Ch18 Nuclear Chemistry – Test Bank | Review Format – 15e

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Package Title: Hein Test Bank

Course Title: Hein 15e

Chapter Number: 18

Question Type: Multiple Choice

1. As the temperature of a solid radioisotope increases, the mode of decay

A. changes from alpha to beta.

B. changes from beta to alpha.

C. changes from either alpha or beta to gamma.

D. remains the same.

Difficulty: easy

Learning Objective 1: Describe the change in atomic number or atomic mass associated with emission of an alpha particle, beta particle, and gamma ray.

Reference: Section 18.2

2. One instrument used to measure ionizing radiation is a

A. radioactive counter.

B. Curie counter.

C. Roentgen counter.

D. Geiger counter.

Difficulty: easy

Learning Objective 1: Describe the units and instruments used in the measurement of radioactivity.

Reference: Section 18.4

3. The activity of a radioactive source is measured in units of

A. curie.

B. rem.

C. rad.

D. roentgen.

Difficulty: easy

Learning Objective 1: Describe the units and instruments used in the measurement of radioactivity.

Reference: Section 18.4

4. The curie, which is the unit used to express the amount of radioactivity produced by an

element, is based on the amount of disintegrations per second undergone by 1 g of

A. pure uranium.

B. pure hydrogen.

C. pure helium.

D. pure radium.

Difficulty: easy

Learning Objective 1: Describe the units and instruments used in the measurement of radioactivity.

Reference: Section 18.4

5. Who discovered radioactivity?

A. Curie

B. Roentgen

C. Becquerel

D. Geiger

Difficulty: easy

Learning Objective 1: Describe the particles associated with nuclear chemistry and radioactivity and use half-life to calculate the age of an object.

Reference: Section 18.1

6. A nucleon is

A. the sum of all the subatomic particles in an atom.

B. all of the protons in the nucleus.

C. the protons and neutrons in the nucleus.

D. all of the neutrons in the nucleus.

Difficulty: easy

Learning Objective 1: Describe the particles associated with nuclear chemistry and radioactivity and use half-life to calculate the age of an object.

Reference: Section 18.1

7. The number of neutrons in the atom of an element with Atomic mass A and atomic number Z is

1. A
2. Z
3. A + Z
4. A - Z

Answer D

Difficulty: easy

Learning Objective 1: Describe the change in atomic number or atomic mass associated with emission of an alpha particle, beta particle, and gamma ray.

Reference Section 18.2

8. Calculate the nuclear binding energy for using the following information:

proton mass = 1.0073 g/mol

neutron mass = 1.0087 g/mol

electron mass = 0.00055 g/mol

= 14.0032 g/mol

1.0 g = 9.0 10¹³ J

A. 2.9 10¹¹ J/mol

B. 9.9 10¹² J/mol

C. 7.6 10¹² J/mol

D. 8.5 10¹² J/mol

Difficulty: hard

Learning Objective 1: Explain mass defect and binding energy.

Reference: Section 18.6

9. Calculate the nuclear binding energy for using the following information:

proton mass = 1.0073 g/mol

neutron mass = 1.0087 g/mol

electron mass = 0.00055 g/mol

= 15.0001 g/mol

1.0 g = 9.0 10¹³ J

A. 1.3 10¹¹ J/mol

B. 9.0 10⁹ J/mol

C. 1.1 10¹³ J/mol

D. 8.1 10¹³ J/mol

Difficulty: hard

Learning Objective 1: Explain mass defect and binding energy.

Reference: Section 18.6

10. Which of the following types of radioactive decay does not produce a new element?

A. electron capture

B. gamma emission

C. alpha emission

D. beta emission

Difficulty: easy

Learning Objective 1: Describe the change in atomic number or atomic mass associated with emission of an alpha particle, beta particle, and gamma ray.

Reference Section 18.2

11. Gamma rays have

A. a mass of 4 amu.

B. a charge of +2.

C. a charge of –1.

D. neither mass nor charge.

Difficulty: easy

Learning Objective 1: Describe the change in atomic number or atomic mass associated with emission of an alpha particle, beta particle, and gamma ray.

Reference: Section 18.2

12. Gamma rays are

1. high energy electrons
2. low energy electrons
3. high energy electromagnetic waves
4. high energy positrons

Answer C

Difficulty: easy

Learning Objective 1: Describe the change in atomic number or atomic mass associated with emission of an alpha particle, beta particle, and gamma ray.

Reference: Section 18.2

13. An alpha particle has

A. a mass of 2 amu.

B. a mass of 4 amu.

C. a charge of –1.

D. neither mass nor charge.

Difficulty: easy

Learning Objective 1: Describe the change in atomic number or atomic mass associated with emission of an alpha particle, beta particle, and gamma ray.

Reference: Section 18.2

14. A beta particle has

A. a mass of 4 amu.

B. a charge of +4.

C. a charge of –1.

D. neither mass nor charge.

Difficulty: easy

Learning Objective 1: Describe the change in atomic number or atomic mass associated with emission of an alpha particle, beta particle, and gamma ray.

