Ch15 The Environment, Consumption, And Verified Test Bank

Chapter 15: The Environment, Consumption, and Climate Change

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 15 Question 01

1) Biocentrism is the view thata. the only beings that possess direct moral standing are human beings.

b. all and only sentient creatures have direct moral standing.

*c. all living beings, because they are living, possess direct moral standing.

d. the primary bearers of direct moral standing are ecosystems in virtue of their functional integrity.

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 15 Question 02

2) Ecoholism is the view thata. only whole ecosystems (not any of the individuals that make up those ecosystems) have direct moral standing.

*b. ecosystems and some of the individuals that make them up have direct moral standing.

c. ecosystems do not have direct moral standing but some of the individuals that make them up do.

d. none of the above

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 15 Question 03

3) Suppose Mary says, “I understand that the use of the pesticide DDT will prevent thousands of human beings from dying of malaria. But it is still wrong to use DDT, because ultimately all that matters is the functional integrity of the ecosystems in which human beings live, and using DDT will severely damage this integrity.” Mary is most likely a proponent ofa. Biocentrism.

b. Anthropocentrism.

c. Ecoholism.

*d. ecocentrism.

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 15 Question 04

4) A truly environmental ethic must hold that which of the following has direct moral standing?a. at least some nonhuman beings

b. at least some nonconscious beings

*c. both A and B

d. neither A nor B; an environmental ethic may deny that there are any nonhuman and nonconscious beings with direct moral standing.

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 15 Question 05

5) Suppose Nathan argues that while neither nonhuman nor nonsentient beings have direct moral standing, we still ought to have a certain noninstrumental regard for the environment because failing to do so involves a deficiency in one’s moral character. Nathan is most likely applying what moral theory?*a. virtue ethics

b. consequentialism

c. Kantian theory

d. an ethics of prima facie duty

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 15 Question 06

6) Baxter argues that we should view our treatment of the environment as a matter of various trade-offs whose aim isa. to minimize damage incurred by all individual living beings.

b. to minimize the suffering of all sentient creatures.

c. to promote the functional integrity of ecosystems.

*d. to promote human welfare.

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 15 Question 07

7) If it were known that a policy would wipe out several animal species without negatively affecting human beings, Baxter would most likely say thata. this policy is morally problematic because it harms the environment.

b. this policy is morally problematic because it damages the integrity of the ecosystem.

c. this policy is morally obligatory because the environment ought not to exist.

*d. this policy is morally unproblematic.

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 15 Question 08

8) In Baxter’s view, the first and foremost step toward a solution of our environmental problems is a clear recognition that our objective is not pure air or water but rather*a. some optimal state of pollution

b. an overall maximally clean environment.

c. some maximal state of pollution.

d. the preservation of all living species.

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 15 Question 09

9) Baxter claims that his “very general way” of stating what we should strive for environmentally assumes thata. we have a god-like control over the environment.

*b. we can measure in some way the incremental units of human satisfaction.

c. nonhuman animals have no value whatsoever.

d. all of the above

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 15 Question 10

10) Baxter’s view allows that animals like penguins have some kind of moral standing becausea. they are sentient creatures.

b. they are biological beings.

*c. human beings enjoy watching them.

d. they form social relationships with other penguins.

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 15 Question 11

11) Leopold claims that history has shown that “the conqueror role is eventually self-defeating.” It is self-defeating, in this view, becausea. the conqueror doesn’t understand what makes the conquered community tick.

b. the conqueror doesn’t know what and who within the community is valuable.

*c. the conqueror doesn’t know what and who is worthless in community life.

d. all of the above

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 15 Question 12

12) What is wrong with a conservation system based wholly on economic motives according to Leopold?*a. It assumes that the economic parts of the biotic system will function without the uneconomic parts.

b. It assumes that economic motives are morally relevant.

c. It implies that nonhuman creatures are necessarily without any moral standing.

d. none of the above

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 15 Question 13

13) Leopold most likely describes the “land pyramid” toa. argue that nature is not inherently normative.

*b. provide a description of a mechanism that “we can see, feel, understand, love, or otherwise have faith in.”

c. give a detailed description of how plants absorb energy from the sun.

d. argue that even the noneconomic parts of the “biotic clock” have economic value.

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 15 Question 14

14) Which of the following claims would Leopold clearly accept?a. The problems associated with how we should use our natural environment ultimately concern how human beings should treat each other.

b. We should think in terms of “the balance of nature” to properly appreciate the value of the natural environment.

*c. The problems associated with how we should use our natural environment are not merely economic problems.

d. We should ignore all economic motives in deciding questions about land use.

