Ch16 Big Business And Organized Labor, Complete Test Bank

Chapter 16: Big Business and Organized Labor, 1860–1900

CORE OBJECTIVES

1. Explain the primary factors that stimulated unprecedented industrial and agricultural growth in the late nineteenth century.

2. Describe the entrepreneurs who pioneered the growth of Big Business, the goals they aimed to achieve, and the strategies they used to dominate their industries.

3. Evaluate the role of the federal government in the nation’s economic development during this period.

4. Analyze the ways in which the social class structure and the lives of women changed in the late nineteenth century.

5. Assess the efforts of workers to organize unions to promote their interests during this era.

TRUE/FALSE

1. Power sources—such as water, coal, wood, and oil—were readily available in the United States.

OBJ: 1. Explain the primary factors that stimulated unprecedented industrial and agricultural growth in the late nineteenth century.

TOP: The Elements of Industrial Growth

2. The Second Industrial Revolution was not characterized by urban growth; rather, it only involved growth in rural areas.

OBJ: 1. Explain the primary factors that stimulated unprecedented industrial and agricultural growth in the late nineteenth century.

TOP: The Elements of Industrial Growth

3. A catalyst for the Second Industrial Revolution included scientific research methods being applied to industrial processes.

OBJ: 1. Explain the primary factors that stimulated unprecedented industrial and agricultural growth in the late nineteenth century.

TOP: The Second Industrial Revolution

4. By 1870, the United States had become the world’s leading agricultural producer, especially as an exporter of grain.

OBJ: 1. Explain the primary factors that stimulated unprecedented industrial and agricultural growth in the late nineteenth century.

TOP: Corporate Farming

5. Corporations are legal entities that were on the rise during the late nineteenth century and separated the ownership of a company from its management.

OBJ: 2. Describe the entrepreneurs who pioneered the growth of Big Business, the goals they aimed to achieve, and the strategies they used to dominate their industries.

TOP: The Growth of Corporations

6. Instead of manufacturing goods and offering services on its own, a holding company owns and manages the stock of other companies.

OBJ: 2. Describe the entrepreneurs who pioneered the growth of Big Business, the goals they aimed to achieve, and the strategies they used to dominate their industries.

TOP: The Barons of Business

7. The tariff was one way through which the federal government and businesses were allied.

OBJ: 3. Evaluate the role of the federal government in the nation’s economic development during this period.

TOP: Federal and Republican Support for Business

8. Laissez-faire is a social doctrine holding that government should regulate businesses.

OBJ: 3. Evaluate the role of the federal government in the nation’s economic development during this period.

TOP: Laissez-Faire Theory and Corrupt Practices

9. The middle class was the fastest growing social class in the late nineteenth century.

OBJ: 4. Analyze the ways in which the social class structure and the lives of women changed in the late nineteenth century.

TOP: A Growing Middle Class

10. Most middle-class Americans who worked outside the home were employees of large businesses.

OBJ: 4. Analyze the ways in which the social class structure and the lives of women changed in the late nineteenth century.

TOP: A Growing Middle Class

11. By the 1880s, most states had outlawed child labor.

OBJ: 4. Analyze the ways in which the social class structure and the lives of women changed in the late nineteenth century.

TOP: Child Labor

12. The Sandlot Incident in San Francisco in 1877 led to attacks against Chinese immigrants.

OBJ: 5. Assess the efforts of workers to organize unions to promote their interests during this era.

TOP: The Sandlot Incident

13. The Haymarket affair was a peaceful protest against the use of child labor.

OBJ: 5. Assess the efforts of workers to organize unions to promote their interests during this era.

TOP: The Haymarket Riot

14. Anarchists oppose all forms of government.

OBJ: 5. Assess the efforts of workers to organize unions to promote their interests during this era.

TOP: Anarchism

15. As a result of an onslaught of riots, strikes, and other forms of organized labor activity, by 1900 the productivity of the United States in terms of international trade had fallen significantly.

OBJ: 5. Assess the efforts of workers to organize unions to promote their interests during this era.

TOP: The Decline of the Knights of Labor

MULTIPLE CHOICE

1. What is one thing that the United States had that other nations did not that helped spur the Industrial Revolution?

a. An intelligent workforce

b. A universal health care system

c. Socialized medicine

d. Vast natural resources

e. Government-mandated quotas

OBJ: 1. Explain the primary factors that stimulated unprecedented industrial and agricultural growth in the late nineteenth century.

