movement organization are shaped to match those in a wider society?

a. resource mobilization

b. reform mobilization

c. frame alignment

d. free-rider problem

Learning Objective: 18.3: Identify different types of social movements.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Cultural-Level Studies and Frame Alignment

Difficulty Level: Easy

65. The #MeToo movement began as a means of encouraging survivors of sexual violence to give the world a sense of the problem, but later became an international movement, bringing awareness to the fact that millions of women (and men) have been victims of sexual assault and/or harassment. This is an example of which of the following?

a. the-free rider problem

b. resource mobilization

c. grassroots organizing

d. frame alignment

Learning Objective: 18.3: Identify different types of social movements.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Cultural-Level Studies and Frame Alignment

Difficulty Level: Hard

66. Which social movements are fundamentally concerned with the quality of private life, often advocating large-scale cultural changes in the way people think and act?

a. new social movements

b. revolutionary social movements

c. utopian social movements

d. reactionary social movements

Learning Objective: 18.3: Identify different types of social movements.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: New Social Movements

Difficulty Level: Easy

67. Which statement is true of new social movements?

a. They are always formally organized.

b. Members reject participation for its own sake; they are focused exclusively on achieving specific goals.

c. They strongly emphasize the interconnectedness of planetary life.

d. They typically employ a bureaucratic organization.

Learning Objective: 18.3: Identify different types of social movements.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: New Social Movements

Difficulty Level: Medium

68. LGBTQ+ movements have provided safe havens for members in addition to pursuing social change. This reflects which aspect of new social movements?

a. New social movements focus on the distribution of material goods as well as the control of symbols and information.

b. People join new social movements not purely to achieve specific goals but also because they value participation for its own sake.

c. Rather than large, bureaucratically run, top-down organizations, the new social movements are often networks of people engaged in routine daily activities.

d. The new social movements strongly emphasize the interconnectedness of planetary life.

Learning Objective: 18.3: Identify different types of social movements.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: New Social Movements

Difficulty Level: Medium

69. Groups trying to raise awareness of climate change are often loosely organized and register their concerns online and through other media. This reflects which aspect of new social movements?

a. New social movements focus on the distribution of material goods as well as the control of symbols and information.

b. People join new social movements not purely to achieve specific goals but also because they value participation for its own sake.

c. Rather than large, bureaucratically run, top-down organizations, the new social movements are often networks of people engaged in routine daily activities.

d. The new social movements strongly emphasize the interconnectedness of planetary life.

Learning Objective: 18.3: Identify different types of social movements.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: New Social Movements

Difficulty Level: Medium

70. The phrase “Think globally, act locally” reflects which aspect of new social movements?

a. New social movements focus on the distribution of material goods as well as the control of symbols and information.

b. People join new social movements not purely to achieve specific goals but also because they value participation for its own sake.

c. Rather than large, bureaucratically run, top-down organizations, the new social movements are often networks of people engaged in routine daily activities.

d. The new social movements strongly emphasize the interconnectedness of planetary life.

Learning Objective: 18.3: Identify different types of social movements.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: New Social Movements

Difficulty Level: Medium

True/False

1. Social change can also refer to small-group changes, such as when a community’s racial and ethnic composition changes.

Learning Objective: 18.1: Apply sociological perspectives to understand characteristics and paths of social change.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Sociological Perspectives on Social Change

Difficulty Level: Medium

2. Evolutionary theories were often used to justify imperialism, colonization, and the conquering of “primitive” societies by more “civilized” nations.

Learning Objective: 18.1: Apply sociological perspectives to understand characteristics and paths of social change.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: The Functionalist Perspective

Difficulty Level: Easy

3. Spencer’s concept of differentiation has many similarities with Durkheim’s concept of the division of labor.

Learning Objective: 18.1: Apply sociological perspectives to understand characteristics and paths of social change.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: The Functionalist Perspective

Difficulty Level: Easy

4. Anti-lynching activist Ida B. Wells, who wrote newspaper articles and editorials challenging White supremacy, would be considered an organic intellectual.

Learning Objective: 18.1: Apply sociological perspectives to understand characteristics and paths of social change.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: The Conflict Perspective

Difficulty Level: Medium

5. According to the historical models of Paul Kennedy, the growth of U.S. military power and its subsequent economic problems may signal its societal decline.

Learning Objective: 18.1: Apply sociological perspectives to understand characteristics and paths of social change.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Rise-and-Fall Theories of Social Change

Difficulty Level: Easy

6. According to Max Weber, a society’s path could not be altered by the appearance of a charismatic figure.

Learning Objective: 18.2: Describe key sources of social change in society.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Rise-and-Fall Theories of Social Change

Difficulty Level: Medium

7. According to most sociologists, seemingly innocuous events that spark a group response are just that: innocuous and meaningless.

Learning Objective: 18.2: Describe key sources of social change in society.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Collective Behavior

Difficulty Level: Medium

8. According to contagion theory, individual acts are consciously and intentionally copied until they explode into collective action.