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 15 Question 15

15) Instead of asking why the act of destroying the environment might be immoral, Hill wants to aska. why the act of destroying nature might be immoral.

*b. why people who destroy the environment might be bad people.

c. how the decision to preserve the environment benefits the environment.

d. whether plants have interests.

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 15 Question 16

16) Which of the following statements would Hill most likely agree with?a. Being ignorant of facts about the environment logically entails that one will not properly appreciate one’s place in nature.

b. Whether one understands facts about the environment has no correlation with whether one properly appreciates one’s place in nature.

*c. Being ignorant of facts about the environment makes it very likely that one will not properly appreciate one’s place in nature

d. Animals and plants have interests and rights, and we ought to respect both.

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 15 Question 17

17) According to Gardiner, which of the following is an important implication of the fact that carbon dioxide is a long-lived greenhouse gas?a. That climate change is a resilient phenomenon.

b. That the impacts of climate change are seriously back-loaded.

c. That climate change is a substantially deferred phenomenon

*d. all of the above

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 15 Question 18

18) In Gardiner’s analysis, which of the following is a characteristic of the climate change problem?a. institutional adequacy

b. dispersion of causes and effects

c. fragmentation of agency

*d. all of the above

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 15 Question 19

19) In the context of Gardiner’s article, what is “the dispersion of causes and effects”?*a. the dispersion of the impacts of emissions of greenhouse gases to other actors and regions of the Earth

b. the dispersion of the causes of greenhouse gas emissions across the Earth

c. the dispersion of carbon dioxide molecules in the atmosphere

d. the dispersion of fault and blame for causing greenhouse gas emissions.

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 15 Question 20

20) In the context of Gardiner’s article, “the fragmentation of agency” refers to what?a. an agent’s inability to acknowledge his or her contribution to climate change

b. the fragmentation of the effects of greenhouse gas emissions across generations

*c. the vast number of individuals and agents who contribute to climate change

d. the idea that it’s not rational for each individual to restrict his or her own pollution

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 15 Question 21

21) What is an example of “mutual coercion, mutually agreed upon”?*a. all countries cooperating to change the existing incentive structure by introducing a system of enforceable sanctions to curb climate change.

b. the agreement of more powerful nations to require less powerful nations to curb greenhouse gas emissions for the benefit of all humanity.

c. the agreement of less powerful nations to boycott trade with more powerful nations until the latter agree to curb their greenhouse gas emissions.

d. the agreement of a large number of individual agents to restrict their own pollution.

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 15 Question 22

22) What is the “intergenerational storm” of climate change?a. the problem of massive world overpopulation over generations.

b. the problem that the bad effects of current carbon dioxide emissions will fall largely on future generations.

c. the problem that the compounding effects of greenhouse gas emissions require the current generation to, in effect, cooperate with future generations.

*d. the problem that countries are possibly biased toward the interests of the current generation, which largely benefits from carbon dioxide emissions.

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 15 Question 23

23) Sinnott-Armstrong is most interested in examining issues about the moral obligations of*a. Individuals.

b. Societies.

c. Governments.

d. Families.

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 15 Question 24

24) According to Sinnott-Armstrong, the fact your government morally ought to do somethinga. does not prove that government officials ought to promote it.

*b. does not prove that you ought to do it.

c. proves that you ought not to do it.

d. proves that you ought to do it, too.

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 15 Question 25

25) The main difference between “actual act principles” (like the harm principle) and “internal principles” (like the universalizability principle) is that*a. internal principles focus on the agent’s motives for acting.

b. internal principles focus only on the immediate effects of an action.

c. actual act principles focus on the agent’s actual motives for acting.

d. actual act principles concern how we ought to think about other people.

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 15 Question 26

26) According to Sinnott-Armstrong, if we cannot find any moral principle to back up our intuition that wasteful driving (of the sort mentioned in his article) is wrong, thena. we know that wasteful driving is morally permissible.

b. we know that particularism is true.

*c. we do not know whether wasteful driving is wrong.

d. we know that wasteful driving is not wrong.

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 15 Question 27

27) Hourdequin argues that one flaw of consequentialist calculation is thata. it fails to reconcile prima facie duties.

*b. it can run counter to a person’s being able to integrate her commitments at various levels.

c. it can run counter to the idea that persons are atomistic and individually rational actors.

d. it fails to recognize that possibility that the persons are best understood in relation to one another.