NAT: Change and Continuity

TOP: Introduction

MSC: Applying

2. Which of the following factors contributed to explosive industrial growth during the Gilded Age?

a. Reluctance to taking business risks

b. Limited natural resources

c. Low tariffs

d. Less immigration

e. New technological innovations

OBJ: 1. Explain the primary factors that stimulated unprecedented industrial and agricultural growth in the late nineteenth century.

NAT: Change and Continuity

TOP: Introduction

MSC: Analyzing

3. What is the term given to describe the ability of companies to afford technological improvements and the workforces to propel them into the modern age?

a. Rugged industrialism

b. The American system

c. Economies of scale

d. Innovation

e. Integration

OBJ: 1. Explain the primary factors that stimulated unprecedented industrial and agricultural growth in the late nineteenth century.

NAT: Change and Continuity

TOP: The Elements of Industrial Growth

MSC: Applying

4. What were bonanza farms?

a. Small-scale family farms that produced much of America’s food

b. Farms predominantly in tropical areas that produced fruit rather than wheat and corn

c. Livestock farms that fell out of use by the time of the Second Industrial Revolution

d. Large-scale farms that were developed by corporations and spread across the West

e. Textile factories powered by new loom technology and human labor

OBJ: 1. Explain the primary factors that stimulated unprecedented industrial and agricultural growth in the late nineteenth century.

NAT: Historical Period

TOP: Corporate Farming

MSC: Remembering

5. Who developed a company that came to manufacture both short- and long-distance telephones and had one of the most valuable patents in history?

a. Alexander Graham Bell

b. Thomas Alva Edison

c. Samuel Andrews

d. John D. Rockefeller

e. Sir Henry Bessemer

OBJ: 1. Explain the primary factors that stimulated unprecedented industrial and agricultural growth in the late nineteenth century.

NAT: Change and Continuity

TOP: Technological Innovations

MSC: Remembering

6. Because of this machine, and the belief that women were more dexterous than men, the post–Civil War era saw an increase in the female workforce in business offices.

a. Cotton gin

b. Vacuum cleaner

c. Typewriter

d. Gas light

e. Sewing machine

OBJ: 1. Explain the primary factors that stimulated unprecedented industrial and agricultural growth in the late nineteenth century.

NAT: Change and Continuity

TOP: Technological Innovations

MSC: Analyzing

7. By 1897, the United States had more of which of the following than all the European nations combined?

a. Factories

b. Automobiles

c. Electricity-generating factories

d. Railroads

e. Bridges

OBJ: 1. Explain the primary factors that stimulated unprecedented industrial and agricultural growth in the late nineteenth century.

NAT: Change and Continuity

TOP: Railroads Leading the Way

MSC: Understanding

8. Which of the following statements about the American railroad industry during the 1860–1900 period is accurate?

a. The first transcontinental railroad was built in the South.

b. In the 1880s, there still were not enough railroads built to meet the economic demand.

c. Unlike other industries, the railroad industry experienced little corruption.

d. Most of the country’s railroads had already been completed before the Civil War.

e. Former soldiers, ex-slaves, and immigrants formed much of the crews who built the transcontinental rail line.

OBJ: 1. Explain the primary factors that stimulated unprecedented industrial and agricultural growth in the late nineteenth century.

NAT: Change and Continuity

TOP: Building the Transcontinentals

MSC: Understanding

9. Which of the following statements about strategies businessmen used to eliminate competition is accurate?

a. Larger corporations were far less likely than small corporations to use strategies to eliminate competition.

b. The most successful way for companies to avoid competition was to sell shares of stock.

c. The most successful way to avoid competition was to form secret “pools” of companies that agreed to keep prices the same.

d. An effective strategy to avoid competition was to drive out or buy out weaker competitors.

e. Strategies to avoid competition were so common that they were readily accepted as uncontroversial.

OBJ: 2. Describe the entrepreneurs who pioneered the growth of Big Business, the goals they aimed to achieve, and the strategies they used to dominate their industries.