Reference: Section 18.2

15. Which of the following do not consists of particles of matter?

1. Alpha rays
2. Beta rays
3. Gamma rays
4. All of the above

Answer C

Difficulty: medium

Learning Objective 1: Describe the change in atomic number or atomic mass associated with emission of an alpha particle, beta particle, and gamma ray.

Reference: Section 18.2

16. Which one of the following is an incorrect representation of the indicated particle or nucleus?

A. neutron

B. alpha particle

C. beta particle

D. proton

Difficulty: easy

Learning Objective 1: Describe the change in atomic number or atomic mass associated with emission of an alpha particle, beta particle, and gamma ray.

Reference: Section 18.2

17. Which type of radiation is deflected towards the negative side of an electromagnetic field?

A. alpha

B. beta

C. gamma

Difficulty: easy

Learning Objective 1: Describe the change in atomic number or atomic mass associated with emission of an alpha particle, beta particle, and gamma ray.

Reference: Section 18.2

18. Increase in atomic number is observed during

1. alpha emission
2. beta emission
3. positron emission
4. gamma emission

Answer B

Difficulty: easy

Learning Objective 1: Describe the change in atomic number or atomic mass associated with emission of an alpha particle, beta particle, and gamma ray.

Reference: Section 18.2

19. ₇N¹³ changes to ₆C¹³ by emission of

1. electron
2. proton
3. neutron
4. positron

Answer D

Difficulty: easy

Learning Objective 1: Describe the change in atomic number or atomic mass associated with emission of an alpha particle, beta particle, and gamma ray.

Reference: Section 18.2

20. Loss of alpha particle is equivalent to

1. loss of two neutrons
2. loss of two protons
3. loss of two neutrons and two protons
4. loss of one neutron and one proton

Answer C

Difficulty: easy

Learning Objective 1: Describe the change in atomic number or atomic mass associated with emission of an alpha particle, beta particle, and gamma ray.

Reference: Section 18.2

21. Which type of radiation is not affected as it passes through an electromagnetic field?

A. alpha

B. beta

C. gamma

Difficulty: easy

Learning Objective 1: Describe the change in atomic number or atomic mass associated with emission of an alpha particle, beta particle, and gamma ray.

Reference: Section 18.2

22. Nuclei with atomic number up to about twenty will be stable if their neutron : proton ratio is approximately

A. 1 : 1

B. 2 : 1

C. 1 : 2

D. 3 : 1

Difficulty: easy

Learning Objective 1: Describe the particles associated with nuclear chemistry and radioactivity and use half-life to calculate the age of an object.

Reference: Section 18.1

23. All nuclides of which element must be radioactive?

A. strontium

B. plutonium

C. arsenic

D. sulfur

Difficulty: easy

Learning Objective 1: Describe the particles associated with nuclear chemistry and radioactivity and use half-life to calculate the age of an object.

Reference: Section 18.1

24. Which element has no stable nuclides?

A. bromine

B. zinc

C. iron

D. uranium

Difficulty: easy

Learning Objective 1: Describe the particles associated with nuclear chemistry and radioactivity and use half-life to calculate the age of an object.

Reference: Section 18.1

25. An alpha particle is

A. lighter than the beta particle.

B. heavier than the beta particle.

C. same in mass as beta particle

D. lighter than the hydrogen atom.

Difficulty: easy

Learning Objective 1: Describe the change in atomic number or atomic mass associated with emission of an alpha particle, beta particle, and gamma ray.

Reference: Section 18.2

26. The charge of an alpha particle is

A. +1

B. +2

C. –1

D. 0

Difficulty: easy

Learning Objective 1: Describe the change in atomic number or atomic mass associated with emission of an alpha particle, beta particle, and gamma ray.

Reference: Section 18.2

27. The mass of an alpha particle is

A. 1 amu

B. 2 amu

C. 3 amu

D. 4 amu

Difficulty: easy

Learning Objective 1: Describe the change in atomic number or atomic mass associated with emission of an alpha particle, beta particle, and gamma ray.

Reference: Section 18.2

28. A beta particle consists of

A. one proton.

B. one neutron.

C. one electron.

D. two protons and two neutrons.

Difficulty: easy

Learning Objective 1: Describe the change in atomic number or atomic mass associated with emission of an alpha particle, beta particle, and gamma ray.

Reference: Section 18.2

29. The charge of a beta particle is

A. +1

B. +2

C. –1

D. 0

Difficulty: easy

Learning Objective 1: Describe the change in atomic number or atomic mass associated with emission of an alpha particle, beta particle, and gamma ray.

Reference: Section 18.2

30. Gamma radiation has a mass of

A. 0 amu

B. 1 amu

C. 2 amu

D. 4 amu

Difficulty: easy

Learning Objective 1: Describe the change in atomic number or atomic mass associated with emission of an alpha particle, beta particle, and gamma ray.

