Ch13 Verified Test Bank Micronutrients In Energy And Amino

Perspectives in Nutrition, A Functional Approach, 2e (Byrd)

Chapter 13 Micronutrients in Energy and Amino Acid Metabolism

1) Large doses of riboflavin are nontoxic.

2) Supplemental vitamin B-6, vitamin B-12, and folate can reduce blood levels of homocysteine, but have not been proven to reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease.

3) A good way to reduce risk of cardiovascular disease is to take supplements of vitamin B-6, vitamin B-12, folate, and vitamin C.

4) In the United States, salt can be purchased either with or without added iodide.

5) Manganese plays a role in antioxidant defense as a part of the superoxide dismutase enzyme system.

6) Whole grains, nuts, legumes, and tea are the best dietary sources of manganese.

7) Approximately 90% of dietary manganese is absorbed and then transported by transferrin to the liver.

8) Molybdenum functions as a cofactor for several enzymes in human metabolism.

9) Manganese deficiency and toxicity rarely have been reported in humans.

10) Most B-vitamins function as ________.

A) fat-soluble vitamins

B) coenzymes

C) antibodies

D) sources of energy

11) In which of the following metabolic pathways are coenzymes required?

A) glycolysis

B) citric acid cycle

C) beta-oxidation

D) electron transport chain

E) All of these choices are accurate.

12) Thiamin pyrophosphate (TPP), the coenzyme form of thiamin, is ________.

A) essential for the various oxidation-reduction reactions of the electron transport system

B) essential for the addition of two carbon fragments to fatty acids

C) essential for the oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate

D) not really needed because our contemporary diets are low in carbohydrate

13) Thiamin should be given to an alcoholic patient who has ________.

A) pellagra

B) Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome

C) pernicious anemia

D) scurvy

14) A nutrient-dense source of thiamin is ________.

A) citrus fruits

B) milk and milk products

C) pork and pork products

D) leafy green vegetables

15) The best sources of thiamin in the average diet are ________.

A) pork products, whole or enriched grains and cereals, and legumes

B) root vegetables and cheddar-type cheese

C) whole grains and fresh fruit

D) ham and vegetables of the cabbage family

16) A deficiency of thiamin that affects the cardiovascular, muscular, nervous, and gastrointestinal systems is called ________.

A) megaloblastic anemia

B) pellagra

C) scurvy

D) beriberi

17) The coenzyme form of riboflavin is ________.

A) TPP

B) ATP

C) FAD

D) NAD

18) Riboflavin coenzymes function in a variety of metabolic pathways, such as ________.

A) beta-oxidation of fatty acids

B) the citric acid cycle

C) the electron transport chain

D) All of these choices are accurate.

19) Which of the following foods represents the most nutrient-dense source of riboflavin?

A) low-fat milk

B) applesauce

C) whole wheat bread

D) green leafy vegetables

20) The B-vitamin most easily destroyed by exposure to light is ________.

A) biotin

B) niacin

C) riboflavin

D) thiamin

21) A painful, red, inflamed tongue, which is sometimes symptomatic of deficiency, is called ________.

A) glossitis

B) cheilosis

C) stomatitis

D) anemia

22) In the average U.S. diet, 1/4 of the riboflavin comes from the ________ group.

A) fruit

B) vegetable

C) milk

D) grains

E) meat and beans

23) To protect riboflavin from destruction by sunlight, milk and milk products are often packaged in ________.

A) clear glass bottles

B) paper and opaque plastic cartons

C) clear plastic bottles and cartons

D) any kind of container

24) Adolescent girls with low dairy product intake often present with fatigue and anemia due to a deficiency of ________.

A) vitamin C

B) calcium

C) lactose

D) riboflavin

25) The riboflavin coenzymes have ________ functions in cellular metabolism.

A) antioxidant

B) chelating

C) oxidation and reduction

D) single carbon group transfer

26) An excess intake of riboflavin either from diet or supplements is mainly ________.

A) excreted in the urine

B) excreted in bile and feces

C) stored in all body cells

D) stored in the liver

27) Niacin can be obtained from foods as the vitamin itself (preformed niacin) or be synthesized ________.

A) from the B vitamin riboflavin

B) from the essential amino acid tryptophan

C) by bacteria in the large intestine

D) All of the above are correct.

28) A characteristic symptom of niacin deficiency is ________.