NAT: Events and Processes

TOP: The Growth of Corporations

MSC: Applying

10. John D. Rockefeller is best associated with which industry?

a. Steel

b. Railroad

c. Iron

d. Oil

e. Banking

OBJ: 2. Describe the entrepreneurs who pioneered the growth of Big Business, the goals they aimed to achieve, and the strategies they used to dominate their industries.

NAT: Historical Period

TOP: The Barons of Business

MSC: Remembering

11. What is it called when one company buys or forces out all of their competitors, the way John D. Rockefeller did with his company’s industry?

a. A union

b. Vertical integration

c. Horizontal integration

d. A corporation

e. A grant

OBJ: 2. Describe the entrepreneurs who pioneered the growth of Big Business, the goals they aimed to achieve, and the strategies they used to dominate their industries.

NAT: Events and Processes

TOP: The Barons of Business

MSC: Understanding

12. What is it called when one company buys everything needed to produce, market, and deliver their product?

a. A union

b. Vertical integration

c. Horizontal integration

d. A holding company

e. A corporate-controlled market

OBJ: 2. Describe the entrepreneurs who pioneered the growth of Big Business, the goals they aimed to achieve, and the strategies they used to dominate their industries.

NAT: Events and Processes

TOP: The Barons of Business

MSC: Understanding

13. Which legal entity allowed companies to sidestep laws that forbade them from owning stock in their competitors?

a. Monopoly

b. Corporation

c. Industry

d. Trust

e. Integration

OBJ: 2. Describe the entrepreneurs who pioneered the growth of Big Business, the goals they aimed to achieve, and the strategies they used to dominate their industries.

NAT: Events and Processes

TOP: The Barons of Business

MSC: Applying

14. In an effort to prevent corporations from obtaining market monopolies, Congress passed the

a. Sherman Anti-Trust Act.

b. Merrill Enforcement Act.

c. Interstate Commerce Act.

d. Terrell Act.

e. Free Market Act.

OBJ: 2. Describe the entrepreneurs who pioneered the growth of Big Business, the goals they aimed to achieve, and the strategies they used to dominate their industries.

NAT: Events and Processes

TOP: The Barons of Business

MSC: Applying

15. Why were trusts first created?

a. To allow companies to diversify their accumulated wealth

b. To sidestep laws preventing one company from owning another

c. To streamline the marketplace

d. To abolish competition

e. To lower prices to hurt a company’s competitors

OBJ: 2. Describe the entrepreneurs who pioneered the growth of Big Business, the goals they aimed to achieve, and the strategies they used to dominate their industries.

NAT: Change and Continuity

TOP: The Barons of Business

MSC: Evaluating

16. Andrew Carnegie is best associated with which industry?

a. Steel

b. Railroad

c. Iron

d. Oil

e. Banking

OBJ: 2. Describe the entrepreneurs who pioneered the growth of Big Business, the goals they aimed to achieve, and the strategies they used to dominate their industries.

NAT: Historical Period

TOP: The Barons of Business

MSC: Remembering

17. Whose invention caused steel to become substantially cheaper to make?

a. Andrew Carnegie

b. John D. Rockefeller

c. George Titus

d. Henry Bessemer

e. J. P. Morgan

OBJ: 2. Describe the entrepreneurs who pioneered the growth of Big Business, the goals they aimed to achieve, and the strategies they used to dominate their industries.

NAT: Historical Period

TOP: Andrew Carnegie

MSC: Understanding

18. Who led an investment bank that often relied on money from European investors to buy or merge unrelated companies?

a. Andrew Carnegie

b. John D. Rockefeller

c. George Pullman

d. Henry Bessemer

e. J. P. Morgan

OBJ: 2. Describe the entrepreneurs who pioneered the growth of Big Business, the goals they aimed to achieve, and the strategies they used to dominate their industries.

NAT: Historical Period

TOP: J. Pierpont Morgan

MSC: Understanding

19. What was the United States’ first billion-dollar corporation?

a. United States Steel Corporation

b. Standard Oil

c. Northern Pacific Railroad

d. Standard Oil

e. Sherman Trust Company

OBJ: 2. Describe the entrepreneurs who pioneered the growth of Big Business, the goals they aimed to achieve, and the strategies they used to dominate their industries.