Reference: Section 18.2

31. Gamma radiation has a charge of

A. 0

B. –1

C. +2

D. +4

Difficulty: easy

Learning Objective 1: Describe the change in atomic number or atomic mass associated with emission of an alpha particle, beta particle, and gamma ray.

Reference: Section 18.2

32. In which type of reaction does a heavy nucleus absorb a neutron, split to form two or more

intermediate sized fragments, and release at least two neutrons?

A. alpha decay

B. beta decay

C. fission

D. fusion

Difficulty: easy

Learning Objective 1: Describe the characteristics of a chain reaction and compare nuclear fission and nuclear fusion.

Reference: Section 18.5

33. Which of the following isotopes is most likely to be unstable?

A.

B.

C.

D.

Difficulty: easy

Learning Objective 1: Describe the change in atomic number or atomic mass associated with emission of an alpha particle, beta particle, and gamma ray.

Reference: Section 18.2

34. Which form of nuclear emission requires the greatest amount of shielding to provide protection from radiation injury?

A. alpha

B. beta

C. gamma

Difficulty: easy

Learning Objective 1: Describe the effects of ionizing radiation on living organisms.

Reference: Section 18.7

35. Select the nuclide that completes the following reaction.

Difficulty: easy

Learning Objective 1: Discuss the transmutation of elements and both natural and artificial disintegration series.

Reference: Section 18.3

36. How many protons are in the nucleus of radon-222?

A. 222

B. 86

C. 136

D. 88

Difficulty: easy

Learning Objective 1: Describe the particles associated with nuclear chemistry and radioactivity and use half-life to calculate the age of an object.

Reference: Section 18.1

37. Select the nuclide that completes the following reaction.

A.

B.

C.

D.

Difficulty: easy

Learning Objective 1: Describe the change in atomic number or atomic mass associated with emission of an alpha particle, beta particle, and gamma ray.

Reference: Section 18.2

38. Select the nuclide that completes the following reaction.

🡪 + ?

A.

B.

C.

D.

Difficulty: easy

Learning Objective 1: Describe the change in atomic number or atomic mass associated with emission of an alpha particle, beta particle, and gamma ray.

Reference: Section 18.2

39. How many neutrons are in the nucleus of cobalt-60?

A. 29

B. 31

C. 27

D. 33

Difficulty: easy

Learning Objective 1: Describe the particles associated with nuclear chemistry and radioactivity and use half-life to calculate the age of an object.

Reference: Section 18.1

40. How many neutrons are in the nucleus of Krypton-84?

A. 36

B. 48

C. 84

D. 120

Difficulty: easy

Learning Objective 1: Describe the particles associated with nuclear chemistry and radioactivity and use half-life to calculate the age of an object.

Reference: Section 18.1

41. What type of emission causes C-14 to decay to N-14?

A. alpha

B. beta

C. positron

D. gamma

Difficulty: medium

Learning Objective 1: Describe the change in atomic number or atomic mass associated with emission of an alpha particle, beta particle, and gamma ray.

Reference: Section 18.2

42. What type of emission causes Sr-90 to decay to Y-90?

A. positron

B. gamma

C. alpha

D. beta

Difficulty: medium

Learning Objective 1: Describe the change in atomic number or atomic mass associated with emission of an alpha particle, beta particle, and gamma ray.

Reference: Section 18.2

43. What type of emission causes Ra-226 to decay to Rn-222?

A. alpha

B. beta

C. gamma

D. positron

Difficulty: medium

Learning Objective 1: Describe the change in atomic number or atomic mass associated with emission of an alpha particle, beta particle, and gamma ray.

Reference: Section 18.2

44. Radioactive disintegration differs from a chemical change in being

1. exothermic reaction
2. a nuclear process
3. a spontaneous process
4. a first order reaction

Answer B

Difficulty: easy

Learning Objective 1: Describe the change in atomic number or atomic mass associated with emission of an alpha particle, beta particle, and gamma ray.

Reference: Section 18.2

45. What type of emission causes Pu-239 to decay to U-235?

A. gamma

B. beta

C. positron

D. alpha

Difficulty: medium

Learning Objective 1: Describe the change in atomic number or atomic mass associated with emission of an alpha particle, beta particle, and gamma ray.

Reference: Section 18.2

46. Neutrons can disintegrate to give

1. A proton and gamma rays
2. A proton and a positron
3. A positron and an electron
4. A proton and an electron

Answer D

Difficulty: medium

Learning Objective 1: Describe the change in atomic number or atomic mass associated with emission of an alpha particle, beta particle, and gamma ray.

Reference: Section 18.2

47. Which of the nuclei is unstable?

1. ₅B¹⁰
2. ₄Be¹⁰
3. ₇N¹⁴
4. ₈O¹⁶

Answer B

Difficulty: medium

Learning Objective 1: Describe the change in atomic number or atomic mass associated with emission of an alpha particle, beta particle, and gamma ray.