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 15 Question 28

28) According to Confucian the model of persons, *a. we learn to be persons through familial relations and by learning from other’s example.

b. we are persons because we have immortal, individual souls.

c. we learn to be persons by slowing developing rational capacities.

d. all of the above.

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 15 Question 29

29) In contrast to Garrett Hardin’s approach, the Confucian model rejects coercion becausea. the costs of eliminating a collective action problem are not irrelevant to its solution

*b. it affirms the autonomy of individuals apart from others

c. it cannot lead to real social change, which involves changes of mind as well as action

d. The Confucian model actually accepts coercion.

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 15 Question 30

30) What two problems does individualism lead us into, according to Hourdequin?a. It leads to failures of developing integration and integrality.

b. They lead us into “tragedy of the commons” situations and they instill in us an atomistic view of persons.

c. It leads to increased greenhouse gas emissions and increased consumption of non-recyclable goods.

*d. We both tend to think of our moral obligations as only personal obligations, and so think that we can only advocate for policy in “tragedy of the commons” situations.

Type: true-false

Title: Chapter 15 - Question 01

1) The main philosophical issue in chapter 15 concerns the scope of indirect moral standing.a. True

*b. False

Type: true-false

Title: Chapter 15 - Question 02

2) Any ethic that accords direct moral standing to nonhuman creatures is an environmental ethica. True

*b. False

Type: true-false

Title: Chapter 15 - Question 03

3) An ethic for the use of the environment does not count as an environmental ethic, because it is consistent with anthropocentrism.*a. True

b. False

Type: true-false

Title: Chapter 15 - Question 04

4) Baxter defends an anthropocentric approach to ethical issues concerning the environment.*a. True

b. False

Type: true-false

Title: Chapter 15 - Question 05

5) According to Baxter, questions like “Was it ‘wrong’ for plants to reproduce themselves and alter the atmospheric composition in favor of oxygen?” all have the answer “no.”a. True

*b. False

Type: true-false

Title: Chapter 15 - Question 06

6) In Baxter’s view, the costs of controlling pollution are best expressed in terms of the number of dollars that will need to be spent.a. True

*b. False

Type: true-false

Title: Chapter 15 - Question 07

7) Leopold proposes an ecocentric environmental ethic.*a. True

b. False

Type: true-false

Title: Chapter 15 - Question 08

8) In Leopold’s view, all ethics so far evolved rest upon the premise that the individual is a member of a community of interdependent parts.*a. True

b. False

Type: true-false

Title: Chapter 15 - Question 09

9) Hill claims that it’s possible to not regard an act as wrong while at the same time seeing it as reflecting something objectionable about the person who performed that act.*a. True

b. False

Type: true-false

Title: Chapter 15 - Question 10

10) Indifference to nonsentient nature, says Hill, does not necessarily reflect the absence of virtues.*a. True

b. False

Type: true-false

Title: Chapter 15 - Question 11

11) According to Hill, understanding one’s place in nature is the same thing as appreciating one’s place in nature.a. True

*b. False

Type: true-false

Title: Chapter 15 - Question 12

12) A “tragedy of the commons” is essentially a prisoner’s dilemma involving a common resource.*a. True

b. False

Type: true-false

Title: Chapter 15 - Question 13

13) According to Gardiner, the “fragmentation of agency” leads to humanity’s relative inability to respond to climate change due to the lack of an effective, centralized system of global governance.*a. True

b. False

Type: true-false

Title: Chapter 15 - Question 14

14) Gardiner believes that “temporal fragmentation” is much worse (for climate change) than the associated “spatial fragmentation.”*a. True

b. False

Type: true-false

Title: Chapter 15 - Question 15

15) According to Gardiner, the main problem inherent in the theoretical storm of climate change is that of moral corruption.*a. True

b. False

Type: true-false

Title: Chapter 15 - Question 16

16) Sinnott-Armstrong claims that it is morally better for individuals to not engage in activities like driving a gas-guzzling car just for fun.*a. True

b. False

Type: true-false

Title: Chapter 15 - Question 17

17) In Sinnott-Armstrong’s view, governments do not have a moral obligation to address the problem of global warming.a. True

*b. False

Type: true-false

Title: Chapter 15 - Question 18

18) According to Sinnott-Armstrong, the fact that we cannot find any moral principle (to support our moral intuitions) shows that we don’t need such principles.a. True

*b. False

Type: true-false

Title: Chapter 15 - Question 19

19) Hourdequin argues that individual rationality is just a matter of preference satisfaction, irrespective of how one’s actions effect other people.a. True