A) cracks at the corners of the mouth

B) a purple-red tongue

C) severe edema

D) inflammation of the skin after exposure to the sun

29) The coenzyme forms of niacin include ________.

A) nicotinic acid and nicotinamide

B) FAD and FMN

C) NAD and NADP

D) ATP and FAD

30) Niacin is necessary in the diet to prevent the disease called ________.

A) pernicious anemia

B) beriberi

C) scurvy

D) pellagra

31) The fact that the amino acid tryptophan can be converted to niacin by the body explains why ________.

A) diets high in protein could prevent or cure pellagra

B) corn-based diets prevent pellagra

C) gelatin cures pellagra

D) alcoholics sometimes develop Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome

32) Bright yellow urine usually is indicative that someone is supplementing with ________.

A) niacin

B) vitamin A

C) vitamin K

D) riboflavin

33) The nutrient sometimes prescribed by physicians to increase HDL-cholesterol and lower triglyceride levels is ________.

A) thiamin

B) folic acid

C) niacin

D) None of these choices are accurate.

34) Important contributors to niacin intake in the American diet are ________.

A) poultry, meat, and fish

B) citrus fruits, kiwi, and bananas

C) milk, cheese, and yogurt

D) spinach, kale, and broccoli

35) Thiamin, niacin, and riboflavin work together in important biochemical pathways that ________.

A) synthesize collagen

B) control the visual process

C) promote absorption of calcium

D) release energy from carbohydrate, fat, and protein

36) A diet that provides 75 g protein per day can contribute ________ mg niacin from tryptophan.

A) 25

B) 7.5

C) 12.5

D) <5

37) The niacin coenzyme is reduced (NAD+ → NADH + H+) during ________.

A) glycolysis

B) the pyruvate decarboxylation reaction

C) the citric acid cycle

D) All of these choices are accurate.

38) Which of the foods listed below has the lowest niacin bioavailability?

A) wheat

B) corn

C) almonds

D) spinach

39) An essential component of coenzyme A is ________.

A) biotin

B) pantothenic acid

C) thiamin

D) vitamin C

40) Pantothenic acid is a part of ________, an important biochemical compound.

A) pyruvate

B) citric acid

C) acetyl-CoA

D) homocysteine

41) Biotin is needed for ________.

A) gluconeogenesis

B) glutathione reductase

C) nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide

D) None of these answers are correct.

42) Biochemical reactions that add CO2 to compounds often require ________.

A) folic acid

B) thiamin

C) biotin

D) vitamin B-12

43) The protein in raw egg whites that can bind biotin is called ________.

A) avidin

B) salmonella

C) casein

D) keratin

44) A high intake of raw egg whites (>12 per day) can inhibit absorption of ________.

A) folate

B) vitamin B-12

C) pantothenic acid

D) biotin

45) Those most likely to experience a biotin deficiency are ________.

A) adolescents with low energy and, thus, low biotin intake

B) alcoholics with impaired biotin absorption

C) infants lacking an enzyme required for biotin absorption

D) pregnant women who are vegans

46) Pyridoxal, pyridoxine, and pyridoxamine are three forms of ________.

A) vitamin B-12

B) vitamin P

C) folic acid

D) vitamin B-6

47) Pyridoxal phosphate ________.

A) participates in reactions that synthesize non-essential amino acids

B) participates in reactions that synthesize essential amino acids

C) prevents premenstrual syndrome

D) is a natural oral contraceptive

48) Neurotransmitter synthesis requires the vitamin B-6 coenzyme. Which of the following is classified as a neurotransmitter?

A) norepinephrine

B) gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)

C) serotonin

D) All of these choices are accurate.

49) Symptoms of vitamin B-6 deficiency include ________.

A) depression, confusion, and convulsions

B) microcytic anemia

C) dermatitis

D) All of these choices are accurate.

50) Irreversible nerve damage may be caused by excessive intake of ________ supplements.

A) vitamin B-12

B) vitamin B-6

C) tryptophan

D) vitamin C

51) In addition to its role in amino acid metabolism, vitamin B-6 is also required for ________.

A) fatty acid metabolism

B) the release of glucose from glycogen

C) the electron transport chain

D) glycolysis

52) Research shows that supplemental vitamin B-6 may help women who are experiencing ________.

A) nausea associated with pregnancy

B) pellagra

C) premenstrual syndrome

D) depression

53) To calculate the DFE for the diet, multiply total synthetic folic acid intake by ________; add that value to the total food folate.