Reference: Section 18.2

48. Kr-85 decays by beta decay to produce

A. Br-88.

B. Rb-85.

C. Se-81.

D. Sr-89.

Difficulty: medium

Learning Objective 1: Discuss the transmutation of elements and both natural and artificial disintegration series.

Reference: Section 18.3

49. I-131 decays by beta decay to produce

A. Te-131

B. Sb-127

C. Xe-131

D. Cs-135

Difficulty: medium

Learning Objective 1: Discuss the transmutation of elements and both natural and artificial disintegration series.

Reference: Section 18.3

50. U-235 decays by alpha decay to produce

A. Pu-237

B. Th-233

C. Pu-239

D. Th-231

Difficulty: medium

Learning Objective 1: Discuss the transmutation of elements and both natural and artificial disintegration series.

Reference: Section 18.3

51. A pure sample of tritium, , in a sealed container, undergoes beta decay with a half-life of 12.3 years. How long has elapsed if the contents of tritium are 1/8 of the initial amount?

A. 12.3 years

B. 24.6 years

C. 36.9 years

D. 49.2 years

Difficulty: easy

Learning Objective 1: Describe the particles associated with nuclear chemistry and radioactivity and use half-life to calculate the age of an object.

Reference: Section 18.1

52. When Kr-85 emits gamma radiation, the remaining nucleus is

A. Rb-85.

B. Se-81.

C. Kr-85.

D. Rb-84.

Difficulty: easy

Learning Objective 1: Discuss the transmutation of elements and both natural and artificial disintegration series.

Reference: Section 18.3

53. When Tc-99 emits gamma radiation, the remaining nucleus is

A. Tc-99.

B. Ru-99.

C. Mo-99.

D. Nb-95.

Difficulty: easy

Learning Objective 1: Discuss the transmutation of elements and both natural and artificial disintegration series.

Reference: Section 18.3

54. The half-life period of a radioactive element is 140 days. After 560 days, one gram of the element will reduce to

1. 0.5 g
2. 0.25 g
3. 0.125 g
4. 0.0625 g

Answer D

Difficulty: easy

Learning Objective 1: Describe the particles associated with nuclear chemistry and radioactivity and use half-life to calculate the age of an object.

Reference: Section 18.1

55. A 4.0 g sample of Ra-226 decays to 1.0 g. If the half-life of Ra-226 is 1620 years, how much time has elapsed?

A. 540 years

B. 810 years

C. 3240 years

D. 4860 years

Difficulty: medium

Learning Objective 1: Describe the particles associated with nuclear chemistry and radioactivity and use half-life to calculate the age of an object.

Reference: Section 18.1

56. A 6.0 g sample of Ra-223 decays to 0.75 g. If the half-life of Ra-223 is 11.7 days, how much time has elapsed?

A. 35.1 days

B. 2.93 days

C. 46.8 days

D. 3.90 days

Difficulty: medium

Learning Objective 1: Describe the particles associated with nuclear chemistry and radioactivity and use half-life to calculate the age of an object.

Reference: Section 18.1

57. If 4.0 g of a radioactive isotope has a half-life of 10 hours, the half-life of 2.0 g of the same isotope is

1. 10 hours
2. 5 hours
3. 2.5 hours
4. 40 hours

Answer A

Difficulty: medium

Learning Objective 1: Describe the particles associated with nuclear chemistry and radioactivity and use half-life to calculate the age of an object.

Reference: Section 18.1

58. The half-life of Au-198 is 2.7 days. What mass of Au-198 will remain unchanged if a 12.0 g

sample decays for 8.1 days?

A. 12.0 g

B. 0.750 g

C. 1.5 g

D. 0.375 g

Difficulty: medium

Learning Objective 1: Describe the particles associated with nuclear chemistry and radioactivity and use half-life to calculate the age of an object.

Reference: Section 18.1

59. The half-life of Sr-90 is 28 years. What mass of Sr-90 will remain unchanged if a 4.0 g sample decays for 84 years?

A. 1.00 g

B. 12.0 g

C. 0.500 g

D. 16.0 g

Difficulty: medium

Learning Objective 1: Describe the particles associated with nuclear chemistry and radioactivity and use half-life to calculate the age of an object.

Reference: Section 18.1

60. The half-life of Sr-90 is 28 years. After 56 years of decay only 0.40 g of a sample remains. What was the mass of the original sample?

A. 0.10 g

B. 0.050 g

C. 1.6 g

D. 3.2 g

Difficulty: medium

Learning Objective 1: Describe the particles associated with nuclear chemistry and radioactivity and use half-life to calculate the age of an object.

Reference: Section 18.1

61. The half-life of Au-198 is 2.7 days. After 10.8 days of decay only 1.30 g of a sample remains. What was the mass of the original sample?

A. 0.0183 g

B. 0.163 g

C. 10.4 g

D. 20.8 g

Difficulty: medium

Learning Objective 1: Describe the particles associated with nuclear chemistry and radioactivity and use half-life to calculate the age of an object.