Learning Objective: 18.2: Describe key sources of social change in society.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Collective Behavior

Difficulty Level: Easy

9. Body disfigurement is best described as a craze.

Learning Objective: 18.2: Describe key sources of social change in society.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Panics and Crazes

Difficulty Level: Medium

10. Revolutionary social movements aim to preserve elements from a country’s history.

Learning Objective: 18.3: Identify different types of social movements.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Social Movements

Difficulty Level: Easy

Short Answer

1. Drawing on Antonio Gramsci’s theory of social change, identify one hegemonic ideology and two organic intellectuals in the context of women’s suffrage and the counterhegemony that was ultimately created.

Learning Objective: 18.1: Apply sociological perspectives to understand characteristics and paths of social change.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: The Conflict Perspective

Difficulty Level: Hard

2. How do functionalists view differentiation and how is it beneficial for society?

Learning Objective: 18.1: Apply sociological perspectives to understand characteristics and paths of social change.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: The Functionalist Perspective

Difficulty Level: Medium

3. Explain evolutionary theories of social change. Describe the main argument and provide a critique of its weaknesses.

Learning Objective: 18.1: Apply sociological perspectives to understand characteristics and paths of social change.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: The Functionalist Perspective

Difficulty Level: Medium

4. Explain the difference between collective behavior and crowds. Discuss how collective behavior is a source of social change and give an example related to social media.

Learning Objective: 18.2: Describe key sources of social change in society.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Collective Behavior

Difficulty Level: Medium

5. Discuss why Max Weber and Pitirim Sorokin are both considered cyclical theorists.

Learning Objective: 18.2: Describe key sources of social change in society.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Collective Behavior

Difficulty Level: Medium

6. Analyze and typify the Black Lives Matter movement as a social movement.

Learning Objective: 18.3: Identify different types of social movements.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Types of Social Movements

Difficulty Level: Hard

7. Identify and explain the four characteristics that set new social movements apart from earlier social movements.

Learning Objective: 18.3: Identify different types of social movements.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: New Social Movements

Difficulty Level: Medium

8. Explain what is meant by a movement having a free-rider problem. Why is free-riding a problem for social movements?

Learning Objective: 18.3: Identify different types of social movements.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Microlevel Approaches

Difficulty Level: Medium

9. Discuss what is meant by frame alignment and micromobilization contexts and explain how these can be used to strengthen a particular social movement.

Learning Objective: 18.3: Identify different types of social movements.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Cultural-Level Studies and Frame Alignment

Difficulty Level: Medium

10. Using a microlevel sociological approach, outline at least three characteristics or factors that might influence whether a particular individual chooses to become an activist.

Learning Objective: 18.3: Identify different types of social movements.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Microlevel Approaches

Difficulty Level: Medium

Essay

1. Explain Pitirim Sorokin’s rise-and-fall theory of social change. Include a discussion of the three different kinds of “mentalities” he identifies. Evaluate the strength of this theory.

Learning Objective: 18.1: Apply sociological perspectives to understand characteristics and paths of social change.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Rise-and-Fall Theories of Social Change

Difficulty Level: Medium

2. Analyze women’s labor participation using a conflict-oriented approach. Include a discussion of Gramsci and Dahrendorf.

Learning Objective: 18.1: Apply sociological perspectives to understand characteristics and paths of social change.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: The Conflict Perspective

Difficulty Level: Hard

3. Compare and contrast the conflict-oriented views of social change of Karl Marx, Antonio Gramsci, and Ralf Dahrendorf.

Learning Objective: 18.1: Apply sociological perspectives to understand characteristics and paths of social change.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: The Conflict Perspective

Difficulty Level: Medium

4. Define and distinguish between riots, fads, fashions, panics, crazes, and rumors. Provide an example of each.

Learning Objective: 18.2: Describe key sources of social change in society.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: How Do Crowds Act?

Difficulty Level: Medium

5. Explain emergent norm theory and illustrate it with an example of a situation where emergent norms may arise. Include at least one critique of emergent norm theory.

Learning Objective: 18.2: Describe key sources of social change in society.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Collective Behavior

Difficulty Level: Medium

6. Compare and contrast contagion, emergent norms, and value-added theories of collective behavior.

Learning Objective: 18.2: Describe key sources of social change in society.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Collective Behavior

Difficulty Level: Medium

7. Explain the association between resource mobilization theory and grassroots organizing.

Learning Objective: 18.2: Describe key sources of social change in society.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Organizational-Level Approaches

Difficulty Level: Medium

8. Identify and explain the differences between a reactionary social movement and a utopian social movement and provide an example of each.

Learning Objective: 18.3: Identify different types of social movements.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Types of Social Movements

Difficulty Level: Hard

9. Identify and explain the differences between a reformist social movement and a revolutionary social movement and provide an example of each.

Learning Objective: 18.3: Identify different types of social movements.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Types of Social Movements

Difficulty Level: Hard

10. What role does the government play in supporting or hindering social movements? Illustrate your assertion with an example.

Learning Objective: 18.3: Identify different types of social movements.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Microlevel Approaches

Difficulty Level: Medium