A) 1.7

B) 2.5

C) 4.0

D) None of these choices are accurate.

54) In a dietary deficiency of folate, there are decreasing numbers of mature red blood cells to carry the oxygen from the lungs to the tissues. This condition is known as ________.

A) achlorhydria

B) megaloblastic anemia

C) ariboflavinosis

D) hemorrhagic disease

55) A biochemical function of THFA (tetrahydrofolate) is ________.

A) transfer of NH2 groups from amino acids to CO2 to form urea

B) transfer of hydrogens and electrons through the various energy-yielding pathways

C) removal of CO2 from various intermediates in the citric acid cycle

D) accepting or donating single-carbon molecules in various metabolic pathways

56) A major role of folate in cellular metabolism is the ________.

A) synthesis of steroid hormones

B) conversion of polyunsaturated fatty acids to saturated fatty acids

C) formation of glucose from galactose and fructose

D) synthesis of purine and pyrimidine bases in RNA and DNA

57) The cells most sensitive to a deficiency of dietary folate are cells that ________.

A) have a short life span and rapid turnover rate

B) have to last a lifetime

C) function in the immune system

D) are classified as phagocytes

58) ________ are very large immature red blood cells, which are formed as a result of folate deficiency.

A) Erythrocytes

B) Megaloblasts

C) Lymphocytes

D) Platelets

59) A defect in the formation of the neural tube during early fetal development can occur from a lack of ________.

A) biotin

B) folate

C) vitamin B-6

D) choline

60) About 50% to 90% of folate in foods can be destroyed by ________.

A) food processing and preparation

B) ultraviolet light

C) oxidation

D) All of these choices are accurate.

61) Good sources of folate include ________.

A) enriched cereals and grains

B) leafy green vegetables

C) oranges

D) dried beans

E) All of these choices are accurate.

62) The form of folate that is best absorbed is the ________.

A) monoglutamate form found in supplements and fortified foods

B) polyglutamate form found naturally in foods

C) reduced form found mainly in animal foods

D) oxidized form found mainly in plant foods

E) None of these answers are correct, as all forms are absorbed equally well.

63) It is very difficult to consume excess folic acid from nonprescription vitamin supplements because ________.

A) folic acid is never included in over-the-counter nutrient supplements

B) the FDA limits the amount of folic acid in supplements to 400 micrograms per capsule

C) folic acid in pill form imparts an unpleasant taste so that no one would ever attempt to take extra amounts

D) absorption of the vitamin is age-related. As we get older we automatically adjust the amount we absorb to more than the maximum level

64) Which group of individuals has the highest requirement for folate?

A) infants

B) adolescent males

C) pregnant women

D) the elderly

65) Which group of individuals is advised to consume 400 micrograms of folic acid daily from supplements and/or fortified foods?

A) infants

B) the elderly

C) athletes

D) women capable of becoming pregnant

66) Vitamin B-12 is supplied mostly in ________.

A) fruits and vegetables

B) cereal grains

C) foods of animal origin

D) None of these answers are correct.

67) Intrinsic factor is produced by the ________.

A) beta-cells of the pancreas

B) salivary glands

C) parietal cells of the stomach

D) enterocytes of the small intestine

68) Vitamin B-12 is absorbed in the ________.

A) stomach

B) duodenum

C) jejunum

D) ileum

69) For vitamin B-12 to be absorbed, it must be attached to ________.

A) an incomplete protein

B) intrinsic factor

C) bile

D) the protein portion of its final coenzyme form

70) Individuals most likely to experience poor vitamin B-12 status are ________.

A) elderly adults, due to atrophic gastritis

B) infants, due to low vitamin B-12 content in breast milk

C) athletes, due to high vitamin B-12 requirements

D) pregnant women, due to high vitamin B-12 requirements

71) Pernicious anemia is treated most often successfully by ________.

A) a diet high in milk and dairy products

B) regular intramuscular injection of vitamin B-12

C) oral supplementation of iron

D) eating liver three times a week

72) A major role of vitamin B-12 in cellular metabolism is ________.

A) the transfer of a methyl group to the amino acid homocysteine, forming the amino acid methionine

B) the transfer of a methyl group to the pyrimidine uracil, forming the pyrimidine thymine

C) in transamination reactions, allowing the synthesis of nonessential amino acids

D) as an electron acceptor, allowing function of the electron transport chain

73) Megaloblastic anemia develops as a result of deficiencies of ________ and ________.