Reference: Section 18.1

62. Number of alpha particles emitted per second by a radioactive isotopes falls to 1/16 of its original value in 48 days. The half-life of the isotope is

1. 48 days
2. 16 days
3. 12 days
4. 8 days

Answer C

Difficulty: medium

Learning Objective 1: Describe the particles associated with nuclear chemistry and radioactivity and use half-life to calculate the age of an object.

Reference: Section 18.1

63. Isotope A has a half-life of 2 seconds and isotope B has a half-life of 3200 years. Which isotope is more radioactive?

1. Isotope A
2. Isotope B
3. It depends on the temperature
4. None of the above

Answer A

Difficulty: medium

Learning Objective 1: Describe the particles associated with nuclear chemistry and radioactivity and use half-life to calculate the age of an object.

Reference: Section 18.1

64. Alpha and beta particles

A. have the same charge.

B. have opposite charges.

C. do not possess any charges.

Difficulty: easy

Learning Objective 1: Describe the change in atomic number or atomic mass associated with emission of an alpha particle, beta particle, and gamma ray.

Reference: Section 18.2

65. What is the half-life of a radioisotope if a 0.800 g sample decays to 0.100 g in 12.0 minutes?

A. 4.00 minutes

B. 3.00 minutes

C. 36.0 minutes

D. 48.0 minutes

Difficulty: medium

Learning Objective 1: Describe the particles associated with nuclear chemistry and radioactivity and use half-life to calculate the age of an object.

Reference: Section 18.1

66. A radioisotope has a half-life of 7 days. What fraction of the original mass will remain after 14 days?

A. 1/2

B. 1/4

C. 1/8

D. 1/16

Difficulty: easy

Learning Objective 1: Describe the particles associated with nuclear chemistry and radioactivity and use half-life to calculate the age of an object.

Reference: Section 18.1

67. A radioisotope has a half-life of 6.0 hours. What fraction of the original mass will remain after 12.0 hours?

A. 1/2

B. 1/4

C. 1/8

D. 1/16

Difficulty: easy

Learning Objective 1: Describe the particles associated with nuclear chemistry and radioactivity and use half-life to calculate the age of an object.

Reference: Section 18.1

68. In an artificial transmutation process, a nucleus of Al-27 is absorbs an alpha particle and emits a neutron. What is the new nuclide formed?

A. Na-30

B. Mg-23

C. P-29

D. P-30

Difficulty: medium

Learning Objective 1: Discuss the transmutation of elements and both natural and artificial disintegration series.

Reference: Section 18.3

69. In an artificial transmutation process, a nucleus of Be-9 absorbs a proton, emits a particle, and is converted into Li-6. What was the particle emitted?

A. proton

B. neutron

C. electron

D. alpha particle

Difficulty: medium

Learning Objective 1: Discuss the transmutation of elements and both natural and artificial disintegration series.

Reference: Section 18.3

70. In an artificial transmutation process, a nucleus of Al-27 absorbs a neutron, emits an alpha particle, and is converted into a new nuclide. What is the new nuclide formed?

A. Mg-28

B. Na-24

C. P-30

D. Na-28

Difficulty: medium

Learning Objective 1: Discuss the transmutation of elements and both natural and artificial disintegration series.

Reference: Section 18.3

71. In an artificial transmutation process, a nucleus of Be-9 absorbs an alpha particle, emits a particle, and is converted into C-12. What was the particle emitted?

A. proton

B. neutron

C. beta particle

D. positron

Difficulty: medium

Learning Objective 1: Discuss the transmutation of elements and both natural and artificial disintegration series.

Reference: Section 18.3

72. A nucleus of U-235 absorbs a neutron, undergoes fission, and produces two fission fragments and three neutrons. One fission fragment is Ba-142, what is the other?

A. Kr-91

B. Sr-90

C. Rb-88

D. Br-92

Difficulty: medium

Learning Objective 1: Describe the characteristics of a chain reaction and compare nuclear fission and nuclear fusion.

Reference: Section 18.5

73. A nucleus of Pu-239 absorbs a neutron, undergoes fission, and produces two fission fragments and three neutrons. One fission fragment is Ba-147, what is the other?

A. Rb-88

B. Kr-91

C. Rb-89

D. Sr-90

Difficulty: medium

Learning Objective 1: Describe the characteristics of a chain reaction and compare nuclear fission and nuclear fusion.

Reference: Section 18.5

74. Which of the following can penetrate through a 5-cm block of lead?

A. alpha particles

B. beta particles

C. gamma rays

Difficulty: easy

Learning Objective 1: Describe the change in atomic number or atomic mass associated with emission of an alpha particle, beta particle, and gamma ray.

Reference: Section 18.2

75. In a fusion reaction a nucleus of H-3 and a nucleus of H-1 combine to form a nucleus of

A. He-4

B. H-4

C. H-2

D. Li-4

Difficulty: easy

Learning Objective 1: Describe the characteristics of a chain reaction and compare nuclear fission and nuclear fusion.