*b. False

Type: true-false

Title: Chapter 15 - Question 20

20) According to Hourdequin, the integrity of a person committed to opposing climate change grounds a prima facie duty to control his or her greenhouse gas emissions.*a. True

b. False

Type: fill-in-blank

Title: Chapter 15 - Question 01

1) _________ is the view that all living beings, because they are living, possess direct moral standing, and thus morality includes requirements that include direct moral concern for all living beings.a. biocentrism

Type: fill-in-blank

Title: Chapter 15 - Question 02

2) A(n) _________ is a whole composed of both living and nonliving things including animals, plants, bodies of water, sunlight, and other geological factors.a. ecosystem

Type: fill-in-blank

Title: Chapter 15 - Question 03

3) _________ is the view that the only beings who possess direct moral standing are human beings and all other beings (living and nonliving) are of mere indirect moral concern.a. anthropocentrism

Type: fill-in-blank

Title: Chapter 15 - Question 04

4) According to Baxter’s “spheres of _________” criterion, every person should be free to do whatever he or she wishes in contexts where his or her actions do not interfere with other human beings.a. freedom

Type: fill-in-blank

Title: Chapter 15 - Question 05

5) Because Baxter appeals to the idea that “every human being should be regarded as an end,” we can think of him as invoking the _________ formulation of Kant’s categorical imperative.a. Humanity

Type: fill-in-blank

Title: Chapter 15 - Question 06

6) Baxter argues that to understand the true costs of pollution control we must first achieve an understanding of the difference between dollars and _________, where the latter, unlike dollars, is “the wealth of our nation” and “of vital importance.”a. resources

Type: fill-in-blank

Title: Chapter 15 - Question 07

7) Leopold says, “A thing is right when it tends to preserve the integrity, stability, and beauty of the _________ community [including soils, waters, plants, animals]. It is wrong when it tends otherwise.”a. biotic

Type: fill-in-blank

Title: Chapter 15 - Question 08

8) The term “the balance of nature,” says Leopold, fails to adequately describe what little we know about the land mechanism. He suggests we instead think of the “much truer image . . . employed in ecology”: that of the biotic _________.a. pyramid

Type: fill-in-blank

Title: Chapter 15 - Question 09

9) “The major obstacle to humility . . . ,” says Hill, “is _________, a tendency to measure the significance of everything by its relation to oneself.”a. self-importance

Type: fill-in-blank

Title: Chapter 15 - Question 10

10) One aspect of humility, what Hill calls _________, “involves acknowledging, in more than a merely intellectual way, that we are the sort of creatures we are.”a. self-acceptance

Type: fill-in-blank

Title: Chapter 15 - Question 11

11) The logical possibility of being humble while seeing all nonsentient nature as a mere resource is, according to Hill, a(n) “_________ rarity.”a. psychological

Type: fill-in-blank

Title: Chapter 15 - Question 12

12) In Gardiner’s analysis, climate change is a normal tragedy of the _________.a. commons

Type: fill-in-blank

Title: Chapter 15 - Question 13

13) According to Gardiner, the problem of overpollution can be characterized as a prisoner’s dilemma. On one horn of the dilemma, it is _________ rational for all agents to cooperate and restrict overall pollution.a. collectively

Type: fill-in-blank

Title: Chapter 15 - Question 14

14) According to Gardiner, the problem of overpollution can be characterized as a prisoner’s dilemma. On one horn of the dilemma, it is _________ rational not to restrict one’s own pollution.a. individually

Type: fill-in-blank

Title: Chapter 15 - Question 15

15) As Gardiner notes, the implementation of “mutual coercion, mutually agreed upon” would seem to eliminate the option of _________ riding.a. free

Type: fill-in-blank

Title: Chapter 15 - Question 16

16) “One way to confirm the truth of my moral intuitions,” says Sinnott-Armstrong, “would be to derive them from a general moral _________.”a. principle

Type: fill-in-blank

Title: Chapter 15 - Question 17

17) According to what Sinnott-Armstrong calls the _________ principle, we have a moral obligation not to make problems worse.a. contribution

Type: fill-in-blank

Title: Chapter 15 - Question 18

18) Sinnott-Armstrong claims that the test of what moral rule can be rejected “reasonably” depends on moral _________.a. intuition(s)

Type: fill-in-blank

Title: Chapter 15 - Question 19

19) In developing her response to Sinnott- Armstrong, Hourdequin appeals to the _________ nature of Confucius’s account of persons.a. collective

Type: fill-in-blank

Title: Chapter 15 - Question 20

20) Hourdequin argues against people do not act in ways that the framing of _________ action problems assume that they do.a. relational