A) thiamin; riboflavin

B) vitamin B-6; folate

C) folate; vitamin B-12

D) vitamin K; folate

E) All of these choices are accurate.

74) Which of the following factors can interfere with the absorption of vitamin B-12?

A) surgical removal of the stomach

B) defective R-protein synthesis

C) infections of the ileum or surgical removal of the ileum

D) All of these choices are accurate.

75) A strict vegan diet may lack ________.

A) vitamin B-12

B) vitamin C

C) vitamin A

D) niacin

76) Choline is required for the synthesis of ________.

A) glycogen and many proteins

B) phospholipids and lipoproteins

C) homocysteine and methionine

D) collagen and connective tissue

77) Rich dietary sources of choline are ________.

A) enriched cereals and grains

B) fats and oils

C) meats, eggs, and dairy products

D) fruits and vegetables

78) The compound carnitine is required for ________.

A) fatty acid synthesis

B) glycogen breakdown

C) active transport of compounds into cells

D) transport of fatty acids into mitochondria

79) Most of our dietary sulfur is supplied by ________.

A) protein-rich foods

B) carbohydrates

C) vitamins

D) lipids

80) Which of the following major minerals does NOT have a DRI?

A) sulfur

B) calcium

C) phosphorus

D) magnesium

81) Some athletes commonly believe that the trace mineral ________ helps improve muscle mass and strength despite lack of research evidence.

A) chromium

B) zinc

C) manganese

D) selenium

82) A deficiency of dietary iodide is characterized by ________.

A) osteoporosis

B) goiter

C) dental caries

D) decreased glucose tolerance

83) Cretinism may form as a consequence of a severe maternal deficiency of ________.

A) chromium

B) selenium

C) copper

D) iodine

84) In a situation where there is an insufficient intake of dietary iodide, the thyroid-stimulating hormone promotes the enlargement of the thyroid gland. This condition is called ________.

A) Graves' disease

B) goiter

C) hyperparathyroidism

D) Wilson's disease

85) Iodide in the blood is trapped by the ________.

A) pancreas and incorporated into insulin

B) adrenal glands and incorporated into aldosterone

C) pituitary gland and incorporated into calcitonin

D) thyroid gland and incorporated into thyroxine

86) The most dependable and abundant source of iodide in the American diet is ________.

A) saltwater fish

B) dark leafy greens

C) enriched cereal grains

D) fortified salt

87) Goitrogenic foods that can inhibit iodide metabolism include ________.

A) cabbage, broccoli, and cauliflower

B) yogurt, buttermilk, and cheese

C) oranges and grapefruit

D) beef, poultry, and fish

88) In humans, impaired glucose tolerance, nerve damage, and weight loss have been observed in patients with a deficiency of ________.

A) selenium

B) manganese

C) molybdenum

D) chromium

Match the water-soluble vitamin with its deficiency disease or disorder.

A) Thiamin

B) Vitamin B-12

C) Folate

D) Niacin

89) Pellagra

90) Beriberi

91) Pernicious anemia

92) Neural tube defect

Match the water-soluble vitamin with its function in cellular metabolism.

A) Riboflavin

B) Folate

C) Pantothenic acid

D) Thiamin

E) Biotin

93) Participates in oxidation and reduction reactions in energy metabolism

94) Functions in the exchange of single carbon groups

95) Adds carbon dioxide to compounds such as pyruvate

96) Is a part of the molecule acetyl CoA

97) Removes carbon dioxide from compounds such as pyruvate

Match the water-soluble vitamin with its coenzyme form(s).

A) CoA

B) THFA

C) PLP

D) NAD, NADP

E) TPP

F) FAD, FMN

98) Pantothenic Acid

99) Niacin

100) Folic Acid

101) Riboflavin

102) Thiamin

103) Vitamin B-6

104) Describe the symptoms of thiamin deficiency.

105) Name the 4 Ds of pellagra. What causes pellagra? How is the consumption of corn related to pellagra?

106) Describe why good folate status is especially important for young women.

107) Discuss the roles of thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, and pantothenic acid in energy metabolism.

108) List 2 food sources for manganese.

109) Describe the symptoms of iodine deficiency.

110) Explain why a deficiency of selenium can impair iodine metabolism.

111) What population areas are at increased risk of iodine deficiency?

112) What is the importance of the Micronutrient Initiative?