Reference: Section 18.5

76. Exposure to 20 nCi for 10 minutes is more hazardous for a child than for an adult because

A. the child’s skin is not as thick as an adult’s skin and cannot block as much radiation.

B. the child’s immune system is not developed well enough to resist the damage.

C. the child’s smaller body size makes the effective dose larger to the child than the adult.

D. all of the above are correct.

Difficulty: medium

Learning Objective 1: Describe the effects of ionizing radiation on living organisms.

Reference: Section 18.7

77. The nuclear emission with the least penetrating power is

A. alpha.

B. beta.

C. gamma.

Difficulty: easy

Learning Objective 1: Describe the change in atomic number or atomic mass associated with emission of an alpha particle, beta particle, and gamma ray.

Reference: Section 18.2

78. The half-life of Sn-121 is 10 days. If you started with 40. g of this isotope, how much

would be left 30 days later?

A. 10. g

B. None

C. 15 g

D. 5.0 g

Difficulty: medium

Learning Objective 1: Describe the particles associated with nuclear chemistry and radioactivity and use half-life to calculate the age of an object.

Reference: Section 18.1

79. In a nuclear reaction

A. mass is lost.

B. mass is gained.

C. mass is converted into energy.

D. energy is converted into mass.

Difficulty: easy

Learning Objective 1: Describe the characteristics of a chain reaction and compare nuclear fission and nuclear fusion.

Reference: Section 18.5

80. The half-life of Sn-110 is 4 hours. If you have 20. g of this isotope, how much would remain 8 hours later?

A. 40. g

B. 5.0 g

C. 10. g

D. 80. g

Difficulty: easy

Learning Objective 1: Describe the particles associated with nuclear chemistry and radioactivity and use half-life to calculate the age of an object.

Reference: Section 18.1

81. If Pa-234 loses a beta particle the resulting isotope is

A. Ac-230.

B. Th-234.

C. U-234.

D. Th-235.

Difficulty: medium

Learning Objective 1: Describe the change in atomic number or atomic mass associated with emission of an alpha particle, beta particle, and gamma ray.

Reference: Section 18.2

82. If Rn-222 loses an alpha particle the resulting isotope is

A. Pb-218.

B. At-222.

C. Fr-222.

D. Po-218.

Difficulty: medium

Learning Objective 1: Describe the change in atomic number or atomic mass associated with emission of an alpha particle, beta particle, and gamma ray.

Reference: Section 18.2

83. If U-235 absorbs a neutron it can undergo fission and produce

A. Sr and Pb.

B. Cd and Kr.

C. Ba and Xe.

D. Ba and Kr.

Difficulty: medium

Learning Objective 1: Describe the characteristics of a chain reaction and compare nuclear fission and nuclear fusion.

Reference: Section 18.5

84. Bismuth-214 can be formed by either alpha or beta decay. The two isotopes that can do this are

A. Po-214 and At-218.

B. Pb-214 and Tl-210.

C. Po-218 and Bi-210.

D. Pb-214 and At-218.

Difficulty: medium

Learning Objective 1: Describe the change in atomic number or atomic mass associated with emission of an alpha particle, beta particle, and gamma ray.

Reference: Section 18.2

85. The nuclear emission called an alpha particle is composed of

A. gamma rays.

B. positrons.

C. electrons.

D. a helium nucleus.

Difficulty: easy

Learning Objective 1: Describe the change in atomic number or atomic mass associated with emission of an alpha particle, beta particle, and gamma ray.

Reference: Section 18.2

86. After a nuclear decay, a particle is 4 mass units lighter than it was originally. The original

particle most likely

A. lost a neutron.

B. lost a proton.

C. lost an alpha particle.

D. lost a beta particle.

Difficulty: easy

Learning Objective 1: Describe the change in atomic number or atomic mass associated with emission of an alpha particle, beta particle, and gamma ray.

Reference: Section 18.2

87. Which statement does not describe nuclear fusion?

A. This reaction occurs at very high temperatures.

B. This reaction uses uranium as a fuel.

C. This reaction converts mass into energy.

D. This reaction does not occur naturally on Earth.

Difficulty: easy

Learning Objective 1: Describe the characteristics of a chain reaction and compare nuclear fission and nuclear fusion.

Reference: Section 18.5

88. Breeder reactors

A. manufacture fuel.

B. make use of nuclear fission.

C. use uranium as a starting material.

D. all of the above

Difficulty: easy

Learning Objective 1: Describe the characteristics of a chain reaction and compare nuclear fission and nuclear fusion.

Reference: Section 18.5

89. In a nuclear reactor, the purpose of the control rods is to

A. convert steam into electricity.

B. capture neutrons to slow the rate of fission.

C. cool the steam generated by the reactor.

D. produce neutrons to increase the rate of fission.

Difficulty: easy

Learning Objective 1: Describe the characteristics of a chain reaction and compare nuclear fission and nuclear fusion.