NAT: Historical Period

TOP: J. Pierpont Morgan

MSC: Understanding

20. The way in which businesses cultivated and bought influence from government officials is called

a. lobbying.

b. loitering.

c. bribery.

d. kickbacks.

e. pooling.

OBJ: 3. Evaluate the role of the federal government in the nation’s economic development during this period.

NAT: Events and Processes

TOP: The Alliance of Business and Politics

MSC: Remembering

21. After the Civil War, what was the complaint about the federal tariff?

a. It was not generating enough revenue.

b. It was not forcing American companies to be competitive with their prices.

c. It was allowing too many foreign imports into the American market.

d. It was no longer needed.

e. It was not high enough.

OBJ: 3. Evaluate the role of the federal government in the nation’s economic development during this period.

NAT: Historical Period

TOP: Federal and Republican Support for Business

MSC: Evaluating

22. What did the Legal Tender Act of 1862 do?

a. It called for the coinage of money to be in gold only because it would protect the interests of big business.

b. It forbade national banks and gave more power to the state banks in developing their own currencies.

c. It forbade the printing of paper currency because the Republican-dominated Congress thought it would destroy the economy.

d. It for the first time allowed for the printing of a national paper currency to help pay for the Civil War.

e. It gave eastern businesses tax breaks and made it more difficult for new western states to become a part of the national economy.

OBJ: 3. Evaluate the role of the federal government in the nation’s economic development during this period.

NAT: Change and Continuity

TOP: Federal and Republican Support for Business

MSC: Applying

23. The Homestead Act and Morrill Land-Grant College Act of 1862 were both examples of the federal government promoting economic growth through

a. foreign loans.

b. the printing of paper money.

c. gifts of free land.

d. an increased income tax rate.

e. an increased tariff rate.

OBJ: 3. Evaluate the role of the federal government in the nation’s economic development during this period.

NAT: Events and Processes

TOP: Federal and Republican Support for Business

MSC: Remembering

24. What was the purpose behind the creation of land grant colleges?

a. To encourage students to attend college abroad and then apply their skills to certain regions within the United States

b. To offer courses in economics to help the next generation of businessmen lead corporations

c. To provide technical instruction for farming and quickly growing sectors such as mining

d. To establish educational institutions that prioritized the education of African Americans

e. To promote the study of the classics and other humanities disciplines in more regions of the country

OBJ: 3. Evaluate the role of the federal government in the nation’s economic development during this period.

NAT: Events and Processes

TOP: Federal and Republican Support for Business

MSC: Understanding

25. What was the economic doctrine that was typically used by Congress and the presidents during the post–Civil War era?

a. Anarchism

b. Laissez-faire

c. “Corporate regulation above all”

d. Fascism

e. Socialism

OBJ: 3. Evaluate the role of the federal government in the nation’s economic development during this period.

NAT: Historical Period

TOP: Laissez-Faire Theory and Corrupt Practices

MSC: Understanding

26. Which of the following best describes the role of the federal government from 1860 to 1900?

a. It became more socially active and introduced legislation that guaranteed equal pay for blacks and women.

b. It became less active in helping link the westerns states’ economies with states in the east.

c. It became allied with Big Business, especially through its tariff policy to benefit American manufacturers.

d. It became allied with Unions and passed legislation strengthening workers’ rights.

e. It became more politically involved with state political parties, especially Democrats.

OBJ: 3. Evaluate the role of the federal government in the nation’s economic development during this period.

NAT: Historical Period

TOP: The Alliance of Business and Politics

MSC: Applying

27. By 1900, __________ of college students were women.

a. one sixth

b. one third

c. one quarter

d. one half

e. three fourths

OBJ: 4. Analyze the ways in which the social class structure and the lives of women changed in the late nineteenth century.

NAT: Change and Continuity

TOP: Middle-Class Women

MSC: Analyzing

28. The rise of this ailment was used to try to keep women from attending college and out of the workplace.

a. Cholera

b. Dyslexia

c. Neurasthenia

d. Hypoglycemia

e. Diabetes

OBJ: 4. Analyze the ways in which the social class structure and the lives of women changed in the late nineteenth century.