Reference: Section 18.5

90. Which is true about ionizing radiation?

A. It dislocates bonding electrons and creates ions.

B. It can damage DNA molecules.

C. Both large acute doses and small chronic doses are harmful.

D. All the above are true.

Difficulty: easy

Learning Objective 1: Describe the effects of ionizing radiation on living organisms.

Reference: Section 18.7

91. One of the major obstacles to the production of energy using nuclear fusion is

A. the temperatures required for the ignition.

B. the ability to control the huge amounts of energy generated.

C. the large amounts of radioactive nuclides produced.

D. the unavailability of the starting materials.

Difficulty: easy

Learning Objective 1: Describe the characteristics of a chain reaction and compare nuclear fission and nuclear fusion.

Reference: Section 18.5

92. The term “mass defect” stands for

A. the difference between the mass of an atom and the sum of the masses of its protons and neutrons.

B. the difference between the mass of the protons and the neutrons in a nucleus and the mass of the nucleus.

C. the difference between the mass of the atom and the mass of the nucleus.

D. the difference between the mass of the most abundant nuclide and the least abundant nuclide.

Difficulty: easy

Learning Objective 1: Describe the characteristics of a chain reaction and compare nuclear fission and nuclear fusion.

Reference: Section 18.5

93. The higher the binding energy of a nucleus

A. the more stable the nucleus is.

B. the least stable the nucleus is.

C. the larger the probability of nuclear fission.

D. the larger the probability of the nucleus emitting gamma radiation.

Difficulty: easy

Learning Objective 1: Explain mass defect and binding energy.

Reference: Section 18.6

94. In the following nuclear reaction

the missing product is:

A.

B.

C.

D.

Difficulty: easy

Learning Objective 1: Describe the characteristics of a chain reaction and compare nuclear fission and nuclear fusion.

Reference: Section 18.5

95. Which of the following is a property of very stable nuclide?

A. large mass defects

B. large nuclear binding energy

C. very large proton/neutron ratio

D. very small half-life

Difficulty: easy

Learning Objective 1: Explain mass defect and binding energy.

Reference: Section 18.6

True/False

96. In a nuclear reaction mass is converted into energy.

Difficulty: easy

Learning Objective 1: Describe the characteristics of a chain reaction and compare nuclear fission and nuclear fusion.

Reference: Section 18.5

97. In an electromagnetic field, alpha particles undergo greater deflection than do beta particles.

Difficulty: easy

Learning Objective 1: Describe the change in atomic number or atomic mass associated with emission of an alpha particle, beta particle, and gamma ray.

Reference: Section 18.2

98. A beta particle consists of two protons and two neutrons.

Difficulty: easy

Learning Objective 1: Describe the change in atomic number or atomic mass associated with emission of an alpha particle, beta particle, and gamma ray.

Reference: Section 18.2

99. Alpha particles are identical with hydrogen nuclei.

Difficulty: easy

Learning Objective 1: Describe the change in atomic number or atomic mass associated with emission of an alpha particle, beta particle, and gamma ray.

Reference: Section 18.2

100. Beta particles are identical with electrons.

Difficulty: easy

Learning Objective 1: Describe the change in atomic number or atomic mass associated with emission of an alpha particle, beta particle, and gamma ray.

Reference: Section 18.2

101. Transmutation is the conversion of one element into another by either natural or artificial means.

Difficulty: easy

Learning Objective 1: Discuss the transmutation of elements and both natural and artificial disintegration series.

Reference: Section 18.3

102. An atom of U-235 has 327 nucleons.

Difficulty: easy

Learning Objective 1: Describe the particles associated with nuclear chemistry and radioactivity and use half-life to calculate the age of an object.

Reference: Section 18.1

103. U-232 represents a uranium isotope with 92 protons and 146 neutrons.

Difficulty: easy

Learning Objective 1: Describe the particles associated with nuclear chemistry and radioactivity and use half-life to calculate the age of an object,

Reference: Section 18.1

104. Radioactivity is the non-spontaneous emission of particles and/or energy from the nucleus of an atom.

Difficulty: easy

Learning Objective 1: Describe the particles associated with nuclear chemistry and radioactivity and use half-life to calculate the age of an object.

Reference: Section 18.1

105. If it takes 25 years for a radioactive element to decay to 25% of its initial mass, then its half-life is 12.5 years.

Difficulty: medium

Learning Objective 1: Describe the particles associated with nuclear chemistry and radioactivity and use half-life to calculate the age of an object.

Reference: Section 18.1

106. All atoms with an atomic number greater than 83 are radioactive.

Difficulty: easy

Learning Objective 1: Describe the particles associated with nuclear chemistry and radioactivity and use half-life to calculate the age of an object.

Reference: Section 18.1

107. Different radioisotopes of the same element have the same half-lives.

Difficulty: easy

Reference: Section 18.1

Free Response

108. The nucleus of U-238 has a mass of 238.0003 amu.

The mass of a proton is 1.0073 amu.

The mass of a neutron is 1.0087 amu.

A mass defect of 1.0000 g indicates a binding energy of 9.0 × 10¹³ J.

A. Calculate the mass defect of U-238 in g/mol.

B. Calculate the nuclear binding energy of U-238 in J/mol.

Difficulty: medium

Learning Objective 1: Explain mass defect and binding energy.

Reference: Section 18.6

109. The nucleus of Fe-56 has a mass of 55.9207 amu.

The mass of a proton is 1.0073 amu.

The mass of a neutron is 1.0087 amu.

A mass defect of 1.0000 g indicates a binding energy of 9.0 × 10¹³ J.

A. Calculate the mass defect of Fe-56 in g/mol.

B. Calculate the nuclear binding energy of Fe-56 in J/mol.

Learning Objective 1: Explain mass defect and binding energy.

Reference: Section 18.6

110. A Th-232 nucleus decays to Pb-208 by emitting a series of alpha and beta particles.

In this series of decays, how many alpha particles and how many beta particles are emitted?

Difficulty: hard

Learning Objective 1: Discuss the transmutation of elements and both natural and artificial disintegration series.

Reference: Section 18.3

111. A Th-234 nucleus decays to Pb-206 by emitting a series of alpha and beta particles. In this series of decays, how many alpha particles and how many beta particles are emitted?

Difficulty: hard

Learning Objective 1: Discuss the transmutation of elements and both natural and artificial disintegration series.

Reference: Section 18.3

112. A U-238 nucleus decays to Pb-206 by emitting a series of alpha and beta particles.

In this series of decays how many alpha particles and how many beta particles are emitted?

Difficulty: hard

Learning Objective 1: Discuss the transmutation of elements and both natural and artificial disintegration series.

Reference: Section 18.3

113. Part of a radioactive decay series begins with U-238 emitting in succession a(n)

A. Alpha particle

B. Beta particle

C. Beta particle

D. Alpha particle

E. Alpha particle

Predict the product of each successive emission.

Difficulty: hard

Learning Objective 1: Discuss the transmutation of elements and both natural and artificial disintegration series.

Reference: Section 18.3

114. Part of a radioactive decay series begins with Pu-241 emitting in succession a(n)

A. Beta particle

B. Alpha particle

C. Alpha particle

D. Beta particle

E. Alpha particle

Predict the product of each successive emission.

Difficulty: hard

Learning Objective 1: Discuss the transmutation of elements and both natural and artificial disintegration series.

Reference: Section 18.3

115. Potassium-42 undergoes beta decay with a half-life of 12.4 hours.

A. What is the product of the beta decay of K-42?

B. How much K-42 will remain from a 2.00 g sample that decays for 49.6 hours?

Difficulty: medium

Learning Objective 1: Describe the particles associated with nuclear chemistry and radioactivity and use half-life to calculate the age of an object.

Learning Objective 2: Discuss the transmutation of elements and both natural and artificial disintegration series.

Reference: Section 18.1 and 18.3

116. Francium- 220 undergoes alpha decay with a half-life of 27.5 seconds.

A. What is the product of the alpha decay of francium-220?

B. How much Fr-220 will remain from a 2.00 g sample that decays for 82.5 seconds?

Difficulty: medium

Learning Objective 1: Describe the particles associated with nuclear chemistry and radioactivity and use half-life to calculate the age of an object.

Learning Objective 2: Discuss the transmutation of elements and both natural and artificial disintegration series.

Reference: Section 18.1 and 18.3

117. A sample of a radioisotope has a mass of 40.0 g. After 28 hours 1.25 g of the radioisotope

remains unchanged.

What is the half-life of this radioisotope?

Difficulty: medium

Learning Objective 1: Describe the particles associated with nuclear chemistry and radioactivity and use half-life to calculate the age of an object.

Reference: Section 18.1

118. The half like of Au-198 is 65 hours. One gram of Au decays by beta emission to produce stable mercury.

A. What is the product of the beta decay of Au-198?

B. How much mercury will be present after 260 hours?

Learning Objective 1: Describe the particles associated with nuclear chemistry and radioactivity and use half-life to calculate the age of an object.

Difficulty: medium

Reference: Section 18.1

119. The half-life of Sr-90 is 28 years. A sample of Sr-90 tested in 1960 emitted 400 counts per minute.

In what year will the sample emit 25 counts per minute?

Learning Objective 1: Describe the particles associated with nuclear chemistry and radioactivity and use half-life to calculate the age of an object.

Difficulty: medium; Reference: Section 18.1

120. Why do beta particles undergo much larger deflections than alpha particles when passing through an electromagnetic field?

Difficulty: easy

Learning Objective: Describe the change in atomic number or atomic mass associated with emission of an alpha particle, beta particle, and gamma ray.

Reference: Section 18.2

121. Define the term “half-life”. Why are half-lives important when using radioactive tracers for medical purposes?

Difficulty: easy

Learning Objective 1: Describe the effects of ionizing radiation on living organisms.

Reference: Section 18.7