NAT: Historical Period

TOP: Neurasthenia

MSC: Evaluating

29. This woman established Hull House, a settlement house in Chicago, and inspired many middle-class women to take a more active role in the “real” world.

a. Susan B. Anthony

b. Elizabeth Cady Stanton

c. Dorothea Dix

d. Jane Addams

e. Sojourner Truth

OBJ: 4. Analyze the ways in which the social class structure and the lives of women changed in the late nineteenth century.

NAT: Historical Period

TOP: Neurasthenia

MSC: Remembering

30. Who comprised the largest group employed in factories during the Gilded Age?

a. Women

b. Children

c. Immigrants

d. African Americans

e. Chinese

OBJ: 4. Analyze the ways in which the social class structure and the lives of women changed in the late nineteenth century.

NAT: Historical Period

TOP: The Working Class

MSC: Remembering

31. Which of the following best describes child labor in the late nineteenth century?

a. It was common in places such as factories, coal mines, and cotton mills, even though it was often highly dangerous.

b. It was common in the economically-depressed south but uncommon in the prosperous northeast.

c. It was uncommon because children were not yet strong enough to handle the large machines and the fast pace of factory production.

d. It was uncommon because adults refused to subject children to poor working conditions that could harm their health.

e. It was uncommon because the government enforced laws stipulating that children must attend school.

OBJ: 4. Analyze the ways in which the social class structure and the lives of women changed in the late nineteenth century.

NAT: Historical Period

TOP: Child Labor

MSC: Applying

32. Before the Civil War, if you were a young child and you had a job, you most likely worked

a. in a textile factory.

b. in a mine.

c. on a farm.

d. on a ship.

e. in a lumberyard.

OBJ: 4. Analyze the ways in which the social class structure and the lives of women changed in the late nineteenth century.

NAT: Historical Period

TOP: Child Labor

MSC: Evaluating

33. The Great Railroad Strike of 1877

a. occurred despite the financial security of railroad workers at the time.

b. showed remarkable bargaining power by an organized labor force.

c. spread across hundreds of cities and towns in the East.

d. demonstrated that women were indifferent to the cause of the protesters.

e. was a small strike against a railroad company in Philadelphia.

OBJ: 5. Assess the efforts of workers to organize unions to promote their interests during this era.

NAT: Events and Processes

TOP: The Great Railroad Strike of 1877

MSC: Applying

34. What was the Sandlot Incident aimed at protesting?

a. High tariffs on Big Business

b. Restrictions on attaining land in the West

c. The hiring of Chinese immigrants

d. Poor living conditions in predominantly Irish neighborhoods

e. The rise of the Knights of Labor

OBJ: 5. Assess the efforts of workers to organize unions to promote their interests during this era.

NAT: Historical Period

TOP: The Sandlot Incident

MSC: Analyzing

35. This early union was more interested in working to craft state laws important to their members than directly bargaining with employers.

a. Knights of Labor

b. The Workingmen’s Movement

c. National Labor Union

d. American Federation of Labor

e. American Steel Worker’s Union

OBJ: 5. Assess the efforts of workers to organize unions to promote their interests during this era.

NAT: Events and Processes

TOP: Toward Permanent Unions

MSC: Remembering

36. This national labor organization, led by Terence V. Powderly in 1879, had a broad reform platform and was ahead of its time in its call for equal pay for men and women.

a. Knights of Labor

b. The Workingmen’s Movement

c. National Labor Union

d. American Federation of Labor

e. American Steel Worker’s Union

OBJ: 5. Assess the efforts of workers to organize unions to promote their interests during this era.

NAT: Historical Period

TOP: The Knights of Labor

MSC: Applying

37. Which of the following statements about anarchists in 1860–1900 America is accurate?

a. Anarchists advocated government control of economic and social policy.

b. Anarchists were most often members of the middle-class who were dissatisfied with government policies.

c. Anarchists were typically leaders of Big Business or oversaw various forces of labor.

d. Anarchists were not among those who participated in the Haymarket riot because it conflicted with their political beliefs.

e. Anarchists advocated self-governed societies based on voluntary institutions and were often labeled as violent by the middle class.

OBJ: 5. Assess the efforts of workers to organize unions to promote their interests during this era.

NAT: Events and Processes

TOP: Anarchism

MSC: Analyzing

38. The Knights of Labor’s decline began because of its perceived involvement in

a. the Pinkerton Agency.

b. the Sandlot Incident.

c. the Great Railroad Strike of 1877.

d. abolishing child labor.

e. the Haymarket Riot.

OBJ: 5. Assess the efforts of workers to organize unions to promote their interests during this era.

NAT: Historical Period

TOP: The Decline of the Knights of Labor

MSC: Remembering

39. The Homestead Strike ended with

a. the workers’ union destroyed and their leaders charged with murder and treason.

b. a 10 percent raise in pay for all piece work.

c. the establishment of an 8-hour day.

d. the abolishment of immigrant labor at the plant.

e. the Pinkerton Detective Agency being hired to break up the strike.

OBJ: 5. Assess the efforts of workers to organize unions to promote their interests during this era.

NAT: Events and Processes

TOP: The Homestead Steel Strike

MSC: Evaluating

40. Eugene V. Debs and the __________ became famous during the __________, which paralyzed the economies of twenty-seven states and territories making up the western half of the nation.

a. Pinkerton Agency; Homestead Steel Strike

b. Workingmen’s Union; Sandlot Incident

c. American Railway Union; Pullman Strike

d. International Workers of the World; Anthracite Coal Mine Strike

e. Knights of Labor; Haymarket Riot

OBJ: 5. Assess the efforts of workers to organize unions to promote their interests during this era.

NAT: Events and Processes

TOP: The Pullman Strike

MSC: Applying

41. The end of the Pullman Strike came when

a. the Pinkerton Detective Agency was called in to arrest the protesters.

b. the American economy fell into a depression as a direct result of the loss of labor.

c. the Supreme Court ruled that unions did not have federally protected civil rights.

d. President Cleveland dispatched federal troops to remove train cars from the tracks.

e. the Supreme Court guaranteed the protesters new jobs by establishing new infrastructure projects.

OBJ: 5. Assess the efforts of workers to organize unions to promote their interests during this era.

NAT: Events and Processes

TOP: The Pullman Strike

MSC: Remembering

ESSAY

1. Explain how railroads led the way in the creation of Big Business. Discuss the most important related railroad entrepreneurs and what impact the expansion of railroads after the Civil War had on the United States.

Answers will vary.

2. Argue whether late-nineteenth-century business entrepreneurs were best described as “robber barons” or “captains of industry.” Why? Discuss specific facts from the actions and experiences of these individuals to support your position.

Answers will vary.

3. Write an essay that explores the relationship between Big Business and government in the late nineteenth century. How did they each support one another? Cite specific examples of government legislation that supported the development of Big Business and explain. Were there areas where they came into conflict? Explain any conflict and the results of the conflict.

Answers will vary.

4. Compare the aims and achievements of the Knights of Labor and the American Federation of Labor. What common ground do they share? What factors help explain their differences?

Answers will vary.

5. Write an essay exploring the role of women in the late nineteenth century. In what ways were the roles, attitudes, and expectations for women changing? Why were those changes taking place? How was society responding to those changes? In what ways did the roles of women remain the same?

Answers will vary.

6. What were the social consequences of the rise of Big Business? How did the movement affect the social classes? Explore the impact on the upper, middle, and lower classes. Discuss how the movement affected the roles of men, women, and children.

Answers will vary.

7. What were the major technological advancements of the post–Civil War era? How did these advancements contribute to the expansion of America’s industrial revolution?

Answers will vary.

8. Discuss the various major strikes that occurred after the Civil War. Include the Great Railroad Strike of 1877, the Homestead Strike, and the Pullman Strike. What were the similarities and differences with each?

Answers will vary.

MATCHING

Match each person with one of the following descriptions.

a. Founded Standard Oil

b. Was president of the Homestead Steel Works

c. Led the Knights of Labor

d. Wrote “The Gospel of Wealth”

e. Was a presidential candidate of the Socialist Party of America

f. Led the American Federation of Labor

g. Invented the phonograph

h. Organized Workingmen’s Party of California

i. Consolidated the steel industry into the United States Steel Corporation

j. Served as a social worker and helped immigrants make the transition to American life

1. Andrew Carnegie

2. Eugene V. Debs

3. Henry Clay Frick

4. Thomas Edison

5. Dennis Kearney

6. J. Pierpont Morgan

7. Terence V. Powderly

8. John D. Rockefeller

9. Samuel Gompers

10. Jane Addams